Les8e PPT Study 07 02

Elementary Statistics
Eighth Edition
Chapter 7
Hypothesis
Testing with One
Sample
Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 1
Chapter Outline
7.1 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
7.2 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean  Known 
7.3 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean  Unknown 
7.4 Hypothesis Testing for Proportions
7.5 Hypothesis Testing for Variance and Standard
Deviation
Section 7.2 Hypothesis Testing for
the Mean Open Bracket Sigma
Known Close Bracket
Section 7.2 Objectives
1. How to find and interpret P-values
2. How to use P-values for a z-test for a mean  when
 is known
3. How to find critical values and rejection regions in the
standard normal distribution
4. How to use rejection regions for a z-test for a mean 
when  is known
Using P-values to Make a Decision
Decision Rule Based on P-value
• To use a P-value to make a conclusion in a hypothesis
test, compare the P-value with .
1. If P   , then reject H 0 .
2. If P   , then fail to reject H 0 .
Example: Interpreting a P-value
The P-value for a hypothesis test is P = 0.0237. What is
your decision if the level of significance is
1.   0.05?
Solution:
Because 0.0237 < 0.05, you should reject the null
hypothesis.
2.   0.01?
Solution:
Because 0.0237 > 0.01, you should fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
Finding the P-value for a Hypothesis
Test
After determining the hypothesis test’s standardized test
statistic and the test statistic’s corresponding area, do one
of the following to find the P-value.
a. For a left-tailed test, P   Area in left tail .
b. For a right-tailed test, P   Area in right tail .
c. For a two-tailed test, P    Area in tailof standardized
test statistic .
Example: Finding the P-value for a
Left-Tailed Test
Find the P-value for a left-tailed hypothesis test with a test
statistic of z  2.23. Decide whether to reject H 0 when the
level of significance is   0.01.
Solution:
For a left-tailed test,
P   Area in left tail .
Using Table 4 in App. B,
the area corresponding to
z  2.23 is 0.0129,
which is the area in the
left tail. Left-Tailed Test
Solution: Finding the P-value for a
Left-Tailed Test
Solution:
You can check your answer using technology.
Because 0.0129 > 0.01, you should fail to reject H 0 .
Example: Finding the P-value for a
Two-Tailed Test
Find the P-value for a two-tailed hypothesis test with a test
statistic of z = 2.14. Decide whether to reject H 0 when the
level of significance is   0.05.
Solution:
For a two-tailed test,
P    Area in tailof standard
test statistic 
Using Table 4, the area
corresponding to z = 2.14 is
0.9838. The area in the right tail is
Two-Tailed Test
1  0.9838  0.0162.
Solution: Finding the P-value for a
Two-Tailed Test
Solution:
P  2  0.0162   0.0324.
Because 0.0324 < 0.05,
you should reject H 0 .
Two-Tailed Test
z-Test for a Mean Mu
The z-test for a mean  is a statistical test for a population
mean. The test statistic is the sample mean x. The standardized
test statistic is z
x 
z Standardized test statistic for   known 
 n
when these conditions are met.
1. The sample is random.
2. At least one of the following is true: The population is
normally distributed or n  30.
Recall that  n is the standard error of the mean, x
Using P-values for a z-Test for Mean
Mu (1 of 3)
In Words In Symbols
1. Verify that  is known, the
Blank
sigma
sample is random, and either the

population is normally distributed or
n greater than or equal to 30
n  30.
2. State the claim mathematically State H and H .
H sub-zero and H sub-a.
0 a
and verbally. Identify the null and
alternative hypotheses.
3. Specify the level of significance. Identify
.
alpha
Mu (2 of 3)
In Words In Symbols
4. Find the standardized test x 
z
statistic.
z equals fraction numerator x bar minus mu divided by denominator fraction numerator sigma divided by denominator square root of n end root end fraction end fraction
 n
5. Find the area that corresponds Use Table 4 in Appendix B.
to z.
Blank
6. Find the P-value.
a. For a left-tailed test, P   Area in left tail .

b. For a right-tailed test, P   Area in right tail .
c. For a two-tailed test, P = 2  Area in tail of standardized test statistic .
Mu (3 of 3)
In Words In Symbols
7. Make a decision to If P   , then reject H 0 .
P less than or equal to alpha H sub-zero
reject or fail to reject the Otherwise, fail to reject H 0 . H sub-zero
null hypothesis.
8. Interpret the decision

in the context of the
original claim.
Example: Hypothesis Testing Using
P-values (1 of 2)
In auto racing, a pit stop is where a racing vehicle stops for
new tires, fuel, repairs, and other mechanical adjustments.
The efficiency of a pit crew that makes these adjustments
can affect the outcome of a race. A pit crew claims that its
mean pit stop time (for 4 new tires and fuel) is less than 13
seconds. A random sample of 32 pit stop times has a
sample mean of 12.9 seconds. Assume the population
standard deviation is 0.19 second. Is there enough
evidence to support the claim at   0.01? Use a P-value.
Solution: Hypothesis Testing Using
P-values (1 of 6)
Because  is known   0.19  , the sample is random, and
n  32  30, you can use the z-test. The claim is “the mean pit
stop time is less than 13 seconds.” So, the null and alternative
hypotheses are
H 0    13 seconds and H a    13 seconds (Claim)

