LESSON 1 MIGRATION

KEY ISSUES
 Where are migrants distributed?
 Where do people migrate within a country?
 Why do people migrate?
 Why do migrants face obstacles?
Jargons
Migration:
 long-distance move to a new location
Emigration:
 moving from a particular location (out-migration)
Immigration:
 moving to a particular location (in-migration)
Migration Stream:
 Pathway from a place of origin to a destination
 Migration counter-stream: people moving back to the place of origin
from the new place
Gross Migration:
 total # of migrants moving into and out of a place, region, or country.
Jargons
Net Migration:
 gain or loss in the total population of that area as a result of migration.
 Net in-migration
o More immigrants than emigrants
 Net out-migration
o More emigrants than immigrants
Mobility:
 ability to move from one place to another, either permanently or
temporarily.
Circulation:
 short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular
basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually.
Conceptualizing Migration
Mobility is most generalized term that refers to all types of
movements
 Journeying each day to work or school
 Weekly visits to local shops
 Annual trips to visit relatives who live in a different state

Short-term and repetitive acts of mobility are referred to as

circulation.
Example:
college students moving to college each semester and returning
home during semestral break.
Conceptualizing Migration
What makes easier for people to cross boundaries?
 globalization
 Innovations in technology
 Breakthrough in transportation
 Emergence of transnational corporations and business entities in
many nations

Migration – is a phenomenon of human movement from one

place to another.
• It is a permanent move to a new location.
Conceptualizing Migration
International Organization for Migration (IOM) defines
migrations as –
 The movement of a person or group of persons, either across
an international border, or within a State.
 It is a population movement, encompassing any kind of
movement of people, whatever its length, composition, and
causes; it includes migration of refugees, displaced persons,
economic migrants, and persons moving for other purposes,
including family reunification.
Conceptualizing Migration
Typical movement of people
 E.G. Ravenstein’s laws for the distance that migrants typically
move –
o Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the
same country.
o Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers
of economic activity.
Emigration vs. Immigration
migration from a location migration to a location
 Categories of Migration
Geographers study –
 from where people migrate and to where they migrate
 why they migrate

 International Migration- permanent move from one country

to another
o Voluntary – by choice
Types of
Actions o Forced – compelled by external forces (e.g. war, famine,
natural calamity
 Internal Migration- permanent move within the same
country
Patterns of o Interregional
Internal
Migration o Intraregional
Measuring Migration
Net migration - the difference between the number of
immigrants and the number of emigrants.
 If the number of immigrants is higher, net migration is positive
— known as net in-migration
 If the number of emigrants is higher, net migration is negative
— known as net out-migration
Formula:
N = (I - E) / P X 1,000
N = Net Migration Rate
I = Number of Immigrants Entering the Area
E = Number of Emigrants Leaving the Area
P = estimated mid-year Population
Measuring Migration
At the start of the year, country A had a population of 1,000,000.
Throughout the year there was a total of 200,000 people that immigrated to
(entered) country A, and 100,000 people that emigrated from (left) country
A. Throughout the year there was a total of 100,000 births and 100,000
deaths. What is the net migration rate?
First, find the mid year population for country A.
P = [ Population at Start of Year + Population at End of Year ] / 2
P= [ 1,000,000 + (1,000,000 + 200,000 - 100,000) ] / 2
P = [ 1,000,000 + 1,100,000 ] / 2
P = 2,100,000 / 2
P = 1,050,000 - the mid-year population for country A
Measuring Migration
Second, find the net migration for country A and please keep in mind this is
simply the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants, not the
actual rate.
I - E = 200,000 - 100,000
I - E = 100,000
The net migration for country A is 100,000.
Measuring Migration
Third, plug your findings into the formula to find the net migration rate for
country A.
N = (I - E) / P X 1,000
N = 100,000 / 1,050,000 X 1,000
N = 95.23809523809524
N = 95.2
The net migration rate for country A is 95.2 per 1,000 people. This means
that for every 1,000 people in country A at the beginning of the year, 95.2
will have immigrated to country A by the end of the year. This number
numerically shows the impact of migration on the country's population and
allows for the comparison of country A's net migration rate to other
country's net migration rate.
Try this out!
Jockson is looking up the data necessary to calculate the net migration rate
for his country. At the beginning of 2018, the population was 98 million
people. During that same year, 3 million people immigrated into to the
country to live, 1 million people emigrated out of the country, 6 million
babies were born, and 4 million people died. His current task is to figure out
what the net migration rate was for his country in 2018.
Formula:
PMY = [PSY + (PEY + I – E + B – D)]
2

