Styles and Forms of Art

according to Development
(Periods of Art)
INTRODUCTORY

Art has been an essential aspect of human

history, reflecting the cultural , social, and political
changes of different societies through time.
The development of art has gone through
several periods that vastly vary from one another in
terms of style, form, and technique. These artistic
movements have had significant impacts on the
world, and their influence has transcended
generations.
 Styles and Forms of Art
according to Development
(Periods of Art)

RENAISSANCE
(1400-1600)
 RENAISSANCE ART

 Movement that originated in Italy in the 15th century.

 Florence was a cultural leader in the Renaissance Period.

Florence, Italy
RENAISSANCE ART
 The term “ Renaissance” refers to the “Rebirth” of Greek and Roman culture.
o Architecture
o Sculpture
o Painting
o Literature

 Artists gained prestige, no longer anonymous.

- They became celebrities.
 Patrons (“mecenas”), financed and protected artists. Patrons commissioned
artwork and decided the themes.
Kings and Popes
Medici Family in Florence were the most famous and wealthy patrons of
the Renaissance.
S T Y L E S A N D F O R M S O F A RT D U R I N G T H E
RENAISSANCE PERIOD

a.) Classicism c.) Realism and

Expression

b.) Humanism d.) Perspective

(Emphasis on
human figure)
e.) Oil Painting
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PART

CLASSICISM
CLASSICISM

 Artists, architects and sculptors studied the art of Ancient Greece and Rome and
incorporated elements of these civilizations:
PART

- Mythological themes
- Idealized beauty (proportion)
- Classical architectural elements
(columns, semicircular arches, …) and techniques
(symmetry, proportion, simplicity….).
- Abandon of complex aspects of Gothic art.
 EXAMPLES of CLASSICISM

• The painting has a strong emphasis on the

PART
use of classical and mythological elements. The
painting depicts the goddess Venus, who is a
classical subject, and Botticelli uses a multitude
of classical references throughout the
composition. The figures in the painting are
posed in a graceful and balanced manner that
reflects the harmony and idealism of Classical
art.

• The use of linear perspective and

proportion also reflect the Classical style.

“The Birth of Venus”

by Italian artist Sandro Boticelli, mid 1480’s
 EXAMPLES of CLASSICISM

• The painting depicts a group of great

philosophers and scholars from ancient
PART
Greece, including Plato and Aristotle, who
were considered the builders of Western
intellectual tradition.
• The figures in the painting reflect the
aesthetics of Classical sculpture, with their
idealized facial features and muscular
physiques. The poses of the figures, such as
the reclining Plato or the pointing Aristotle, are
reminiscent of Classical sculptures, as well.
The architectural elements in the painting,
including the arches and dome, also reflect the
Classical style.

“ The School of Athens”

by Italian artist Raphael, 1509- 1511, Vatican City
 EXAMPLES of CLASSICISM

• The work's Classical motifs include

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naturalism, idealism, and balance.
Michelangelo's use of naturalism is evident in
the statue's perfect anatomical rendering and
the vivid folds in the drapery. The figure of
David is an idealized representation of human
beauty and stature, a hallmark of Classical art.
• Furthermore, the statue's composition
follows the principles of balance and
symmetrical harmony, which can be traced to
classical sculpture.

“David”
by Italian sculpture Michelangelo, 1501-1504,
Florence, Italy
 EXAMPLES of CLASSICISM

• The design of the basilica follows the

PART
principles of Classical architecture, specifically the
Roman architectural style. It is characterized by a
symmetrical, balanced design with a clear
emphasis on geometrical forms, proportion, and
simplicity. The basilica’s façade has Roman-
inspired elements, such as the rounded arches, the
triangular pediment, and the classical columns.
• Furthermore, Alberti's use of Classical
orders, such as the Corinthian and the Tuscan,
also accentuate the Classicism style of the San
Andres Basilica. The use of pilasters, entablatures,
and pediments also highlight the Classical design
principles evident in the structure.

San Andres Basilica by Architect Leon Alberti,

1472, Mantua, Italy
 02
PART

HUMANISM
(Emphasis on Human Figure)
Emphasis on Human Figure

The human figure became very important. Artist rediscovered the beauty
of nature and the human body, expressingPART the optimism of this new age.
 As in classical art, beauty is achieved by proportion and symmetry.
 Less modest depiction of the human figure than during the church-
dominated Medieval period… Naked bodies!
 E X A M P L E S O F Emphasis on Human Figure

• The Vitruvian Man, drawn by Leonardo

da Vinci, is a pen and ink drawing that represents

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the proportions of the human body. The drawing
shows a naked man within a circle and a square,
highlighting the mathematical and universal
proportions of the human body.
• While the figure is naked, the emphasis
is not on the nudity itself, but rather on the
underlying principles of symmetry and proportion.

