Electro 3: Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering

Electro 3
Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering

Marine Electricity &
Electrical Maintenance
High Voltage Electrical Systems

At the end of the lesson the students
will be able to:
LO4.1. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using high
voltage in the shipping industry
Learning LO4.2. Explain the competency requirements for personnel

working on high voltage system per STCW Tables A-III/1, A-III/2,
A-III/5, A-III/6 and A-III/7 and STCW Section B-III/2
outcome LO4.3. Explain the functions of the various electrical

components of a typical shipboard High Voltage Electrical
Distribution System
based on industry standards
01 Electrical Survey Requirements
CONTENTS
02 Marine High Voltage System
03 Remedial Actions During Fault
04 Insulation Resistance and Polarization Index

01
High Voltage
Electrical
Systems
Generation of High Voltage
01 Overview
POWER GENERATION
A study in 2001 concluded that fitting a more
energy-efficient electrical equipment to ships
could reduce fuel consumption by 10% to 25%
like shifting to advanced turbine design and
shifting to integrated electrical drive propulsion.
Kite-assist system and solar power system are

some of shipboard power generation.
References: Congressional Research Service. (2006). Navy ship propulsion technologies: Options for reducing oil use—background for congress.
Image: Hervé Cozanet, CC BY-SA 3.0 < https://bit.ly/3epYCnp >, via Wikimedia Commons
01 Understanding
Power Distribution
Electrical demand like 3.3kV, 6.6kV and 11kV are used on some
large ships, offshore platforms and specialized oil/gas vessels.
By generating electrical power at 6.6kV instead of 440V the

distribution and switching of power above about 6MW becomes
more manageable as supply current ratings onboard becomes too
high.
To reduce the size of both steady state and fault current levels, it is
necessary to increase the system voltage at high power ratings.
References: Olanrewaju, O. S. (n.d.-a). Hv genration transpformation - converson & distribution - revisedl. Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Slideshare.net website: https://bit.ly/2Vv6WeT
01 Understanding
Distribution System
Main feeders supply the 440V engine room sub-station (ER sub)
switchboard via step-down transformers.
Interconnector cable links the ER sub to the emergency switchboard.
Other 440V sub-stations(accommodation, galley, etc.) around the

ship are supplied form the ER sub.
Some installation may feed the ships sub stations directly with HV
and step-down to 440V locally.
Synchronous motors which require a controlled low voltage

excitation supply current to magnetize the rotor poles.
01 Understanding
Distribution System
Supply is obtained from the HV switchboard via a step-down

transformer but an alternative arrangement to obtain the excitation
supply from the 440V ER sub switchboard.
Large power consumer (thruster, propulsion motors, air-condition

compressor and HV transformers are fed directly from the HV
switchboard.
01 Overview
High Voltage System

any voltage above 1kV is termed as High
Voltage. Typical Marine HV systems operate
usually at 3.3kV or 6.6kV, and Any Voltage used
on board a ship if less than 1kV (1000 V) then it
is called as LV (Low Voltage) system.
It forms as a central power station for all of the

ship’s electrical services.
Reference: (N.d.-g). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Marineinsight.com website: https://bit.ly/3xFJ4Uc
Image: DesbWit, from the original patent drawing by Hiroo Konishi, Hitachi, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
01 Overview
High Voltage System

Its supply component are standard equipment
with: HV diesel generator sets feeding an HV
main switchboard.
The principal parts of a ships electrical system

operated at High Voltage are the Main
Generators, HV switchboard, FV cables, HV
transformers, and HV motors.
Reference: (N.d.-g). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Marineinsight.com website: https://bit.ly/3xFJ4Uc
Image: DesbWit, from the original patent drawing by Hiroo Konishi, Hitachi, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
01 Understanding
Typical System of All Electric Ship
Generator sets complete with prime movers and engine controls.
HV/LV Switchboards, distribution systems and group starter boards
Propulsion and thruster motors complete with power electronic

variable speed drives.
Power conversion equipment
Shaft braking
Power factor correction and harmonic filters (as necessary)
Reference: Olanrewaju, O. S. (n.d.). Hv genration transpformation - converson & distribution - revisedl. Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Slideshare.net website: https://bit.ly/3httuoP
01 Understanding
Typical System of All Electric Ship
Power management
Machinery control and surveillance
Dynamic positioning and joystick control
Machinery control room and bridge consoles.
Setting to work and commissioning
Operator training
Reference: Olanrewaju, O. S. (n.d.). Hv genration transpformation - converson & distribution - revisedl. Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Slideshare.net website: https://bit.ly/3httuoP
01 Understanding
Electric Propulsion System
Electric Propulsion of ships requires electric motors to drive the

propellers and generator sets to supply electric power. It serves as an
alternate power sources,
The electric propulsion system consists of a prime mover which may

be of two types:
• Diesel Driven
• Turbine or Steam Driven
References:(N.d.-h). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Marineinsight.com website: https://bit.ly/3r9qAsK\

