IGCSE BIOLOGY

SECTION 2 LESSON 6
 Content

Section 2
a) Levels of organisation
b) Cell structure
Structures c) Biological molecules
and d) Movement of substances
functions into and out of cells
in living e) Nutrition
organisms f) Respiration
g) Gas exchange
h) Transport
i) Excretion
j) Coordination and response
 Content
i) Excretion
Lesson 6 Flowering plants
2.67 understand the origin of carbon dioxide and oxygen as waste
products of metabolism and their loss from the stomata of a
i) Excretion leaf

Humans
2.68 recall that the lungs, kidneys and skin are organs of excretion
2.69 understand how the kidney carries out its roles of excretion
and osmoregulation
2.70 describe the structure of the urinary system, including the
kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
2.71 describe the structure of a nephron, to include Bowman’s
capsule and glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of Henlé and
collecting duct
2.72 describe ultrafiltration in the Bowman’s capsule and the
composition of the glomerular filtrate
2.73 understand that water is reabsorbed into the blood from the
collecting duct
2.74 understand that selective reabsorption of glucose occurs at
the proximal convoluted tubule
2.75 describe the role of ADH in regulating the water content of
the blood
2.76 understand that urine contains water, urea and salts.
 Content
i) Excretion
Lesson 6 Flowering plants
2.67 understand the origin of carbon dioxide and oxygen as waste
products of metabolism and their loss from the stomata of a
i) Excretion leaf

Humans
2.68 recall that the lungs, kidneys and skin are organs of excretion
2.69 understand how the kidney carries out its roles of excretion
and osmoregulation
2.70 describe the structure of the urinary system, including the
kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
2.71 describe the structure of a nephron, to include Bowman’s
capsule and glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of Henlé and
collecting duct
2.72 describe ultrafiltration in the Bowman’s capsule and the
composition of the glomerular filtrate
2.73 understand that water is reabsorbed into the blood from the
collecting duct
2.74 understand that selective reabsorption of glucose occurs at
the proximal convoluted tubule
2.75 describe the role of ADH in regulating the water content of
the blood
2.76 understand that urine contains water, urea and salts.
Waste products in plants
 Waste products in plants
1. Carbon dioxide
 Waste products in plants
1. Carbon dioxide

Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

 Waste products in plants
1. Carbon dioxide

Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

 Waste products in plants
1. Carbon dioxide

Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

2. Oxygen
 Waste products in plants
1. Carbon dioxide

Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

2. Oxygen
carbon dioxide + water + energy  Glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2

 Waste products in plants
1. Carbon dioxide

Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

2. Oxygen
carbon dioxide + water + energy  Glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2

 Waste products in plants
1. Carbon dioxide From respiration

Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

2. Oxygen From photosynthesis

carbon dioxide + water + energy  Glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2

 Stomata and excretion
Cross section through a leaf

Inter-cellular air
spaces

Lower epidermis – note the presence here

of stomata (tiny pores surrounded by
guard cells).
 Stomata and excretion
Cross section through a leaf

Both gases
diffuse out
through the
stomata

CO2 O2
 Content
i) Excretion
Lesson 6 Flowering plants
2.67 understand the origin of carbon dioxide and oxygen as waste
products of metabolism and their loss from the stomata of a
i) Excretion leaf

Humans
2.68 recall that the lungs, kidneys and skin are organs of excretion
2.69 understand how the kidney carries out its roles of excretion
and osmoregulation
2.70 describe the structure of the urinary system, including the
kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
2.71 describe the structure of a nephron, to include Bowman’s
capsule and glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of Henlé and
collecting duct
2.72 describe ultrafiltration in the Bowman’s capsule and the
composition of the glomerular filtrate
2.73 understand that water is reabsorbed into the blood from the
collecting duct
2.74 understand that selective reabsorption of glucose occurs at
the proximal convoluted tubule
2.75 describe the role of ADH in regulating the water content of
the blood
2.76 understand that urine contains water, urea and salts.
 Organs of excretion

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/organs_anatomy.shtml
 Organs of excretion
The lungs excrete
carbon dioxide
from respiration
and also water
vapour.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/organs_anatomy.shtml
 Organs of excretion

The kidneys
excrete urea,
water and other
metabolic waste

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/organs_anatomy.shtml
 Organs of excretion

The skin secretes

sweat, maintaining
levels of salt, and
controlling body
temperature

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/organs_anatomy.shtml
Kidneys

The kidneys regulate

the amount of water
and ions in the blood
and remove all UREA
What is urea?

In the liver, excess

proteins are broken
down into amino acids.
These amino acids are
further broken down to
form toxic ammonia,
which is immediately
converted to urea and
carried to the kidneys
in the bloodstream.
Kidneys

The kidneys are

involved in the process
of
OSMOREGULATION
- This is the control of
water concentration in
the blood and body
fluids.
 Kidneys

The kidneys are

involved in the process
of
OSMOREGULATION
- This is the control of
water concentration in
the blood and body
The water levels in the fluids.
blood are controlled by
ADH, a hormone
secreted by the pituitary
gland in the brain
Kidneys

The NEPHRON is the basic

structural unit of the
kidney.
Kidneys

The NEPHRON is the basic

structural unit of the
kidney. Each kidney normally
contains between 800,000
and 1.5 million nephrons.
Kidneys

The NEPHRON is the basic

structural unit of the
kidney. Each kidney normally
contains between 800,000
and 1.5 million nephrons.
The nephrons are often
referred to as the kidney
tubules.
Kidneys

In the nephron nearly

everything is squeezed out
of the blood.
Kidneys

In the nephron nearly

everything is squeezed out
of the blood. The
substances we need to keep
are reabsorbed back into
the blood.
Kidneys

In the nephron nearly

everything is squeezed out
of the blood. The
substances we need to keep
are reabsorbed back into
the blood. Unwanted
substances are released as
urine.
Kidneys

In the nephron nearly

everything is squeezed out
of the blood. The
substances we need to keep
are reabsorbed back into
the blood. Unwanted
substances are released as
urine.
The Kidney Nephron
 The Kidney Nephron
GLOMERULUS
– a coiled
capillary.
 The Kidney Nephron
GLOMERULUS
– a coiled
capillary.