“Vitruvian Man” by Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci,

1490, Venice Italy
 E X A M P L E S O F Emphasis on Human Figure

• The Sistine Chapel, located in the

Vatican City, is famous for its ceiling frescoes

PART
painted by Michelangelo. The paintings depict
various biblical scenes, with an emphasis on the
human figures and their emotions, gestures, and
movements.
• While some of the biblical figures are
bare-chested or partially exposed, the overall
theme of the frescoes is not focused on nudity or

the naked body.

“Sistine Chapel” by Italian artist Michelangelo, 1508-

1512, Vatican City
 E X A M P L E S O F Emphasis on Human Figure
• In the painting, Bacchus, the Roman god
of wine, is depicted reclining on a table, holding a
goblet of wine in his hand. He is shown wearing a
PART
robe that is draped over one shoulder, leaving his
chest and arms exposed.
• While Bacchus is not depicted fully
nude, the focus of the painting is on his body and
the way it is positioned. The viewer's attention is
drawn to the way his arm and hand are
positioned as he holds the goblet, the way his
head leans back slightly, and the way his body
seems to blend into the dark background of the
painting.

“Bacchus”
by Italian Artist Caravaggio, 1596, Uffizi, Florence
 E X A M P L E S O F Emphasis on Human Figure

• This sculpture • This

depicts a scene from fountain features a
PART
Roman mythology, with a large figure of
focus on the dramatic Neptune, with a focus
struggle between the hero on the dynamic
Hercules and the monster movement and
Cacus without featuring powerful presence of
nudity or the naked body. the god of the sea.

“Hercules and Cacus” “ The Fountain of Neptune” by Italian

by Italian sculptor Baccio sculptor Baccio Bandinelli, 1560-1574,
Bandinelli, 1525, Florence, Italy Florence, Italy
 03
PART

REALISM AND
EXPRESSION
Realism and Expression

• One of the big changes in art was to paint and sculpt subjects
realistically. This is called realism and involves a number of techniques
PART
that make the subjects and background look like they would in real life.

• This also meant giving the subjects more emotional qualities; more
expression.
 EXAMPLES OF REALISM AND EXPRESSION

• "The David" sculpture by Gian Lorenzo

•
Bernini is a perfect example of both Realism and
Expression in the Renaissance period.

PART
• Regarding Realism, Bernini's sculpture
stands out for its realistic depiction of the human
body. In this sculpture, David is presented as a
muscular and athletic young man, ready to strike his
sling at Goliath. Bernini's attention to anatomical
details is superb, and he realistically captures
David's musculature, veins, and tendons. He also
portrays David's intense emotion and tension in
every detail of the sculpture.
• As for Expression, the sculpture conveys a
sense of intense emotion and energy. David's face is
contorted with fury and determination, his veins
bulging as he prepares to strike Goliath. Bernini also
sculpted David's hair and clothes to convey a sense
of movement, showcasing his artistry in capturing
the detail and dynamic nature of the moment.
“David”
by Italian sculpture Gian Bernini, 1623, Rome, Italy
 EXAMPLES OF REALISM AND EXPRESSION
• "Perseus with the Head of Medusa" by
•Benvenuto Cellini is an exquisite example of both
Realism and Expression in the Renaissance period of
Art.
•PART Regarding Realism, the sculpture depicts
Perseus holding the lifeless head of Medusa with his
bare hand, and it is remarkable in the accurate and
intricate representation of the texture and structure
of both the figures. The musculature, tissue, veins,
and tendons of both figures are seen to be realistic,
highlighting Cellini's mastery in creating a piece that
embodies realism.
• Regarding Expression, the sculpture exudes
strength, power and awe and depicts the triumph of
good over evil, the triumph of Perseus over the
monstrous Medusa. The sculpture conveys Perseus's
elation and confidence in his victory over Medusa
through the solid posture, the upward gaze and the
outstretched arm - showing his feelings of triumph
“Perseus with the Head of Medusa”
and power.
by Italian sculpture B. Cellini, 1554, Florence, Italy
 EXAMPLES OF REALISM AND EXPRESSION

• The "Madonna and Child with Angels Playing

Music" typically shows a youthful, serene Virgin Mary
holding baby Jesus while angels play musical
instruments. This typically exudes a sense of harmony,
PART
tranquility and peacefulness. It also predominantly
characterized by formal movements and symmetrical
designs, placing emphasis on composition and beauty
rather than expressions of emotion.

