2G-3G Fundamental Material Training

2G-3G Fundamental
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Contents
2G Fundamental 3G Fundamental
1. GSM System Overview. 1. WCDMA System Overview.

2. Frequency Spectrum, 2. WCDMA Technology
Frequency Reuse. Fundamental
3. GSM Channel. 3. WCDMA Channel.
4. GSM Cell Reselection. 4. WCDMA Cell Reselection.
5. GPRS Introduction. 5. WCDMA Handover Event.
6. EDGE Introduction. 6. HSDPA Introduction.
7. HSUPA Introduction
Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 2

GSM system overview
• The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular
system, each physical channel is characterized by a carrier
frequency and a time slot number
• Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-
power radios spread out over the geographical service area.
Each group of radios serve MSs presently located near them.
The area served by each group of radios is called a CELL
• Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different
frequencies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division
Duplex (FDD)
• Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called
slots , several slots make up a frame. This kind of technique is
called Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

FDMA
 FDMA uses different frequency

channels to accomplish
Frequency communication.
 The whole frequency spectrum
available is divided into many
individual channels (for
transmitting and
receiving) ， every channel can
support the traffic for one
subscriber or some control
information.
Time

TDMA
 TDMA accomplishes the

communication in different
Frequency
timeslot.
 A carrier is divided into
channels based on time.
Different signals occupy
different timeslots in certain
sequence , that is , many
signals are transmitted on
the same frequency in
Time different time.

CDMA
 CDMA accomplishes the

Frequency communication in different
code sequences.
 Special coding is adopted
before transmission, then
different information will
lose nothing after being
mixed and transmitted
together on the same
frequency and at the
same time.
Time

The Frequency Spectrum
GSM 900
Uplink Downlink
890 915 935 960MHz
Duplex Separation: 45MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz

DCS 1800
Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit
1710 1785 1805 1880MHz
Duplex Separation: 95MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz


Frequency Reuse
 The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited.
 The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in

different places.
 The quality of communication must be ensured.

Frequency Reuse
5 7 5
1 3 1
9 11 9
6 8
2 4
10 12
4 site X 3 cells reuse

Interface Between Different Entities
PSTN
MSC/VLR GMSC ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS
A
Abis BSC
MS HLR/AUC
BTS C/D/Gs
PCU
SS7
BSC Gb SMS system
MS Um Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc
BTS
GPRS backbone Internet,
SGSN Gi Intranet
Ga GGSN
OMC CG BG
Gp Other PLMN

Physical Channel and Logical Channel
The physical channel is the medium over which the

information is carried: 200KHz and 0.577ms
The logical channel consists of the information carried

over the physical channels
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3
Timeslot The
Theinformation
informationcarried
carriedin
inone
onetime
time
slot
slotis
iscalled
calledaa“burst”
“burst”
TDMA FRAME TDMA FRAME

Logical Channel Type
• GSM900 and DCS1800 have the same logical channel category
Logical channel
Common channel Dedicated channel

(CCH) (DCH)
Broadcast control channel Common control channel Voice channel

(BCCH) (CCCH) Control channel (TCH)
FCH SCH BCCH PCH AGCH RACH FACCH TCH/F TCH/H

SDCCH
(system information)
SACCH

How to use these channels?
Power-off
Search for frequency correction burst FCCH
Search for synchronous burst SCH
Extract system information BCCH
Idle mode
Monitor paging message PCH

Send access burst RACH
Allocate signaling channel AGCH
Dedicated mode
Set up the call SDCCH
Allocate voice channel
SDCCH
Conversation
TCH
Release the call
FACCH
Idle mode

Idle Mode & Dedicated Mode
Idle Mode is condition

where Mobile Station
do not any call or else.
Whereas, Dedicated
Mode is condition
where Mobile Station
doing call.

Cell Selection
Cell Selection is the first
synchronization process
when Mobile station “ON”
until connected to network
operator and then the
services could be used.
The Cell Selection

process using Logical
Channel “BCCH” for
synchronize frequency
between Mobile Station
and Cell.

