Principles of Human Anatomy

Fourteenth Edition
Gerard J. Tortora and Mark Nielsen

Chapter 11

The Muscular Tissue

Muscle Tissue
Anatomy Overview
The Muscular System

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Relationship of Skeletal Muscles to Bones

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Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin and Insertion

• Skeletal muscles cause movements by exerting force on

tendons, which pull on bones or other structures
• Articulating bones usually do not move equally in
response to contraction
o Origin
o Insertion

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Lever Systems
• Fulcrum
• Effort
• Load
• Resistance
• Mechanical advantage
• Mechanical disadvantage

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Lever Systems
• There are three types of levers that differ on the positions of the fulcrum,
effort, and load:
o First-class levers
o Second-class levers
o Third-class levers

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Level Structure and Types of Levers

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Effects of Fascicle Arrangement
• All muscle fibers are parallel to one another within a single fascicle.
• Fascicles, however, form patterns with respect to the tendons:
o Parallel
o Fusiform
o Circular
o Triangular aka convergent
o Pennate:
o unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate

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Muscle Actions
• Concentric contraction
• Eccentric contraction

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Coordination Among Muscles
• It is common to attribute a specific action at a joint to a
single muscle bundle, but remember that muscles do
not work in isolation
• Movements usually result from several skeletal muscles
acting as a group:
o Prime mover or agonist
o Antagonist
o Synergist
o Fixator

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How Skeletal Muscles Are Named
• Location
• Origin and insertion
• Size, shape, and action of muscles
• Orientation of muscle fascicles relative to body’s midline

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 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named
Movement they produce

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Muscles of the Head That Produce
Facial Expressions
• Because of their insertions, the muscles involved in
facial expression move the skin rather than a joint when
they contract

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 Occipitofrontalis

O R IG IN : A C T IO N :
ep icra nial a p o n eu ro sis rais es ey eb ro w s;
(tendinous sheet) w rin kles foreh ea d

IN S E R T IO N :
skin of ey eb ro w s;
ro ot of no s e

(A n te r io r v ie w )

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 Occipital belly
Muscles Promoting Facial Expressions

Occipitalis
(E picra niu s)
O R IG IN : A C T IO N :
o ccipital b o n e; tem p oral b on e p ulls sc alp p osteriorly

IN S E R T IO N :
ep icra nial a p o n eu ro sis
(tendinous sheet)

(P o s te r io r v ie w )

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 Muscles Promoting Facial Expressions

Orbicularis oris
O R IG IN : A C T IO N :
m a xilla / m a n dible clo s es lip s; p urs es lips
(‘kis sin g / w histlin g ’)
IN S E R T IO N :
skin / m us cles at a n gle
of m o uth

(A n te r io r v ie w )

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 Muscles Promoting Facial Expressions

Zygomaticus
(m ajo r / m in or)
O R IG IN : A C T IO N :
zy g om atic b o n e rais es c orn er of m o uth u p w a rd s
(‘smiling’)
IN S E R T IO N :
skin at c orn er of m o uth

(A n te r io r v ie w)

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 Muscles Promoting Facial Expressions

Orbicularis oculi
O R IG IN : A C T IO N :
fro ntal / m a xillary b o n e; clo s es ey e
ligam en ts aro u n d orbit

IN S E R T IO N :
tiss u e of ey elid

(A n te r io r v ie w )

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 Muscles Promoting Facial Expressions

Levator labii superioris

O R IG IN : A C T IO N :
zy g om atic b o n e; orbit of ey e
Raises oupper
p en s lip s
lip
IN S E R T IO N :
skin of u pp er lip

(A n te r io r v ie w)

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 Muscles Promoting Facial Expressions

Depressor labii inferioris

O RIG IN: A C T IO N :
b o dy of m a n dible dra w s lo w er lip inferiorly
(‘p o ut’)
IN S E R T IO N:
skin of lo w er lip

(A n te r io r v ie w)

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 Muscles Promoting Facial Expressions

Depressor anguli oris

O R IG IN : A C T IO N :
b o dy of m a n dible dra w s c orn er of m o uth d o w n w a rd
(‘frowning’)
IN S E R T IO N :
skin at c orn er of m o uth

(A n te r io r v ie w )

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Levator anguli oris
Action-draws angle of the mouth
laterally and superiorly

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 Muscles Promoting Facial Expressions

Buccinator
O RIG IN: A C T IO N :
m a xilla / m a ndible c om pres s c h eek s
(‘sucking’)
IN S E R T IO N:
orbic ularis oris m u scle

(L a te ra l vie w )

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 Muscles Promoting Facial Expressions

Risorius
O RIG IN: A C T IO N :
fa scia of m a s seter m uscle dra w s corn er of lip s laterally

IN S E R T IO N:
skin at corn er of m o uth

(A n te r io r v ie w )

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 Muscles Promoting Facial Expressions

Mentalis
O R IG IN : A C T IO N :
m a n dible w rin kles c hin

IN S E R T IO N :
skin of c hin

(A n te r io r v ie w )

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 Muscles Promoting Facial Expressions

Platysma
O RIG IN: A C T IO N :
fa scia of chest tenses skin of n eck;
d ep resses m a n dible
IN S E R T IO N:
lo w er m argin of m a n dible;
skin at corn er of m o uth

(A n te r io r v ie w)

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Muscles of the Head That Move the
Eyeballs and Upper Eyelids

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Muscles That Move the Mandible and
Assist in Mastication and Speech

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 Muscles Promoting Mastication / Tongue Movement

Masseter
O RIG IN: A C T IO N :
zy g om atic arc h / b o n e elev ates m a n dible

IN S E R T IO N:
a n gle / ram u s of m a n dible

(L a te ra l vie w )

Innervation is mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V) nerve.