01 Understanding
Diesel Driven
Electric propulsion with diesels used as prime
movers.
Diesel-electric drive takes less space than the

equivalent direct-drive two-stroke engine
allowing the aft section to be slimmer and
giving better flow over the propeller.
Not only is the diesel-electric drive train lighter

than a two-stroke engine, but also its weight can
be distributed more evenly. Also there is no need
for auxiliary generators.
References: (N.d.-i). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Wartsila.com website: https://bit.ly/2UbuKUX
Image: Hervé Cozanet, CC BY-SA 3.0 < https://bit.ly/3hHVYva >, via Wikimedia Commons
01 Understanding
Diesel Driven
It is the central power station concept for
propulsion and ship services, and increasing
interest in low emissions and propulsion plant
redundancy.
It has a higher specific fuel consumption ,

specific weight and volume than mechanical
drive systems.
References: (N.d.-i). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Wartsila.com website: https://bit.ly/2UbuKUX
Image: Hervé Cozanet, CC BY-SA 3.0 < https://bit.ly/3hHVYva >, via Wikimedia Commons
01 Understanding
Turbine Generator
Source of clean power generation on ships as
they don’t use any type of fuel i.e. heavy or
diesel oil.
Steam is used for power production in case of

turbine generators.
Steam is an easy, environmental friendly and

cheap form of fuel on ships which comes from
the ship’s steam boiler plant.
References:(N.d.-i). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Marineinsight.com website: https://bit.ly/3i6WLFc

Image: NRC, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
01 Understanding
Turbine Generator
In turbine generator, steam is used with high
pressure to rotate turbine wherein the thermal
energy of the steam gets converted into rotary
motion.
The turbine is connected to the alternator’s

rotor; hence the rotary notion of the turbine is
utilized to generate electric power.
On ships, the steam turbine can also be used as a

direct propulsion plant, in which, the turbine
shaft is connected to propeller shaft of the ship.

01 Understanding
Turbine Generator
Since the speed will be in thousand rpm,
reduction gears and reduction systems are used
to get a drop in propeller rpm.
The propelling plant of the ship can be driven by
steam turbine through a slow speed motor.
The turbine generator directly supplies power to

these slow speed motors which are connected to
the propeller shaft of the ship.

01 Understanding
Synchro-Converters
• It is used to convert Synchro (or Resolver)
"analog" shaft angle information to a
"digital" angle format.
• It is often used as a generic term for a variety
of similar Synchro/Resolver Conversion
functions:
• Synchro to Digital Converter (S/D)
• Resolver to Digital Converter (R/D)
• Digital to Synchro Converter (D/S)
• Digital to Resolver Converter (D/R)
01 Synchro-Converters
Module and Hybrid

provide more complete "Plug and Play"
solutions
Reference: Nies, K. (n.d.). Synchro Systems - What’s a Synchro Converter? Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Synchro-systems.com website: https://bit.ly/2VnEwmZ
Image: Module and Hybrid © 1998-2017 Synchro Systems via https://bit.ly/3yIKNZ4
01 Synchro-Converters
Monolithic
provides a "roll your own" solution
requiring external components and signal
conditioning circuitry to complete the
converter system.
Reference: Nies, K. (n.d.). Synchro Systems - What’s a Synchro Converter? Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Synchro-systems.com website: https://bit.ly/2VnEwmZ
Image: Monolithic © 1998-2017 Synchro Systems via https://bit.ly/3yIKNZ4
01 Understanding
Cycloconverter
Are frequency changers that convert AC
power of specific frequency and voltage to
different frequency and voltage of AC
power without any intermediate DC link.
It is a naturally commutated converter in
which the output frequency and voltage
can be controlled independently and
continuously.
It consists of back to back
connected controlled rectifiers whose
output voltage and frequency can be
controlled by tuning firing angles of
rectifiers.
.
Reference: Cycloconverter. (n.d.). Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Sciencedirect.com website: https://bit.ly/2VnEImd
Image: PieterJanR, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
01 Understanding
Cycloconverter
It can be programmed to generate
variable-frequency variable-voltage to
drive an induction motor.
It can also be used in the rotor circuit of a