Cell Selection
Cell selection refers to the initial registration that a MS will make
with a network. This normally only occurs when the phone powers
up or when the MS roams from one network to another.
Cell reselection refers to the process of a MS choosing a new cell
to monitor once it has already registered and is camped on a cell
C1 Parameter
C1 is the path-loss parameter that is used to determine the strongest cell
for selection. The MS will calculate a C1 for each tower it can see and
select the cell tower with the highest C1. The C1 uses the following
parameters for calculation:

Cell Re-Selection
Cell Re-Selection is
Moving Mobile Station
process from one cell to
another cell in Idle
condition.
The firs cell which is

camped on, it’s called
source cell. Whereas,
destination cell, it’s
called target cell.

Cell Re-Selection
C2 Parameter
C2 is the parameter used for cell reselection. Once a MS is camped
on a cell it will continuously monitor the strength of neighbor cells.
The C2 is calculated using the following parameters:

CRO Definition from HedEx (Huawei HelpDesk)
Correlation between CRO-C1-C2 In Idle Mode
There are 3 conditions correlation between CRO-C1-C2:

1. PENTIME < 31, C2=C1 + CRO – TO
2. PENTIME expired, C2=C1 + CRO
3. PENTIME = 31, C2=C1 - CRO

Hard Handover- (Disconnection before Connection)
NodeB1 RNC NodeB2

GPRS Introduction
GPRS is an acronym of “General

Packet Radio Services”. With GPRS
technology, internet access
become possible using mobile
telephone.
Because, expansion from GSM

technology which is Circuit Switch
oriented or speech
communication. So that, Data
rate internet connection using
GPRS is not satisfy yet. But, from
here the Wireless Broadband
technology grow up.

Radio GSM interface modification for GPRS
Timeslot in GSM are divided for CS

connection (Circuit Switch) and for
PS connection (Packet Switch)
also. Differ from CS connection,
The physical channel GPRS PS can
be divided for another user
(Multislot using).
Physical channel can be used both of

GSM CS traffic and GSM PS traffic.
But, can’t be used simultaneously.
For handling some subscriber a.k.a
multiplexing technique to same
timeslot using software which is
called MAC (Medium Access Control)
and hardware which is called PCU
(Packet Control Unit).

Multislot Class
The Multislot Alokasi is represented
Multislot Class impact to transfer with 2 number, i.e 5 + 2. The first
data rate on uplink and downlink. number is “for number of downlink
Multislot Class is divided into 45 timeslot” and the second is for
Class. number of uplink timeslot which is
allocated for MS.
The ordinary value is used Class 10 Network will automatic

for cellular phone support
GPRS/EDGE. Class 10 cellular phone configuring whether for
using maximum 4 timeslot downlink 3 + 2 or 4 + 1 depends
and 2 timeslot uplink. But,
simultaneously maximum 5 timeslot on transfer data
can be used on uplink and downlink. needed.

Multislot Class

Multislot Class

Multislot Class
Blackberry Curve 8900 (on

the right picture) and
Blackberry Bold 9000 (on
the left picture) using GPRS
Class 10 (4+1 or 3+2 slot).

Channel Coding
Channel Coding is used

especially on GPRS system.
The function of Channel
Coding is for converting
“data” digital to radio block.
The function of Radio Block is

for protecting (preventing)
data user from damaging,
when data sent to
4 types Coding Scheme transmission network in radio
technique on GPRS, CS-1 until interface using convolution
CS-4. The quality of radio coding technique. It means, to
impact to “what’s coding type entering bits redundancy to
used”. bits user.

Logical Channel on GPRS system
There are 2 solutions to be

used. The first is using
logical channel for Circuit
Switch GSM system.
In this case, when MS see

system information on BCCH
to knowing whether GPRS
channel available, so GPRS-
The 2nd is when GPRS traffic MS will read also
increasing and coding have to information where is PBCCH
handled grow up, so, logical channel (Packet Broadcast
channel (standalone) for GPRS
must available.
Control Channel) will be in
(Time Slot).

