Battery Management system

Presentation By - Aditya Mishra

Electrical and Electronics
3rd Year , Section – A
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AGENDA

• Battery Management System (BMS) Overview

• Typical Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) Battery Configuration
• Why BMS ?
• BMS Design Objectives

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BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (BMS)

OVERVIEW

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TYPICAL BEV BATTERY CONFIGURATION

• The battery pack is the most critical and costly element in
modern day Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs).
• The typical nominal DC pack voltages required in
today’s BEVs are 400V or 800V.
• Each Li-Ion cylindrical cell is typically charged to
4.2V.
• This means that 96 cells (400V) or 192 cells (800V) are
required to be connected in series. Types of battery cells used in BEVs
• Cylindrical cells have a typical capacity of up to 4Ah.
• The battery pack therefore requires many battery cells
connected in parallel, to increase the capacity while the
parallel blocks are connected in series to achieve the
required pack voltage.
• Typical BEVs have around 80 cylindrical cells connected in
parallel; which would be denoted as a 96S-80P configuration
Parallel / series connections of cylindrical
in the 400V case.
battery cells forming a battery module as
• Vehicles also have 12V and 48V battery systems for
used in BEVs
auxiliary functions.
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WHY BMS?
• The battery charger provides a single DC output voltage to
charge the battery pack at the nominal 400Vdc or 800Vdc,
depending upon the configuration.
• The charging voltage will be distributed across the series-
connected blocks of cells.
• If there is any non-uniformity among the series blocks of cells
within the pack, a non-uniform charge will be applied to the cells.
• Any non-uniformity of the cell voltage during charging can Battery modules connected together to
cause a non-uniform capacity of the cells, degrading their form a battery pack
performance or could cause damage to the cells and possible
fire.
• Battery Management Systems (BMS) are required to monitor and
manage the battery pack to ensure safety, reliability, optimal
mileage range and maximum lifetime.
• Non-uniformity during charging can be corrected for using
cell voltage balancing.
• Other functions of the BMS include temperature monitoring
and protection and alarm reporting.
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BMS DESIGN OBJECTIVES – PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION
Requirements:
• Charge/discharge cycle
optimization
• State-of-charge (SOC)
• State-of-Health (SOH)
• Adapting performance with
temperature
• Optional:
• Internal resistance
• State-of-Life (SOL)
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BMS Actions: Objectives:
• Pack voltage measurement • Optimize battery pack life
• •
Pack current measurement Optimize energy stored
• Ambient temperature • Utilize maximum amount
of stored energy
• Coulomb counting (SOC)
• Maximize mileage range
• Analyze performance
(SOH)
• Implement battery model
and analysis
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BMS DESIGN OBJECTIVES - SAFETY

Requirements: BMS Actions: Objectives:

• Safe and rapid charging • Cell voltage measurement • Correctly utilize available
• • battery capacity
Over-voltage protection Pack current measurement
• Maintain cell voltages
• Over-charge protection • Cell temperature
within limits
• measurement
Over-discharge protection •
• Maintain cell temperatures
• Correctly distribute capacity
Over-temperature protection within limits
to all cells within the pack
• Heat management / Cooling • Ensure an extremely
• Fusing of individual cells
system minimal risk of fire
• Thermal runaway
• Low temperature charging
management

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BMS DESIGN OBJECTIVES – MULTI-CELL MANAGEMENT
Requirements / Issues:
• Many parallel-connected
blocks of cells connected in
series strings
• Distribute charge uniformly
to all cells
• over/under temperature
Manufacturer mis-match of
cells
• Degradation of cell capacity
• Degradation of cell
performance over the
lifetime
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BMS Actions: Objectives:
• Cell voltage measurement: • Increase battery pack life
Cell over/under voltage • Optimize energy stored
alarms
• Utilize maximum amount
• Cell temperature
of stored energy
measurement: Cell
alarms
• Cell balancing
• Active
• Passive
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