• On the other hand, the "Madonna and Child"

in Renaissance art tends towards realism and emotion.
More naturalistic, reflecting the ideal of the human
body and represent real-life human emotions, religious
symbolism, and expressivity of the mother and the
child. The artist communicated the love, tenderness,
and devotion of the mother to her child. It also depicts
the mother as a human being, with strikingly realistic
details, which imbues a sense of humanity into the
divine.
Madonna and Child with Madonna and Child by
Angels Playing Music by Italian Artist Raphael,
Pere Serra, 1399, Aragon 1503, Pasadena
EXAMPLES OF REALISM AND EXPRESSION

• The painting depicts the lifeless body

of Christ being mourned by his followers after
• his crucifixion.
• In terms of realism, the painting is
PART highly detailed, and Mantegna carefully
rendered the musculature, bone structure, and
veins on Christ's body, presenting an almost
life-like depiction of death. Additionally, the
clothing worn by the figures is painstakingly
detailed, with shadows and wrinkles that make
them appear more realistic.
• The painting also showcases
expression. The mourners present in the
painting are all depicted with agonized facial
expressions. Mary, the mother of Christ, is
shown with an expression of profound sorrow
and tenderness towards her son. The scene is
highly emotional, and Mantegna captures the
“ The Lamentation over the Dead Christ” by complex emotions of the mourners beautifully.
Italian artist Andrea Mantegna, 1480, Milan,
Italy
 04
PART

PERSPECTIVE
PERSPECTIVE

• Perspective is drawing or painting a picture such that it looks like there

are three dimensions.
PART
• It gives the illusion that some objects in the painting are further away
than others.
 EXAMPLES OF PERSPECTIVE
A prime examples
of the use of
perspective in the
“ The Last Supper”
Renaissance
PART period of art:

1. Linear
Perspective
2. One-Point
Perspective
3. Atmospheric
Perspective
“ The Last Supper”
4. Use of
by Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, 1495-
1498, Milan, Italy Geometry
 EXAMPLES OF PERSPECTIVE

PART
A prime examples of the
use of perspective in the
“The School of Athens”
Renaissance period of art:

1. One-Point Perspective
2. Atmospheric
Perspective
3. Overlapping forms
4. . Symmetry and
balance
“ The School of Athens”
by Italian artist Raphael, 1509- 1511, Vatican City
 EXAMPLES OF PERSPECTIVE

PART A prime examples of the

use of perspective in the “
Mona Lisa”
Renaissance period of art:

1. One-Point Perspective
2. Atmospheric
Perspective
3. Sfumato
4. Eye-level perspective

“ Mona Lisa”
by Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, 1503- 1506, Paris,
Italy
 05
PART

OIL PAINTING
O I L PA I N T I N G

• Oil painting styles of the Renaissance period refer to the

PART
different visual approaches, techniques, and aesthetics developed by
artists during the period, which spanned from the 14th to the 17th
century in Europe.

• Renaissance oil painting was a medium that allowed artists to

create more realistic, luminous, and vibrant works of art compared to
earlier painting techniques.
 E X A M P L E S O F O I L PA I N T I N G
FLORENTINE PAINTING VENETIAN PAINTING

PART

he Tribute Money” by Italian Artist Masaccio, 1425, Florentine “ Assumption of the Virgin” by Italian artist Titian,
Italy- Oil in Panel 1516- 1518, Venice, Italy- Oil on Panel
 E X A M P L E S O F O I L PA I N T I N G
NORTHERN EUROPEAN
PAINTING
HIGH RENAISSANCE PAINTING

PART

“ Mona Lisa”
“ The Descent from the Cross” by Felemish artist Rodger
by Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, 1503- 1506,
Weyden, 1435, madrid, Italy- Oil on oak panel
Paris, Italy- Oil on Panel
E X A M P L E S O F O I L PA I N T I N G
MANNERIST PAINTING

PART

“ Self Portrait in a Convex Mirror” by Italian artist Parmigianino, 1524,

Kunsthistorisches Museum- Oil on Panel
 CONCLUSION

The Renaissance period in art, which lasted from the 14th to the 17th century in Europe, was marked
by a revival of the classical Greek and Roman culture, and artists during this era aimed to create more
realistic, humanistic, and idealized works of art, as PART
well as to convey complex ideas and emotions. The
Renaissance period saw the emergence of various painting styles, each with its own distinct characteristics and
techniques.
Florentine painting, Venetian painting, Northern European painting, High Renaissance painting, and
Mannerist painting each had unique features, such as a focus on nature, anatomy, and perspective in
Florentine painting, rich colors and soft-focus effects in Venetian painting, realism and a highly detailed
approach to painting in Northern European painting, idealization and harmony in High Renaissance
painting, and stylized and exaggerated forms in Mannerist painting.
Despite their differences, these painting styles all shared a common goal of creating works of art that
were highly expressive, technically skilled, and aesthetically pleasing. Through their innovations in oil painting
and their pursuit of greater realism and emotion in their art.
Q U E S T I O N S F O R U N D E R S TA N D I N G

PART
1. What is the meaning of the term "Renaissance"?
2. Where did the Renaissance movement originate and which city was a
cultural leader during this period?
3-5. Name the styles and forms of art during the Renaissance Period. Explain.
 06
PART

THANK YOU!