GSM Architecture
GGSN (Gateway GPRS
Support Node), is used for
Gateway between GPRS
network and standard of
Packet Data Network (PDN).
By “Gi interface” or to GPRS
network with PLMN (Public
Land Mobile Network) with
different interface, it’s Gp
interface.
SGSN (Serving GPRS Support
PCU (Packet Control Unit), is Node), the function of SGSN is
placed in BSC. Have equal with MSC in GSM network,
for Mobility Management,
responsibility for all radio Chippering, Data compressing,
GPRS protocol and Paging, Traffic Calculating, Charging,
communication using SGSN. Security, and managing access data
process.

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates For GSM Evolution)
Introduction
Teknik Modulasi pada EDGE
The new coming EDGE (Enhanced
Data rates for GSM Evolution), are
implementation coding 8-PSK
(Phase Shift Keying), coding which
is able to sent “bits” information
faster than formerly coding in
GSM, it’s GMSK (Gaussian
Minimum Shift Keying).
In theory, bit rate for EDGE can be reached

296 Kbps, 3 times bit rate for GPRS (the
previous technology).

Modulation scheme and Maximum Throughput
EGPRS/EDGE is introduction 9
MCS, MCS-1 to MCS-9 which is
given by modulation type.
The new Coding Scheme can be
reach higher data rate than GPRS.
Whereas, EDGE technology,
Coding scheme can be used until
MCS-9 which have bit rate 59.2
Kbps, so that, total maximum bit
rate can be reached with 5
Timeslot allocation is 296 Kbps.

EDGE Architecture

WCDMA
Fundamental
Difference between WCDMA and GSM
GSM WCDMA
Adopts cellular network structure and Realize 1×1 frequency reuse
frequency planning to guarantee intra/inter- The capacity per WCDMA cell is “soft” for it
frequency interference is related to environment and neighbor cell
Users supported can be calculated from interference.
carriers and timeslots if the interference Supports multiple services with different
meets the requirements. speed rate and QoS, and each service has
different coverage range.
Provides voice service
384K 144K 64K 12.2K

Multiple Access Technology and Duplex Technology
CDMA Traffic channels: different

users are assigned unique
Power code and transmitted over
cy
the same frequency band,
Tim uen for example, WCDMA and
e q
e Fr CDMA2000
TDMA
Power
Traffic channels: different time slots
are allocated to different users, for
y example
e nc
Tim qu
e Fre
FDMA Us
e
Us ser r
U
Us er
Us er
er Traffic channels: different frequency bands
Power
Us are allocated to different users
er y
e nc
Tim e qu
e Fr
UMTS Network
UE UTRAN CN
Uu Iu
Iu-CS
RNC
Iub
CS Service to
Iu-BC MSC
NodeB
b
Iu Iu-PS
Iur
NodeB PS Service to
SGSN=>GGSN
Iub
NodeB
RNC

Page38
Channel on WCDMA

WCDMA radio interface has three kinds of channels
• In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three channels:
Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel.
• Logical channel: Define what type data transferred
• Transport channel: Define how and with which of charateristic the data
transferred by phisycal layer
• Physical channel: define the exact physical charateristic of radio channel

Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)

Common traffic channel (CTCH) Traffic channel
Broadcast control channel (BCCH)

Paging control channel (PCCH)
Dedicate control channel (DCCH) Control channel
Common control channel (CCCH)

Logical Channel
Traffic channel
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH), (up and downlinks). This is a
bidirectional channel used to carry user data or traffic.
Common Traffic Channel (CTCH), (downlink) A unidirectional channel used
to transfer dedicated user information to a group of UEs.
Control channel
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), (downlink). This channel broadcasts information to UEs
relevant to the cell, such as radio channels of neighbouring cells, etc.
Paging Control Channel (PCCH), (downlink). This channel is associated with the PICH and is used
for paging messages and notification information.
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH), (up and downlinks) This channel is used to carry dedicated
control information in both directions.
Common Control Channel (CCCH), (up and downlinks). This bi-directional channel is used to
transfer control information.
Shared Channel Control Channel (SHCCH), (bi-directional). This channel is bi-directional and only
found in the TDD form of WCDMA / UMTS, where it is used to transport shared channel control
information.