slip ring motor for slip-energy recovery.
The output frequency is limited to
approximately 40% of its input
frequency to maintain an
acceptable waveform.
Reference: Cycloconverter. (n.d.). Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Sciencedirect.com website: https://bit.ly/2VnEImd
Image: PieterJanR, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
01 Cycloconverters
Cyclo-converters are classified based on the output frequency and

number of phase in the input AC power source :
Step-Up Cycloconverters:
• Step-Up CCV provide output frequency greater than that of input

frequency.
• Its application will require a frequency less than 50Hz which is

the default frequency.
• It also require forced commutation which increases the

complexity of the circuit.
References: Cycloconverters – Types, Working and Applications. (2018, June 14). Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Circuitdigest.com website: https://bit.ly/2T2dl0p
01 Cycloconverters
Cyclo-converters are classified based on the output frequency and

number of phase in the input AC power source :
Step-Down Cycloconverters:
• Step-Down CCV provides an output frequency which is lesser

then the input frequency.
• It is used and work with help of natural commutation hence
comparatively easy to build and operate.
• The Step-Down CCV is further classified into three types:
• Single-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverter
• Three-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverter
• Three-Phase to Three-Phase Cycloconverter
References: Cycloconverters – Types, Working and Applications. (2018, June 14). Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Circuitdigest.com website: https://bit.ly/2T2dl0p
02
Marine
High
Voltage
Marine High Voltage System
02 Safety
Safety of High Voltage System

Current 24mA flowing from hand to hand is
already sufficient to cause irregularities in the
heartbeat, while 50 mA can lose consciousness
and can stop the heartbeat resulting fatal.
Resistance of human body from hand to hand is

1300 ohms, contact resistance of skin from 500
ohms dry to 5 kilo ohms wet and AC voltage of
50V is already dangerous.
Shipboard systems should be insulated form

earth (ship’s hull) while shore system should be
earthed to the ground.
References: Olanrewaju, O. S. (n.d.-a). Electrical safety and protections. Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Slideshare.net website: https://bit.ly/3wEVr1B
Image: MarkBuckawicki, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons
02 Safety
HV systems (>1000V) earthed via neutral earthing resistor (NER) or

high impedance transformer to limit earth fault current.
Priority for shipboard – maintain electrical supply to essential

equipment in event of single earth fault.
Priority ashore- immediate isolation earth-faulted equipment.
Earthed via resistor connecting generator neutrals to earth.
References:Olanrewaju, O. S. (n.d.-a). Electrical safety and protections. Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Slideshare.net website: https://bit.ly/3wEVr1B
02 Safety
Earthing resistor with ohmic value – chosen to limit maximum earth

fault current < generator full load current.
Neutral Earthing Resistor (NER) – assembled with metallic plates in

air – due to single earth fault will cause circuit disconnected by its
protection device.
References:Olanrewaju, O. S. (n.d.-a). Electrical safety and protections. Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Slideshare.net website: https://bit.ly/3wEVr1B
02 Safety
3 Basic Circuit Faults

An open-circuit fault is due to a break in the
conductor, as at A, so that current cannot flow.
An earth fault is due to a break in the

insulation, as at B, allowing the conductor to
touch the hull or an earthed metal enclosure.
A short-circuit fault is due to a double break in

the insulation, as at C, allowing both conductors
to be connected so that a very large current by –
passes or ‘‘short – circuits’’ the load.
References:Kumar, M. N. (n.d.). What is circuit faults? how it is tested and effects. Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Marineengineersknowledge.com website: https://bit.ly/3wKwrWM
Image: Dingy, CC BY-SA 3.0 < https://bit.ly/3xOlSmS >, via Wikimedia Commons
02 Safety
Insulated Neutral System

Insulated system
- totally electrically insulated from earth (ship’s

hull)
References: Olanrewaju, O. S. (n.d.-a). Electrical safety and protections. Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Slideshare.net website: https://bit.ly/3xGNREH
02 Safety
Earthed Neutral System