The level of significance is   0.01. The standardized test
statistic is
x  12 
z    Assume   13
 n 019 32
P-values (2 of 6)
Using Table 4 in App. B, the area corresponding to z  2.98
is 0.0014.
Because this test is a left-tailed test, the P-value is equal to the
area to the left of z  2.98, as shown in the figure. So, P = 0.0014.
Because the P-value is less
than α  0.01, you reject
the null hypothesis.
Left-Tailed test
P-values (3 of 6)
You can check your
answer using
technology, as shown.
Note that the P-value
differs slightly from the
one you found due to
rounding.
There is enough evidence at the 1% level of significance

to support the claim that the mean pit stop time is less
than 13 seconds.
Example: Hypothesis Testing Using
P-values (2 of 2)
According to a study of U.S. homes that use heating
equipment, the mean indoor temperature at night during
winter is 683F. You think this information is incorrect.
You randomly select 25 U.S. homes that use heating
equipment in the winter and find that the mean indoor
temperature at night is 672F. From past studies, the
population standard deviation is known to be 35F
and the population is normally distributed. Is there enough
evidence to support your claim at   0.05? Use a P-value.
(Adapted from U.S. Energy Information Administration)
P-values (4 of 6)
Solution:
Because  is known   35F , the sample is random, and
the population is normally distributed, you can use the z-test.
The claim is “the mean is different from 683F."
So, the null and alternative hypotheses are
H 0    68.3F and H a    68.3F (Claim)
The level of significance is    The standardized test
statistic is
x   67.2  68.3
z   1.57 Assume   68.3
 n 3.5 25
P-values (5 of 6)
In Table 4, the area corresponding to z  1.57 is 0.0582.
Because the test is a two-tailed test, the P-value is equal to
twice the area to the left of z  1.57.
Two-Tailed Test
P-values (6 of 6)
The P-value is P    00582   01164. Because the
P-value is greater than   0.05, you fail to reject the null
hypothesis.
There is not enough evidence at the 5% level of

significance to support the claim that the mean indoor
temperature at night during winter is different from 683F
for U.S. homes that use heating equipment.
Example: Using Technology to Find a P-
value
Use the TI-84 Plus displays to make a decision to reject or
fail to reject the null hypothesis at a level of significance of
  0.05.
Solution:
The P-value for this test is 0.0440464253. Because the
P-value is less than   0.05, you reject the null hypothesis.
Rejection Regions and Critical
Values (1 of 3)
Rejection region (or critical region)
• The range of values for which the null hypothesis is not
probable.
• If a standardized test statistic falls in this region, the null
hypothesis is rejected.
• A critical value, z0 , separates the rejection region
from the nonrejection region.
Values (2 of 3)
Finding Critical Values in a Normal Distribution
1. Specify the level of significance .
2. Decide whether the test is left-, right-, or two-tailed.
3. Find the critical value(s) z0 . When the hypothesis test is
a. left-tailed, find the z-score that corresponds to an area of ,
b. right-tailed, find the z-score that corresponds to an area of 1   ,
1 1
c. two-tailed, find the z-score that corresponds to  and 1   .
2 2
Values (3 of 3)
Finding Critical Values in
a Normal Distribution
4. Sketch the standard
normal distribution.
Draw a vertical line at
each critical value and
shade the rejection
region(s).
Example: Finding Critical Value for a
Left-Tailed Region
Find the critical value and rejection region for a left-tailed
test with   0.01.
Solution:
The figure shows the standard
normal curve with a shaded
area of 0.01 in the left tail. In
Table 4, the z-score that is
closest to an area of 0.01 is
2.33. So, the critical value is
1% Level of Significance
z0  2.33.
Solution: Finding Critical Value for a
Left-Tailed Region
Solution:
The rejection region is to the left of this critical value. You
can check your answer using technology, as shown below.
Example: Finding Critical Values for a
Two- Tailed Test
Find the critical value and rejection region for a two-tailed
test with   0.05.
Solution:
The figure shows the standard normal curve with shaded
1
areas of   0.025 in each tail. The area to the left of
2
1
 z0 is   0.025, and the area to the left of
2
1
z0 is 1    0.975.
2
Solution: Finding Critical Values for a
Two- Tailed Test
Solution:
In Table 4, the z-scores that correspond to the areas 0.025
and 0.975 are 196 and 1.96, respectively. So, the
critical values are  z0  1.96 and z0  1.96.
The rejection regions are to the left of 1.96 and to the
right of 1.96.
Decision Rule Based on Rejection
Region
To use a rejection region to conduct a hypothesis test,
calculate the standardized test statistic, z. If the
standardized test statistic
1. is in the rejection region, then reject H 0 .
2. is not in the rejection region, then fail to reject H 0 .
Using Rejection Regions for a z-Test for Mean Mu
Open Bracket Sigma Known Close Bracket (1 of 3)
In Words In Symbols
1. Verify that  is known, the
Blank
sigma
sample is random, and either the