BOWMAN’S
CAPSULE – a
cup-shaped
structure
where ultra-
filtration
occurs
 The Kidney Nephron

ULTRAFILTRATION occurs in Bowman’s Capsule. Lots of

water plus all the smaller molecules are squeezed out of
the blood, under high pressure, into the tubules. Only red
blood cells and larger proteins are left in the capillary.
 The Kidney Nephron
GLOMERULUS
– a coiled
capillary.

BOWMAN’S
CAPSULE – a
cup-shaped
structure
where ultra-
filtration
occurs

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

– selective reabsorption occurs here
back into the blood.
 The Kidney Nephron

Glucose, amino acids, vitamins and

water diffuse into the cells
surrounding the PCT, and are then
actively transported into
surrounding blood capillaries.
 The Kidney Nephron
GLOMERULUS
– a coiled
capillary.

BOWMAN’S
CAPSULE – a
cup-shaped
structure
where ultra-
filtration
occurs

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE LOOP OF HENLE –

– selective reabsorption occurs here (descending and
back into the blood. ascending) .
 The Kidney Nephron

Adjustments are made to the urine

concentration if necessary, with
water and salts being transferred
according to the needs of the body
 The Kidney Nephron

Permeable
to water
Adjustments are made to the urine
concentration if necessary, with
water and salts being transferred
according to the needs of the body
 The Kidney Nephron

Adjustments are made to the urine

concentration if necessary, with impermeable
water and salts being transferred to water
according to the needs of the body
 The Kidney Nephron
GLOMERULUS DISTAL
– a coiled CONVOLUTED
capillary. TUBULE – final
adjustments to the
BOWMAN’S urine.
CAPSULE – a
cup-shaped
structure
where ultra-
filtration
occurs

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE LOOP OF HENLE –

– selective reabsorption occurs here (descending and
back into the blood. ascending) .
The Kidney Nephron

In the DCT, the final concentration

of the urine depends upon the
amount of anti-diuretic hormone
(ADH). If ADH is present then the
DCT becomes permeable to water,
and more water is reabsorbed back
into the blood
 The Kidney Nephron
GLOMERULUS DISTAL
– a coiled CONVOLUTED
capillary. TUBULE – final
adjustments to the
BOWMAN’S urine.
CAPSULE – a
cup-shaped COLLECTING DUCT –
structure takes urine to the
where ultra- ureter and on to the
filtration bladder
occurs

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE LOOP OF HENLE –

– selective reabsorption occurs here (descending and
back into the blood. ascending) .
The Kidney Nephron

The collecting duct is also under

the influence of ADH, and further
water / salt re-adjustments will
take place here.
 The Kidney Nephron

The collecting duct is also under

the influence of ADH, and further
water / salt re-adjustments will
take place here.
Excess water, ions and all the urea now pass to the bladder
in the form of urine and are eventually released from the
body.
ADH and the control of water content
 ADH and the control of water content

Anti-diuretic hormone
(ADH) is a hormone
released from the
pituitary gland in the
brain. It controls the
amount of water
reabsorbed by the
kidneys and directly
affects the
permeability of the
kidney tubules to water
 ADH and the control of water content

Blood Detected Less ADH Less water Large

water by released reabsorbed volume of
level TOO Pituitary into the into the dilute
HIGH Gland blood blood urine

Normal
blood
water
level
 ADH and the control of water content

Blood Detected Less ADH Less water Large

water by released reabsorbed volume of
level TOO Pituitary into the into the dilute
HIGH Gland blood blood urine

Normal
blood
water
level

Blood Detected More ADH More water Small volume

water by released reabsorbed of
level TOO Pituitary into the into the concentrated
LOW Gland blood blood urine
 Composition of blood plasma and
urine
Blood plasma % Urine %
Water 90 – 93 95
Urea 0.03 2
Uric acid 0.003 0.05
Ammonia 0.0001 0.05
Sodium 0.3 0.6
Potassium 0.02 0.15
Chloride 0.37 0.6
Phosphate 0.003 0.12

In a healthy person, all glucose will be reabsorbed back into the

blood. If glucose is found in the blood then this is indicative of
diabetes, a metabolic disease.
 Content
i) Excretion
Lesson 6 Flowering plants
2.67 understand the origin of carbon dioxide and oxygen as waste
products of metabolism and their loss from the stomata of a
i) Excretion leaf

Humans
2.68 recall that the lungs, kidneys and skin are organs of excretion
2.69 understand how the kidney carries out its roles of excretion
and osmoregulation
2.70 describe the structure of the urinary system, including the
kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
2.71 describe the structure of a nephron, to include Bowman’s
capsule and glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of Henlé and
collecting duct
2.72 describe ultrafiltration in the Bowman’s capsule and the
composition of the glomerular filtrate
2.73 understand that water is reabsorbed into the blood from the
collecting duct
2.74 understand that selective reabsorption of glucose occurs at
the proximal convoluted tubule
2.75 describe the role of ADH in regulating the water content of
the blood
2.76 understand that urine contains water, urea and salts.
 End of Section 2 Lesson 6

In this lesson we have covered:

Excretion