Earthed system
- Has one pole or neutral point connected to

earth
02 Safety
Insulated Neutral to Earth
This system is totally insulated from the ship’s hull.
This system maintains continuity of power supply to the equipment

even in the event of single phasing fault.
This ensure power supply to critical equipment.
The power supply to the equipment can disrupt only if two single
phase faults occur simultaneously in two lines which is then relevant
to short circuiting faults
02 Safety
Neutral Earthed
System
Neutral Earth 3 -
Phase
02 Safety
Neutral Earthed
System
Neutral Earth 1 -
Phase
02 Safety
Neutral Earthed System
In 3 phase system for supply voltage of 3.3-6.6kV and above.
Solid earth system used in high voltage can damage the equipment
due to magnitude of earthed current extremely increases.
Earth current is limited by connecting a resistor in series between

earth and neutral point .
The earth current is limited due to single phasing is limited not to
exceed rated current at maximum load.
02 Safety
Do’s and Don't of Electrical Safety
Do’s
Get to know the ship’s electrical system and equipment. Study the
ship to mark the location of switches and protection devices
supplying distribution boards and essential items of equipment and
take note of it.
Be familiar with the indications on switchboard instruments so

abnormal operations can easily be detected.
Do operate and maintain equipment according to manufacturers

recommendation or ship-owners procedures.
Click here for more.
Reference: Essential list when working with vessel electrical equipment. (2018, March 20). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Electrotechnical-officer.com website: https://bit.ly/3kiNkVM
02 Safety
Do’s
Do ensure that al guards cover are securely fitted and that all bolt and
fixings are in place and tight.
Do switch off supplies, remove fuses and display warning notices

before removing cover of equipment for maintenance.
Do confirm that circuits are DEAD before touching conductors and

terminals.
02 Safety
Don’t
Do not touch live conductors under pretext.
Do not touch rotating parts.
Do not leave live conductors or rotating parts exposed.
Do not overload equipment.
Do not neglect or abuse equipment.
02 Assigned Qualified Personnel
Position requires:
a) Troubleshooting and repairing malfunctions
in primary (medium voltage) circuits and
systems including cutouts, switchgears and
transformers;
b) Isolating faults in medium voltage

distribution system and replacing cable runs;
c) Operating all medium voltage controls and

switchgears including repairing and
replacing medium voltage;
Reference: Utilities electrician - job descriptions - human resources :: The university of New Mexico. (n.d.). Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Unm.edu website: https://bit.ly/3qZwrRj
Image: Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Europe-Africa/U.S. 6th Fleet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Position requires:
d) Leading, guiding and/or training other
electricians in applicable procedures and
techniques.
Image: Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Europe-Africa/U.S. 6th Fleet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Duties and Responsibilities
Installs and monitors performance of installed electrical equipment

for hazards, adjustments, or replacement.
Repairs, installs, replaces, and tests electrical circuits, equipment,

and appliances using appropriate tools and testing instruments.
Leads, guides, and/or trains other electricians in applicable

procedures and techniques.
Operates and maintains medium voltage switchgear and controls;

may repair and maintain motor control centers and programmable
logic controls.
Click here for more.
Duties and Responsibilities
Troubleshoots and repairs primary distribution system malfunctions

such as ground fault tracing and cable replacement. Plans electrical
primary system extensions to power secondary systems.
Ensures proper care in the use and maintenance of equipment and

supplies; promotes continuous improvement of workplace safety and
environmental practices.
Reads, employs, and updates electrical panel schedules and building

or system blueprints. Performs miscellaneous job-related duties as
assigned.
Reference: Utilities electrician - job descriptions - human resources :: The university of New Mexico. (n.d.). Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Unm.edu website:
https://bit.ly/3qZwrRj
Knowledge, Skills and Abilities Required
Knowledge of medium voltage systems and equipment, substations,

multiple interconnected substations, and primary power distribution.
Knowledge of National Electrical Code and the National Electrical

