GSM & WCDMA

Fundamental

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 GSM system overview
• The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular
system, each physical channel is characterized by a carrier
frequency and a time slot number
• Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-
power radios spread out over the geographical service area.
Each group of radios serve MSs presently located near them.
The area served by each group of radios is called a CELL
• Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different
frequencies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division
Duplex (FDD)
• Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called
slots , several slots make up a frame. This kind of technique is
called Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

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 FDMA

 FDMA uses different frequency

channels to accomplish
Frequency communication.
 The whole frequency spectrum
available is divided into many
individual channels (for
transmitting and
receiving) ， every channel can
support the traffic for one
subscriber or some control
information.
Time

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 TDMA

 TDMA accomplishes the

communication in different
Frequency
timeslot.
 A carrier is divided into
channels based on time.
Different signals occupy
different timeslots in certain
sequence , that is , many
signals are transmitted on
the same frequency in
Time different time.

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 CDMA

 CDMA accomplishes the

Frequency communication in different
code sequences.
 Special coding is adopted
before transmission, then
different information will
lose nothing after being
mixed and transmitted
together on the same
frequency and at the
same time.
Time

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 The Frequency Spectrum

GSM 900

Uplink Downlink

890 915 935 960MHz

Duplex Separation: 45MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz

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 The Frequency Spectrum

DCS 1800

Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit

1710 1785 1805 1880MHz

Duplex Separation: 95MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz

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 The Frequency Spectrum

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 Frequency Reuse

 The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited.

 The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in

different places.
 The quality of communication must be ensured.

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 Frequency Reuse

5 7 5
1 3 1
9 11 9

6 8
2 4
10 12

4 site X 3 cells reuse

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 Cell Types

Omni
Omni-directional
Omni-directional Cell
Cell
1

1
120
120
120 Degree
Degree Cell
Cell degree 2
3

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 Interface Between Different Entities

PSTN
MSC/VLR GMSC ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS
A
Abis BSC
MS HLR/AUC
BTS C/D/Gs

PCU
SS7
BSC Gb SMS system
MS Um Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc
BTS
GPRS backbone Internet,
SGSN Gi Intranet
Ga GGSN

OMC CG BG
Gp Other PLMN

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 Mobile Station—MS

MS=ME+SIM
MS=ME+SIM

International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

– Mobile Equipment

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

– Subscriber Identity Module

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 Subscriber Identity Module – SIM

• International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

• Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) SIM

• Location Area Identity (LAI)

• Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)

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 Base Station Subsystem – BSS

MSC

• The Base Station Controller – BSC

• The Base Transceiver Station – BSS
BTS
TC/SM
TC/SM
• The Trans-coder – TC and Sub
multiplexer (SM)
BSC
BSC

BTS
BTS

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 Packet Control Unit-----PCU

MSC
• Packet data
switching
• Bridge between
SGSN and BSC BSS
• Provide Pb and TC/SM
TC/SM GPRS
Gb interface Backbone
BSC
BSC PCU
PCU SGSN
SGSN

BTS
BTS

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 The Network Switching System

NSS AUC
AUC
HLR
HLR
OMC EIR
EIR
EC
EC PSTN

MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR

Mobile-service Switching Center – MSC

Home Location Register – HLR
Visitor Location Register – VLR
Equipment Identity Register – EIR
Authentication Center – AUC BSS
Echo Cancellor – EC

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 Mobile-service Switching Center – MSC

• Call Processing
• Operations and Maintenance Support
• Interface management
• Inter-network & Inter-working
• Billing

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 Home Location Register – HLR

• Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN)

• Current subscriber VLR (current location)
• Supplementary service information
• Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)
• Authentication key and AuC functionality

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 Visitor Location Register – VLR

• Mobile Status (IMSI attached / detached / busy / idle etc.)

• Location Area Identity(LAI)
• Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
• Allocating the Roaming Number

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 Service Area

Service Area
PLMN
PLMN service
service area
area PLMN service area
MSC service area... MSC service area...

Location area... Location area...

......
cell cell

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 LAI

MCC MNC LAC

Location Area Identification

The LAI is the international code for a location area.

MCC: Mobile Country Code ， It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network Code ， It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"
LAC: Location Area Code ， It is a two bytes hex code.
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 460-00-0011

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 CGI

CGI: Cell Global Identification

The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell

The format is LAI+CI
LAI: Location Area Identification
CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to
identify the cells within an LAI.
For example : 460-00-0011-0001

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 BSIC

BSIC （ Base Station Identification Color Code)

NCC BCC

BSIC

NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It

allows various neighboring PLMNs to
be distinguished.
BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to
distinguish different cells
assigned the same frequency!