Transport Channel
Dedicated Channel (DCH) Dedicated transport

-DCH is an uplink or downlink channel channel
Broadcast channel (BCH)

Forward access channel (FACH)
Paging channel (PCH) Common transport
Random access channel (RACH) channel
High-speed downlink shared channel

(HS-DSCH)

Transport Channel
Dedicated transport channel

Dedicated Transport Channel (DCH), (up and downlink). This is used to transfer data
to a particular UE. Each UE has its own DCH in each direction.
Common transport channel

Broadcast Channel (BCH), (downlink). This channel broadcasts information to the UEs in the cell to
enable them to identify the network and the cell.
Forward Access Channel (FACH),(down link). This is channel carries data or information to the UEs
that are registered on the system. There may be more than one FACH per cell as they may carry
packet data.
Paging Channel (PCH) (downlink). This channel carries messages that alert the UE to incoming calls,
SMS messages, data sessions or required maintenance such as re-registration.
Random Access Channel (RACH), (uplink). This channel carries requests for service from UEs trying to
access the system
Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH), (uplink). This channel provides additional capability beyond
that of the RACH and for fast power control.
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) (downlink).This channel can be shared by several users and is used
for data that is "bursty" in nature such as that obtained from web browsing etc.

Physical Channel
• A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier
frequency, code (scrambling code, spreading code) and
relative phase.
• In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or
spreading code) can distinguish the channels.
• Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and
each radio frame consists of 15 time slots.
• Two types of physical channel:UL and DL
Physical Channel
Frequency, Code, Phase

Function of physical channel
Cell broadcast channels
P-CPICH-Primary
P-CPICH-Primary Common
Common Pilot
Pilot Channel
Channel
S-CPICH-Secondary
S-CPICH-Secondary Common
Common Pilot
Pilot Channel
Channel
P-CCPCH-Primary
P-CCPCH-Primary Common
Common Control
Control Physical
Physical Channel
Channel
SCH-
SCH- Synchronisation
Synchronisation Channel
Channel (Including
(Including P-SCH
P-SCH and
and S-SCH
S-SCH Channel)
Channel)
Paging channels
S-CCPCH-Secondary
S-CCPCH-Secondary Common
Common Control
Control Physical
Physical Channel
Channel
PICH-Paging
PICH-Paging Indicator
Indicator Channel
Channel
Random access channels

PRACH-Physical
PRACH-Physical Random
RandomAccess
Access Channel
Channel
Node B UE
AICH-Acquisition
AICH-Acquisition Indicator
Indicator Channel
Channel
Dedicated channels
DPDCH-Dedicated
DPDCH-Dedicated Physical
Physical Data
Data Channel
Channel
DPCCH-Dedicated
DPCCH-Dedicated Physical
Physical Control
Control Channel
Channel
High speed downlink share channels
HS-SCCH-High
HS-SCCH-High Speed
Speed Share
Share Control
Control Channel
Channel
HS-PDSCH-High
HS-PDSCH-High Speed
Speed Physical
Physical Downlink
Downlink Share
Share Channel
Channel
HS-DPCCH-High
HS-DPCCH-High Speed
Speed Dedicated
Dedicated Physical
Physical Control
Control Channel
Channel

Cell selection and Cell Re-selection
The cell selection and reselection criteria described in this document are intended for
idle mode. However, they can also be
the basis for the development of the corresponding criteria in connected mode.
Important characteristics of the cell selection and reselection procedures are that
they are simple and that the power
consumption in the UE is minimized. There is no need to be on the optimal cell all the
time, since this will have impact on
the power consumption in the UE.
In this document we propose introduction of a new procedure, Immediate Cell
Evaluation. This procedure evaluates, very
fast, if a neighbor cell has better conditions than the serving cell and is used
preferably before an access on the RACH or
when the quality of the serving cell is drastically worse. By introducing this procedure
the requirement on how often a cell
reselection evaluation has to be performed is decreased. This will improve the stand-
by times in the UE.