Safety Code.
Ability to use appropriate tools and diagnostic equipment to repair,

install, replace, and test medium and low voltage electrical circuits,
equipment and appliances.
Ability to use hand and power tools applicable to trade.
Ability to diagnose and repair electrical controls, industrial motor

control centers, and programmable logic controllers for both primary
and secondary systems.
Knowledge, Skills and Abilities Required
Ability to lead and/or train staff.
Ability to read both commercial and industrial electrical blueprints
Ability to read, understand, follow and enforce safety procedures
Ability to install and maintain motors, welding equipment, lighting

fixtures, generators, circuit breakers, and transformers as appropriate
to the position.
02 Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages of High Voltage System
1. Higher power demand for heavy consumers on ships is the first

reason to choose high voltage on ships. High power bow thruster
electric motors, reefer containers in container ships, cargo
cooling machineries in gas carriers, etc. are heavy power
consumers.
2. High voltage machineries have much reduced size and weight

compared to same power low voltage counterpart.
3. Reduced weight and space for machinery means increased space

for cargo and more profit.
References: Firoz. (2017, June 20). High voltage system on ships. Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Marineengineeringonline.com website: https://bit.ly/3ANLwK6
Advantages of High Voltage System
4. Ease of installation and reduced installation cost.
5. Conductor size is reduced due to low current flow in high voltage

system, means reduced copper requirement and low cost.
6. In high voltage system, copper loss or I²R losses are much

reduced when compared to low voltage system, as the current
flow is less.
7. Overall estimated 1/3 reduction in cost compared to low voltage

system.
References: Firoz. (2017, June 20). High voltage system on ships. Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Marineengineeringonline.com website: https://bit.ly/3ANLwK6
Advantages of Insulated System
A properly designed and installed insulation system offers immediate

and long-term benefits. Insulation protects your personnel, your
equipment, your system, and your budget.
Reduces energy costs

Prevents moisture condensation
Reduces capacity and size of new mechanical equipment
Enhances process performance
Reduces emissions of pollutants
Safety and protection of personnel
Acoustical performance: reduces noise levels
Maximizes return on investment (ROI)
Improves Appearance
Fire Protection
Reference: Benefits of insulation - NIA. (2016, September 20). Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Insulation.org website: https://bit.ly/36uGWm6
02 High Voltage Circuit Breakers
Circuit
Breaker
Testing
Click the link below to watch the
video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKXPeTvmVQg
Marine High Voltage
Controllable
Pitch
Propellers- How
they are used to
power ships video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sB3rnfwNh30
Electrical power transmission networks

are protected and controlled by High
Voltage Circuit Breaker inside electrical
grid substation.
Electrical protection should be provided
against the following abnormal
conditions:
• overloading (excessive currents not due

to faults)
• transformer faults
• short-circuit faults between phases
• short-circuit faults to earth
Reference: mplgmg. (2017, January 25). Types of High Voltage Circuit Breaker in substation. Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Electricalpowerenergy.com website: https://bit.ly/3k054oR
Image: Kae, CC BY-SA 3.0 < https://bit.ly/2VQUoif >, via Wikimedia Commons
Circuit Breaker
Circuit breakers have their contacts immersed in oil.
Current disconnect takes place in oil which cools the
arc developed and thereby cool the arc.
There are three poles in this oil circuit breaker
which use to protect 3 phases.
The poles of small oil circuit breakers can be placed

in one oil tank however; the large high-voltage
circuit breakers have each pole in a separate oil
tank.
Image: Nogo, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Circuit Breaker
The oil tanks in oil circuit breakers are normally
sealed. The Electrical connections between the
contacts and external circuits are made through
porcelain bushings.
If we are using oil as an arc-quenching medium we

have to consider advantage of oil so followings are
advantages of oil as an arc-quenching medium.
Image: Nogo, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
02 Classification of Circuit Breakers
Vacuum Circuit Breaker

It is used as insulator and as an arc-quenching
medium
VCB also used as a high voltage control switch.
There is no oil., therefore will not occurring any

fire problems
It is useful for controlling and protecting

electrical systems.
Image: Qiuminuser, CC BY-SA 4.0 < https://bit.ly/3z68Ktg >, via Wikimedia Commons
02 Video
How do
Vacuum
Circuit
Breakers
video
Work
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJ7X6txtr28
SF6 High Voltage Circuit Breaker

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is an alternative to
air as an interrupting medium.
SF6 is a colorless nontoxic gas, with good

thermal conductivity and density approximately
five times that of air.
The principle of operation is similar to the air

blast breakers, except that the SF6 gas is not
discharged into the atmosphere.
It is a closed circuit completely sealed and self-

contained construction is used.
Oil Minimum Circuit Breaker

Oil minimum circuit breakers the current breaker
takes place inside of the interrupter. The enclosure
of the interrupter is made of insulating material like
porcelain.
The clearance between the live parts and the

enclosure can be reduced and lesser quantity of oil
require for internal insulation.
It is used in outdoor sub station, rated even up to 66

kV and bulky.
Image: Oil Minimum Circuit Breaker © 2020 Study Electrical, Inc. via https://bit.ly/3k4DSW0
Oil Minimum Circuit Breaker