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 MSISDN

CC NDC SN
National (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number

CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".

NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of
China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.
SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD
Example: 86-139-0666-1234

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 IMSI

Not more than 15 digits

3 digits 2 digits

MCC MNC MSIN

NMSI
IMSI

MCC: Mobile Country Code ， It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460" 。
MNC: Mobile Network Code ， It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00" 。
MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF
For example: 666-9777001
NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber Identification ， MNC and MSIN
form it together.
For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001

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 TMSI

TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)

• The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber authentication.

• The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and notifies them to
the HLR.
• TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile subscriber on the air
interface is kept secret.
• The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and determined by the
operator.

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 IMEI

IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification

TAC FAC SNR SP

IMEI
TAC:
TAC: Type
Type approval
approval code,
code, 66 bit,
bit, determined
determined by by the
the type
type approval
approval center
center
FAC:
FAC: Final
Final assembly
assembly code,
code, 22 bit,
bit, ItIt isis determined
determined by by the
the manufacturer.
manufacturer.
SNR:
SNR: Serial
Serial number,
number, 66 bits,
bits, ItIt isis issued
issued byby the
the manufacturer
manufacturer of of the
the MS.
MS.
SP:
SP: 11 bit
bit ,, Not
Not used.
used.
Check
Check the
the IMEI
IMEI in
in your
your MS
MS :: *#06#
*#06#

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 Questions

• Please explain:
• LAI
• CGI
• BSIC
• IMSI
• MSISDN
• IMEI

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 Difference between WCDMA and GSM

GSM
Adopts cellular network structure and
frequency planning to guarantee intra/inter-
frequency interference
Users supported can be calculated from
WCDMA
Realize 1×1 frequency reuse
The capacity per WCDMA cell is “soft” for it
is related to environment and neighbor cell
interference.

carriers and timeslots if the interference Supports multiple services with different
meets the requirements. speed rate and QoS, and each service has
different coverage range.
Provides voice service

384K 144K 64K 12.2K

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 Multiple Access Technology and Duplex Technology

CDMA Traffic channels: different

users are assigned unique
Power code and transmitted over
cy
the same frequency band,
Tim uen for example, WCDMA and
e q
e Fr CDMA2000

TDMA

Power
Traffic channels: different time slots
are allocated to different users, for
y example
e nc
Tim qu
e Fre

FDMA Us
e
Us ser r
U
Us er
Us er
er Traffic channels: different frequency bands
Power
Us are allocated to different users
er y
e nc
Tim e qu
e Fr
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 UMTS Network
UE UTRAN CN
Uu Iu
Iu-CS
RNC
Iub
CS Service to
Iu-BC MSC
NodeB
b
Iu Iu-PS

Iur
NodeB PS Service to
SGSN=>GGSN

Iub

NodeB
RNC

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Page32
 Contents

WCDMA Overview
WCDMA Capacity
WCDMA Physical Layer
WCDMA Handover
WCDMA Single Site Verification
Primary Technical Performances of Antenna

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 Handover

• Why mobile systems need handover?

– Mobile systems are composed by cells
which the coverage is limited.
– The mobility of the UE.
– Providing the continuous service - the
basic element in QoS.

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 Soft Handover – (Connection before Disconnection)

NodeB1 NodeB2
RNC

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 Softer Handover – (A Special Case of Soft Handover)

Node B RNC

Cell A Cell B

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 Hard Handover- (Disconnection before Connection)

NodeB1 RNC NodeB2

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 Basic Concepts about Handover

 Active set Radio link (RL)

Radio link set (RLS)

 monitor set
Maximum-ratio combining
 Detection set
Selective combining
 Event report
Soft handover gain
 Event to periodic
Pilot channel (CPICH)
report

 Periodic report

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 Intra-frequency Measurement Events

• Intra-frequency measurement events are identified

through 1X. They include:
– 1A: A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range. Means a monitored cell
is good enough that the UE can add it into active set.
– 1B ： A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range. Means a cell in the
active set is not good enough according to the best cell.
– 1C: Substitution event. A primary pilot channel in an monitor set is better than
that in the active set.
– 1D: Event of changing the best serving cell.
– 1F: Event that measurement results of the cells in the active set are lower than
the absolute threshold.

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Thank You
nw.rnocenter@gmail.com
nw.rrfcenter@gmail.com
nw.osscenter@gmail.com