DIGITAL LOGIC

FAMILIES
LESSON 8
Introduction to Digital Logic
 It has evolved over the years of process hassled to the development
of variety families.
 Each has its own advantages and limitations.
 All the technologies discussed here are: DL, RTL, DTL, ECL, TTL
and CMOS.
 All of these were developed in the 1950’s and 1960’s. But some are
still use In the present time.
 What is an IC? - Is an integrated circuits, a piece of semiconductor
material that contains all the transistors, resistors and capacitors that
is needed when creating a circuit or system.
Character of Digital Logics

 Fan In
 Fan Out
 Power Dissipation
 Propagation Delay
 Noise Margin
DL or Diode Logic
 Most primitive of all the digital logic families.
 It is extremely simple and inexpensive because it only uses passive components.
 Sometime it combine diodes and resistors.
 Does not use active components therefore inversion is not available.
 It only provide ANR and OR functions.
 This is an obsolete family, because of its limitations in terms of inversion and
degradation.
RTL or Resistor-Transistor Logic
 It was invented around 1956.
 Unlike DL, it uses active components, therefore can provide inversion.
 Is very inefficient because it dissipates a great amount of power through heat.
 It has 2 main components:
a) DCTL ( Direct-Coupled transistor logic)- it is directly connected to BJT for it to
save space and reduced fabrications.
b) RCTL (Resistor-Capacitor Transistor Logic)- when the capacitor are placed in
parallel patter to speed up operation.
DTL or Diode Transistor Logic
 This is a major improvement over DL and RTL because it eliminates signal
degradation and reduces power dissipation.
1. CTDL or Complemented Transistor Logic- which means the capacitor is placed in
parallel with the base resistor
2. HTL or High-Threshold Logic- when the power supply is connected to the base of
transistor.
ECL or Emitter-Coupled Logic
 Was invented in 1956 by Hannon S. Yorke at IBM.
 It is fast but it requires substantial amount of power which in turn produces high heat
dissipation
 In ECL input impedance is high heat dissipation while the output impedance is low.
 Was originally known CURRENT STEERING LOGIC because current logic can be steered to
one side of the differential amplifier while the other side is shut off.
 CURRENT MODE LOGIC or CURRENT SWITCH EMITTER LOGIC.
TTL or Transistor-Transistor Logic

 Was invented in 1961 by James L. Buie at TRW.

 This result to a higher level of integration, it is also the father of DTL because it discharges the BE junction of the
output quickly.
 Sylvania introduced the first gate generations of TTL in 1963. From then on, newer generation have been designed to
speed up technology particularly in the 70’s-80’s
 6400 Great success did not have a geat success and it was transitional seried between 5400 and 7400 in case of
temperature ranges
CMOS or Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor
 Was invented in 1962 by Frank Wanlass at Fairchild.
 This designed completely revolutionized electronics the electronics industry.
 N and p transistors are dual to each other that they can be combined to provide
logic by reducing power consumption.
 Unlike the others CMOS reduced the power consumption and heat dissipation. It
only consumes power when it changes to logic state and only happen when both
transistors are simultaneously active and conduct current.
 It is the leading technology for VLSI circuits because it is highly integrated.