Oil circuit breakers are comprises of a tank filled
with insulating oil.
There are 2 kinds of OCBs. Those are.
Oil Circuit breakers - are fixed and movable

contacts, has 3 porcelain bushings, 3-phase line
current set to fixed contacts
Oil – Minimum Circuit breakers (OMCB)
Image: Oil Minimum Circuit Breaker © 2020 Study Electrical, Inc. via https://bit.ly/3k4DSW0
Air Circuit Breaker

It is used against very high current.
It is commonly used in electrical distribution

systems and indoor type substations
Air circuit breakers which include operating

mechanisms that are mainly exposed to the
environment.
ACB is also protecting for over load, short circuit

and earth fault.
Image: ToT89, CC BY-SA 4.0 < https://bit.ly/3ergfmH >, via Wikimedia Commons
02 Understanding
High Voltage Cable

High-voltage cable systems are the backbone of
electrical energy supply.
Technically sophisticated high-voltage cable

solutions are needed for both megacities and the
expansion of the power supply. Siemens has
customized services in its portfolio to meet this
requirement.
In Finland, high-voltage cables are mainly used

to build municipal networks and to improve the
reliability of networks.
References: Medium and high voltage cables. (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Rekacables.com website: https://bit.ly/36BW0yk
Image: Leif Ørnelund, CC BY 3.0 < https://bit.ly/36F7YHF >, via Wikimedia Commons
02 Understanding
High Voltage Cable

The use of Dryrex high-voltage cables enables
the transfer of power networks underground,
which has proven to be a reliable method of
avoiding any power failures caused by storms.
In addition, transferring networks underground
allows the land area to be used for other
purposes. By building power networks that are
more resistant to extreme weather and
demanding conditions, we can also ensure that
society maintains its operating capacity.
References: Medium and high voltage cables. (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Rekacables.com website: https://bit.ly/36BW0yk
Image: Leif Ørnelund, CC BY 3.0 < https://bit.ly/36F7YHF >, via Wikimedia Commons
02 High Voltage Cable
Dryrex high-voltage cables

are lead-free, which makes them light, easy to handle, eco-friendly and watertight.
Lead-free cables are modern solutions for present and future power networks.
Extremely reliable high-voltage

cables are used in power transfer and distribution, national transfer network cabling,
electric stations and municipal networks. If required, our high-voltage cables can also
be manufactured of special plastics when, having a fire rating, they can also be
installed indoors and in tunnels.
Reka Cables
is close to its customers and knows their needs. As a result, we do not focus on
standard products alone – we can also manufacture tailored products that require
special solutions, such as customer-specific cable structures and solutions.
References: High-voltage cables. (n.d.). Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Rekacables.com website: https://bit.ly/3k3frIl
02 Understanding
High Voltage Fuse

The purpose of a power fuse is to provide
interruption of permanent faults and to
accommodate, not interrupt, peak loads.
It is a circuit element designed to melt when the

current exceeds some limit, thereby opening the
circuit.
Fuse protection is generally limited to voltages

from 34.5 kV through 69 kV, but has been
applied for protection of 115-kV and 138-kV
transformers.
References: (N.d.-k). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Electrical-engineering-portal.com website: https://bit.ly/3rloqqd
Image: Rotkaeppchen68, CC BY-SA 3.0 < https://bit.ly/3ehfhcV >, via Wikimedia Commons
02 Understanding
High Voltage Fuse

It provides the greatest protective margin, it is
necessary to use the smallest fuse rating
possible.
The advantage of close fusing is the ability of

the fuse unit to provide backup protection for
some secondary faults.
02 Understanding
High Voltage Fuse

It provides the greatest protective margin, it is
necessary to use the smallest fuse rating
possible.
The advantage of close fusing is the ability of

the fuse unit to provide backup protection for
some secondary faults.
Fusing ratio is defined as the ratio of the fuse

rating to the transformer full load current rating.
02 Understanding
High Voltage Fuse

Low fusing ratios, the fuse may also provide
backup protection for line-to-ground faults
remote to the substation on the distribution
network.
Fuse ratings must consider the possibility of

nuisance trips if the rating selected is too low for
all possible operating conditions.
03
Remedial
Actions During
Fault
Remedial Actions During Fault
03 Maintenance
High Voltage System