population is normally distributed or
n greater than or equal to 30
n  30.
2. State the claim mathematically State
H 0 and H a .
H sub-zero and H sub-a.
and verbally. Identify the null and

alternative hypotheses.
3. Specify the level of significance. Identify
.
alpha
In Words In Symbols
4. Determine the critical
value(s). Use Table 4 in Appendix B.
Blank
5. Determine the rejection

regions(s).
6. Find the standardized test x 
statistic and sketch the zz equals fraction numerator x bar minus mu divided by denominator fraction numerator sigma divided by denominator square root of n end root end fraction end fraction
sampling distribution.  n
In Words In Symbols
7. Make a decision to If z is in the rejection region,
reject or fail to reject the then reject H 0 . H sub-zero
null hypothesis. Otherwise, fail to reject H . H sub-zero
Blank
8. Interpret the decision

in the context of the
original claim.
Example: Testing Using a Rejection
Region
Employees at a construction and mining company claim
that the mean salary of the company’s mechanical
engineers is less than that of one of its competitors, which
is $95,600. A random sample of 20 of the company’s
mechanical engineers has a mean salary of $93,300.
Assume the population standard deviation is $9500 and
the population is normally distributed. At   0.05,
test the employees’ claim.
Solution: Testing Using a Rejection
Region (1 of 4)
Solution:
Because  is known (  $9500). the sample is random,
and the population is normally distributed, you can use the
z-test. The claim is “the mean salary is less than $95,600.”
So, the null and alternative hypotheses can be written as
H 0    $95,600 and H a    $95,600. (Claim)
Region (2 of 4)
Because the test is a left-tailed test and the level of
significance is   0.05, the critical value is z0  1.645
and the rejection region is z  1.645. The standardized
test statistic is
x   93,300  95,600
z  Assume   $95,600.
 n 9500 20
 1.08.
Region (3 of 4)
The figure shows the location of the rejection region and
the standardized test statistic z. Because z is not in the
rejection region, you fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Region (4 of 4)
There is not enough evidence at the 5% level of significance
to support the employees’ claim that the mean salary is less
than $95,600.
*Be sure you understand the decision made in this example.

Even though your sample has a mean of $93,300, you
cannot (at a 5% level of significance) support the claim that
the mean of all the mechanical engineers’ salaries is less
than $95,600. The difference between your test statistic
( x  $93,300) and the hypothesized mean   $,600
is probably due to sampling error.
Example: Testing Using Rejection
Regions
A researcher claims that the mean annual cost of raising a
child between the ages of 1 and 3 in the U.S. is $13,350. In
a random sample of families in the U.S., the mean annual
cost of raising a child between the ages of 1 and 3 is
$13,186. The sample consists of 1000 children. Assume the
population standard deviation is $2750. At   0.10,
is there enough evidence to reject the claim? (Adapted from
U.S. News & World Report)
Solution: Testing Using Rejection
Regions (1 of 4)
Solution:
Because  is known (  $2750), the sample is random,
and n  1000  30, you can use the z-test. The claim is
“the mean annual cost is $13,350.” So, the null and
alternative hypotheses are
H 0 :   $13,350 (Claim) and H a :   $13,350.
Regions (2 of 4)
Because the test is a two-tailed test and the level of
significance is   0.10, the critical values are  z0  1645
and z0  1.645. The rejection regions are z  1.645
and z  1645. The standardized test statistic is
x   13186  13,350
z  Assume   $13,350.
 n 2750 1000
 1.89.
Regions (3 of 4)
The figure shows the location of the rejection regions and
the standardized test statistic z. Because z is in the
rejection region, you reject the null hypothesis.
Regions (4 of 4)
You can check your answer using technology.
There is enough evidence at the 10% level of significance

to reject the claim that the mean annual cost of raising a
child between the ages of 1 and 3 in the U.S. is $13,350.
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Elementary Statistics

Because 0.0129 > 0.01, you should fail to reject H 0 .

sample is random, and either the

6. Find the P-value.

a. For a left-tailed test, P   Area in left tail .

c. For a two-tailed test, P = 2  Area in tail of standardized test statistic .

reject or fail to reject the Otherwise, fail to reject H 0 . H sub-zero

8. Interpret the decision

H 0    13 seconds and H a    13 seconds (Claim)

There is enough evidence at the 1% level of significance

There is not enough evidence at the 5% level of

sample is random, and either the

and verbally. Identify the null and

5. Determine the rejection

null hypothesis. Otherwise, fail to reject H . H sub-zero

8. Interpret the decision

H 0    $95,600 and H a    $95,600. (Claim)

*Be sure you understand the decision made in this example.

H 0 :   $13,350 (Claim) and H a :   $13,350.

10% Level of Significance

There is enough evidence at the 10% level of significance

This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is

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