PMY = PSY + I – E + B – D
NM = I – E
NMR = I – E X 1,000
2
Solution 1!
P = [ Population at Start of Year + Population at End of Year ] / 2
P = [98M] + (98M + 3M – 1M + 6M – 4M)] / 2
P = [98M + 98M + 2M + 2M] / 2
P = 200M / 2
P = 100M
I – E = 3M – 1M
I – E = 2M
N = (I – E) / P X 1K
N = 2M / 100M X 1K
N = 0.02 X 1K
N = 20
Solution 2!
P = [ Population at Start of Year + Population at End of Year ] / 2
P = 98M + 3M -1M + 6M – 4M = 102M
I – E = 3M – 1M
I – E = 2M
N = (I – E) / P X 1K
N = 2M / 102M X 1K
N = 0.019607843314 X 1K
N = 19.6 or 20
Types of Human Mobility
Reasons why people migrate (push-pull factors):
1. Individuals migrate mainly for economic reasons. (Economic)
2. Migration can come in the form of human dispersion across different
areas coming from one community or country. This pattern of human
mobility is known as diaspora. (Cultural)
3. Communities mired in tension, armed conflict, and civil unrest force
people to migrate. They are generally known as refugees. Asylum in this
context refers to the protection from arrest and extradition given
especially to political refugees. (Political)
Types of Human Mobility
Reasons why people migrate (push-pull factors):
4. Calamities and disasters also force individuals to migrate. These
individuals are known as internally displaced people (IDP).
(Environmental)
Characterizing Migration
1. There has been a rapid increase in the number of international migrants
as observed in the past decades.
2. Economically prosperous countries accommodate the biggest share of
immigrants as compared to those in less developed nations.
3. Immigrants are driven by socioeconomic and political factors.
4. Women and young people constitute the biggest number of migrants in
the world today.
5. The number of young migrant workers has been drastically The number
of young migrant workers has been drastically increasing in comparison
to older migrants
Effects of Migration
Positive and Negative Effects:
1. Migration has its social cost such as family displacements, competition
in employment opportunities in the host country, and dwindling number
of professionals and skilled workers in their native country (more widely
known as “brain drain”).
2. Migration influences and uplifts education standards in the host country
and the migrants' country of origin (in the case of professionals and
scholars who have gained knowledge and experience from another
country and have decided to come home to share such knowledge).
Effects of Migration
Positive and Negative Effects:
3. Migration facilitates exchanges of professional workers.
4. Migration supports an aging population by boosting the state's social
welfare and pension programs. For instance, in Germany and in many
European countries where birth rates have fallen over the last few
decades, immigrant workers integrated into the labor market increase
labor participation among older workers and finance social security
programs for retirees and their aging population.
Migration in the Philippines
1. Historical Background

Our prehistoric ancestors migrated through land bridges when sea levels
were low and then later through sea vessels known as the balangay.

In the 16th century, the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade connected Asia and
South America.
Migration of Filipinos continued when the Americans occupied the
Philippines. After the country's liberation from Japanese rule in 1945, the
American gov’t encouraged the Filipinos to study in the US under the
Pensionado Act of 1903.
Migration in the Philippines
1. Historical Background
Migration in the Philippines
2. OFWs

According to the Commission on Filipinos Overseas (CFO), an agency

mandated by law to look after the welfare of Filipino workers overseas,
there are about 10,455,788 (as of 2013) migrant Filipinos working and
residing in different parts of the world. OWWA is an agency of the
Department of Labor and Employment of the Philippines. It protects the
interests of Overseas Filipino Workers and their families, providing social
security, cultural services and help with employment, remittances and legal
matters.
Migration in the Philippines
3. Remittance, Employment & the Phil. Economy
Table showing the regional destinations of Filipinos
Migration in the Philippines
Net Migration Rate of the World
Migration in the Philippines
Other Jargons to Know:
• assimilation – It is the process of integrating people, ideas, or culture
into a wider society or culture.
• brain drain – It refers to the emigration of highly trained or qualified
people from one country.
• brain gain – It refers to the immigration of highly trained or qualified
people, regarded as beneficial to a country's economy or society.
• repatriation – It is the process in which one returns to his or her country
of origin.
Migration in the Philippines
Other Jargons to Know:
• resettlement – It is the process of transferring residence from one
geographical area to another.
• stateless person – It refers to a person who is not recognized as a citizen
of any country.
• xenophobia – It refers to dislike of or prejudice against people from
other countries.