Switching and isolation of the systems
Inspection, testing and maintenance of the high

voltage switchgear
Inspection and testing of the protection devices
Inspection and testing of the switchgear tripping

battery and charger system
Inspection, testing and oil sampling of

transformers
Reference: High Voltage System Maintenance. (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Speenergy.com website: https://bit.ly/3yTQ2VM
Image: Sonarpulse, CC BY-SA 3.0 < https://bit.ly/3kiADdI>, via Wikimedia Commons
03 Maintenance
High Voltage System

Inspection, test and maintenance of main low
voltage distribution pillar or main air insulated
circuit breakers
Inspection of the substation for security, correct

signage, and environment
Testing on all manufactured ranges of equipment
Reference: High Voltage System Maintenance. (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Speenergy.com website: https://bit.ly/3yTQ2VM
Image: Sonarpulse, CC BY-SA 3.0 < https://bit.ly/3kiADdI>, via Wikimedia Commons
03 Common Generator Problems and It’s
Protection
Over Excitation
When the ratio of the voltage to frequency (volts/Hz) exceeds a set

value for a given generator, severe overheating could occur due to
saturation of the magnetic core of the generator and the subsequent
inducement of stray flux in components not designed to carry flux.
A volts/Hz relay, with an inverse time characteristic that matches the

capabilities of the protected equipment and with definite time set
points, is used to protect the generator from over excitation.
Reference: Cole, C. A. (n.d.). What are the common generator problems and it’s protection. Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Electricalaxis.com website: https://bit.ly/2Vk4qrO
Protection
Over Voltage
The generator may speed up and the voltage can reach high levels
without necessarily exceeding the generator’s V/Hz limit which may
occur during load rejection or excitation control failure.
The voltage regulating equipment often provides this protection or it

should be provided by an AC over voltage relay.
This relay should have a time delay unit with pickup at about 110%
of the rated voltage. It should also have an instantaneous unit with
pickup at about 130% to 150% of the rated voltage.
Protection
Under Voltage
An under voltage condition is a decrease in the rms AC voltage, to

less than 90% at the power frequency for a duration, longer than 1
minute.
The term "brownout" is often used to describe sustained periods of

under voltage initiated by the utility to reduce power demand.
Reference: Cole, C. A. (n.d.). What are the common generator problems and it’s protection. Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Electricalaxis.com website:
https://bit.ly/2Vk4qrO
Protection
Reversal of Power
For generators operating with another generator, power direction

should be supervised. If the prime mover fails, the alternator operates
as a motor and drives the prime mover.
A relay detects the reversal of power direction and switches off the
alternator.
Power losses and damage to the prime mover are avoided.
Protection
Over Frequency
Faults in the system can result in a system breakup into islands,

which leaves an imbalance between available generation and the
load.
This results in an excess of power for the connected loads. Full or

partial load rejection can lead to over speed of the generator,
therefore, over frequency operation.
Control action can be taken to reduce the generator speed and

frequency to normal, without tripping the generator.
Protection
Under Frequency
The drop in voltage causes the voltage regulator to increase the

excitation, which results in overheating in both the stator and rotor.
At the same time, more power is being demanded with the generator
less able to supply it at the reduced frequency.
Prolonged operation of a generator, at reduced frequencies, can cause

particular problems for gas or steam turbine generators, which are
susceptible to damage from operations outside of their normal
frequency band.
While load shedding is the primary protection against generator

overloading, under frequency relays should be provided to provide
additional protection.
Protection
Stator Ground Fault
The first ground fault establishes a ground reference, thereby making

a second ground fault. This will increase the stress to ground at other
points in the field.
A second ground fault will cause extensive damage by:
• Shorting out parts of the field winding
• Causing high unit vibrations
• Causing rotor heating from unbalanced currents
• Arc damage at the points of the fault
Protection
Negative Phase Sequence or Unbalanced Currents
Unbalanced faults and other system conditions can cause unbalanced

three phase currents in the generator.
The negative sequence components of these currents cause double

frequency currents in the rotor that can lead to overheating and
damage.
Protection
Negative Phase Sequence or Unbalanced Currents
If a dead generator is accidentally energized, while on turning gear, it

will start and behave as an induction motor.
During the time when the generator is accelerating, very high

