English Language Grammar

Rules
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 Table of Contents

02
01 MODALS OF PAST MODALS OF OBLIGATION

OBLIGATION AND
PERMISSION
Present perfect
03 Simple and 04 Separable
Continuous for phrasal
and Since Verbs
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MODALS OF OBLIGATION
AND PERMISSION
 #1. MODALS OF OBLIGATION
AND PERMISSION
Use the modal verbs
must and have to talk
You must obey the law.

about obligation
They have to wear a uniform to work.

Use have not to say that something

isn’t necessory
You don’t have to come to work tommorow.{You
can stay at home}
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Language Note:We use must not to talk about
Prohibition
Ex:You must not go there[Don’t go there]
We use need to and need not in the same way as
have to and not have to
Example
You need to wear a uniform to work.
You don’t need to come tomorrow
Use can(not)and may(not)allowed to to talk
about permission.
You can’t leave work early today.
You may go now.
We aren’t allowed to use the lift today.
Language note:Remember to use the infinitive
without to after modal verbs like must can may
and could.
I must to speak with her...I must speak her.
 #2. PAST MODALS OF OBLIGATION
Use had to to talk about obligation in the Use was/were (not) allow to or could(not) to
past.had to is the past form of have to and must. talk about permission in the past.

Example Example
I had to work late last night. I could use my laptop on the plane,but i
was’t allowed to use my phone.
Use didn’t have to to talk about lack
of obligation in the past.
Example
I didn’t have to get up early in the morning.
 #3. Present perfect Simple and
Continuous for and Since
Affirmative
I/you/they/we have(‘ve)been
behaving well.
He/she/it has(‘s)been hearing things
about this class that i don’t like.
Use present perfect continuous to describe an
action that started in the past and continues
now, and to emphasis how long it has
happened for.
Use the present perfect simple to talk about finished
which happened recently and are relevant now.
Example
The teacher has lost contral of the class
Negative
I/you/they/we have(‘ve)been
behaving well.
He/she/it has not (hasn’t) been
behaving well.
The persent perfect simple and persent perfect
continuous can often be use in the same
way,with little difference in the meaning.
Example
I have tough here for ten years.
i have been teaching here for ten years.
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Language Note:We usually use the present perfect simple with state,verbs.
Example
She’s always been loving him she’s always loved him.
We often use the time expressions for and since with the present perfect simple and
present perfect continuous to talk about unfinished actions or states.

Use for to talk about a period of time.

Example
I have been learning spanish for five years.
Use since To talk about in time.
Example
I have worked here since 2008.
 4:Separable phrasal Verbs
A phrasal verbs:is two-word verb consisting of averb and particle,for example tidy up and try on.
Most phracssal verbs are separeble.this means the verb.this means the verb and the particle can
be separated by an object. some common separeble phrasal verb are: bring up, keep up, look
up, put on, take up, tell off, & try on.

if the object is a pronoun it goes between the verb & particle.

please tidy it up.
if the object is a noun, it can go after the verb & particle, or between the verb and particle.
please tidy up that mess
please tidy that mess up.
bring up:to start speaking about topic.
Tidy up:put (things or places)in order.
Put on:Put clothing on one’s body.
Tell off:Reprimand
Keep up:Maintain a required pace or level.
Look up:Search and find specific information.
Tell off:when you are very angry and you yell someone about something.
Take up:To fill or accupy Time or Space.
 Unit 5: Answers
1 1:Mustn’t 3: 1: ‘ve been teaching

2:Don’t have to 2:‘ve lived

3:Mustn’t 3:‘ve been running for
4:Don’t have 4:‘s been doing her homework
5:Mustn’t 5:‘ve eaten pasta since
6:Don’t have to 4: 1:Can you pick some tomatoes up?/can you

7:Don’t have to pick some up

8:Musn’t 2:if you put chocolate and chilli together.../
9:Don’t have to if you put them together.
10:Musn’t 3:i’ve mixed the cake ingrediants up?/can you
2 1:had to pick some up?
2:Could 4:i’ll wash the dishes up later./i;ll wish the up
3:Couldn’t/weren’t allowed to letter.
4:had to 5:Remember to turn the oven off./Remember
5:Could’t/Weren’t allowed to to turn it off.
6:Don’t have to
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