Measured Quality
The criteria described in this document are independent of the quantity that
is measured to select the optimal cell (Ec
/N0,
SIR, RSCP or path loss etc in UMTS [1] or RSSI etc in GSM). Which quantity
(quantities) to use shall be decided in WG1
and is therefore out of scope of this document. In case alternative
measurement quantities shall be possible, mechanisms for
co-ordination of this need further study. For example, one measurement
quantity could be the default quantity used by the
UE until changed by the network (via e.g. system information).

Soft Handover – (Connection before Disconnection)
NodeB1 NodeB2
RNC

Softer Handover – (A Special Case of Soft Handover)
Node B RNC
Cell A Cell B

Intra-frequency Measurement Events
• Intra-frequency measurement events are identified

through 1X. They include:
– 1A: A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range. Means a monitored cell
is good enough that the UE can add it into active set.
– 1B ： A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range. Means a cell in the
active set is not good enough according to the best cell.
– 1C: Substitution event. A primary pilot channel in an monitor set is better than
that in the active set.
– 1D: Event of changing the best serving cell.
– 1F: Event that measurement results of the cells in the active set are lower than
the absolute threshold.

HSDPA Introduction
High speed downlink packet

access (HSDPA) is the new
technology which is
introduced in 3GPP Release
5. As the name itself
suggests, this will enable the
user to achieve high data
rates in the downlink while
on the move.

Introduction to HSUPA (1/2)
• Roughly three years later when HSDPA was introduced uplink
counterpart of the high speed packet access evolution was
introduced in Release 6
– In 3GPP original name was not HSUPA but Enhanced
Dedicated Channel (E-DCH)
– The obvious choices for uplink evolution was to investigate
the techniques used for HSDPA and, if possible, adopt
them for the uplink as well
• Improvements in HSUPA when compared to Rel’99
– Layer 1 Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) i.e. fast retransmissions
– Node B based scheduling

Introduction to HSUPA (2/2)
– Easier multicode transmissions
– Shorter frame size, 10ms mandatory for all HSUPA capable
devices and 2 ms as optional feature
• HSUPA is not a standalone feature, but requires many of the
basic features of the WCDMA Rel’99
– Cell selection and synchronization,
– random access,
– basic power control loop functions,
– basic mobility procedures (soft handover), etc.

Thank You

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2G-3G Fundamental

1. GSM System Overview. 1. WCDMA System Overview.

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 2

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 3

 FDMA uses different frequency

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 4

 TDMA accomplishes the

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 5

 CDMA accomplishes the

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 6

890 915 935 960MHz

Duplex Separation: 45MHz

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 7

Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit

1710 1785 1805 1880MHz

Duplex Separation: 95MHz

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 8

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 9

 The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited.

 The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 10

4 site X 3 cells reuse

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 11

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 12

The physical channel is the medium over which the

The logical channel consists of the information carried

TDMA FRAME TDMA FRAME

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 13

• GSM900 and DCS1800 have the same logical channel category

Common channel Dedicated channel

Broadcast control channel Common control channel Voice channel

FCH SCH BCCH PCH AGCH RACH FACCH TCH/F TCH/H

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 14

Monitor paging message PCH

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 15

Idle Mode is condition

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 16

The Cell Selection

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 17

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 18

The firs cell which is

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 19

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 20

Correlation between CRO-C1-C2 In Idle Mode

There are 3 conditions correlation between CRO-C1-C2:

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 21

NodeB1 RNC NodeB2

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 22

GPRS is an acronym of “General

Because, expansion from GSM

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 23

Timeslot in GSM are divided for CS

Physical channel can be used both of

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 24

The ordinary value is used Class 10 Network will automatic

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 25

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 26

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 27

Blackberry Curve 8900 (on

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 28

Channel Coding is used

The function of Radio Block is

Nexwave Design and Strategic Page 29