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 Muscles Promoting Mastication / Tongue Movement

Temporalis
O RIG IN: A C T IO N :
tem po ral bone elev ates m a n dible

IN S E R T IO N:
c oro noid process
(mandible)

(L a te ra l vie w )

Innervation is mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V) nerve.

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 Muscles Promoting Mastication / Tongue Movement

Medial pterygoid
O RIG IN: A C T IO N :
pteryg oid proc es s (sph en oid b on e) ; protru d es ja w; prom otes
m a xilla sid e-to-sid e c h ew in g

IN S E R T IO N:
b o dy of m a n dible

(L a te ra l vie w )

Innervation is mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V) nerve.

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 Muscles Promoting Mastication / Tongue Movement

Lateral pterygoid
O RIG IN: A C T IO N :
grea ter win g / ptery g oid proc es s protru d es ja w; p rom otes
(s ph en oid b on e) sid e-to-sid e c h e win g

IN S E R T IO N:
m a n dib ular c o n d yle
(mandible)

(L a te ra l vie w )

Innervation is mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V) nerve.

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Muscles of the Head That Move the Tongue and Assist in Mastication and
Speech

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Muscles of the Anterior Neck That Assist in Deglutition and Speech

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Suprahyoid muscles Muscles Promoting Swallowing / Speaking

Digastric
Muscles Promoting Swallowing / Speaking

Stylohyoid
O R IG IN : A C T IO N : O R IG IN : A C T IO N :
lo w er m argin of m a n dible; elev ates h y oid b o n e / styloid process elev ates / retra cts
m astoid pro c es s (t em p or al b on e) d ep res s es m a n dible (temporal bone) h yoid b o n e

IN S E R T IO N : IN S E R T IO N :
h yoid b o n e h yoid b o n e
(connective tissue loop)

(L a t e ra l vie w ) (L a t e ra l vie w )

Muscles Promoting Swallowing / Speaking Muscles Promoting Swallowing / Speaking

Mylohyoid Geniohyoid
O R IG IN : A C T IO N : O R IG IN : A C T IO N :
m edial inn er s urfac e elev ates h y oid bo n e; m edial inn er s urfac e elev ates h y oid bo n e;
of m a n dible elev ates flo or of m o uth of m a n dible p ulls h yoid b o n e a nteriorly

IN S E R T IO N : IN S E R T IO N :
h yoid b o n e h yoid b o n e

(L a t e ra l vie w ) (L a t e ra l vie w )

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Infrahyoid muscles
Muscles Promoting Swallowing / Speaking Muscles Promoting Swallowing / Speaking

Sternohyoid Sternothyroid
O RIG IN: A C T IO N : O RIG IN: A C T IO N :
m a n ub rium (sternu m ) ; d ep resses hyoid b o n e p osterior s urface of d ep resses hyoid b o n e;
m edial en d of clavicle m a n ub rium (sternum) d ep resses laryn x

IN S E R T IO N: IN S E R T IO N:
lo w er m argin of h yoid b o n e th yroid cartila g e of lary n x

(A n te r io r v ie w ) (A n te r io r v ie w )

Muscles Promoting Swallowing / Speaking Muscles Promoting Swallowing / Speaking

Omohyoid Thyrohyoid
O RIG IN: A C T IO N : O RIG IN: A C T IO N :
sup erior b ord er of sca pula d ep resses / retracts th yroid cartila g e of lary n x d ep resses hyoid b o n e;
h yoid b o n e elevates lary n x
IN S E R T IO N: IN S E R T IO N:
lo w er m argin of h yoid b o n e h yoid b o n e

(A n te r io r v ie w ) (A n te r io r v ie w )

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Muscles of the Pharynx

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Muscles of the Neck That Move the Head

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 Muscles Promoting Head Movement Muscles Promoting Head Movement

Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes
O R IG IN : A C T IO N : O R IG IN : A C T IO N :
m edial p ortio n of cla vicle; flexes / laterally rotates h ea d tra n sv ers e proc es s es of flexes / laterally rotates n ec k;
m a n ub rium (stern u m ) v erteb ra e C 2 – C 6 elev ates rib s

IN S E R T IO N : IN S E R T IO N :
m astoid pro c es s (tem p oral b on e) ; a nterio rlateral s urfa c e of
tem po ral b o n e first tw o rib s

(A n te r io r v ie w ) (A n te r io r v ie w )

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MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR NECK AND THE BACK

Muscles Promoting Head Movement

Splenius
(c a pitis/ c ervicis)
O RIG IN: A C T IO N :
s pin o u s pro c es s es of e xten d s / laterally rotates h ea d
v erteb ra e C 7 – T 6

IN S E R T IO N:
Tra n sv ers e proc es s es of
v erteb ra e C 2 – C 4 ; m a stoid pro c es s
(temporal bone)

(P o s te r io r v ie w )

Splenius cervicis and splenius capitis are paired

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