currents are induced in the rotor and it may be damaged very quickly.
Protection
Loss of Synchronism Protection
When two areas of power systems, or two interconnecting systems,

lose synchronism, there will be large variations in voltages and
currents throughout the systems.
The voltages will be maximum and the currents minimum, when the
systems are in phase.
The voltages will be minimum and the currents maximum when the
systems are 180 degrees, out of phase.
03 Focusing on Protection
Ground Fault Protection
Insulation failure is one of the cause of ground fault.
The zero sequence impedance of a generator is usually lower than

the positive or negative sequence impedance.
The fault current available for sensing a phase to ground fault, on an

impedance grounded generator, can be very small compared to
phase-to-phase faults.
Depending on the location of the fault and the method of grounding

the generator, separate ground fault protection is usually provided.
Stator Overheating Protection
This problem is caused by overloading or by failure of the cooling

system.
Overheating because of localized short-circuited laminations. The

practice is to embed resistance temperature-detector coils (RTDs), or
thermocouples in the slots with the stator windings of generators
larger than 500 to 1000 kVA. Detectors that give the highest
temperature indication are selected for use with a temperature
indicator or recorder, usually having alarm contacts.
The detector giving the highest indication may be arranged to operate

a temperature relay to sound a alarm.
Over Speed
Overspeed protection is recommended for all prime mover driven

generators and be furnished as part of the prime mover, or its speed
governor, or of the generator.
The over speed element is responsive to machine speed by

mechanical or equivalent electrical connection. It should operate the
speed governor.
It should also trip the generator circuit breaker. This is to prevent

over frequency operation of the generator from the AC system. The
over speed element should be adjusted to operate about 3% to 5%
above the full load rejection speed.
Phase Fault Protection
Phase faults in a generator stator winding, can cause thermal damage

to insulation, windings, and the core, and mechanical shock to shafts
and couplings.
Trapped flux within the machine can cause fault current to flow for
many seconds after the generator is tripped and the field is
disconnected. Primary protection, for generator phase-phase faults, is
provided by a differential relay.
Differential relays will detect phase-phase faults, three phase faults,

and double phase-to-ground faults.
Lighting Arrestors
Lightning arrestors are used to cause the conduction to ground of

excessively high voltages that are caused by lightning strikes or other
system problems.
Power lines and associated equipment could become inoperable

when struck by lightning.
Lightning arrestors are connected to transformers or the insides of

switchgear.
Power Outage Occurs
When the utility power voltage fails to less than 85% of its normal
value, or it fails entirely, the standby power system will
automatically go through a start sequence.
The transfer switch includes a manually operated handle. If the

transfer circuitry does not cause the automatic transfer to generated
power, the manual/auto switch can be moved to the manual position
and the handle then used to transfer from utility power to emergency
power, or visa-versa
Utility Power Returns
When the utility power comes back on, the transfer switch control
circuitry senses this and will watch for acceptable voltage levels, for
a period of 5 minutes.
After this 5-minute period and the voltage levels have been stable,
the control will signal the transfer switch contactors to re-transfer the
load back to utility power source and then disconnect the generator
set source.
At this point, the generator set is “off-line” and will be operated

automatically another 5 minutes, to allow it to properly cool down.
After this cool down cycle, the generator set will be automatically
shutdown and reset to standby mode.
Normal Utility Power Mode
Under normal circumstances, when utility power is available, the

utility power runs through the transfer switch control contactors, the
power is connected to the distribution panel and then to the
electrical loads.
03 Video
High Voltage
Test for
Insulators
video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pTWi8jgqd0
03 Understanding
Isolator
This is accomplished by an isolating switch or
isolator.
An isolator is essentially a knife switch and is

designed to open a circuit under no load and
used to isolate a fraction of the electrical circuit
when it is required.
Its main function is to make sure that a circuit is

totally not triggered in order to perform the
preservation.
Reference: Agarwal, T. (2019, January 14). Electrical Isolator : Types, working and Its Applications. Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Elprocus.com website: https://bit.ly/3yLS0r0
Image: Balurbala, CC BY-SA 3.0 < https://bit.ly/3BcopcD >, via Wikimedia Commons
03 Understanding
Isolator
Its principle are used for opening an electrical
circuit in the no-load condition. It is not
proposed to be opened while current flows
through the line.
Generally, these are employed on circuit breaker

both the ends thus the circuit breaker repair can
be done easily without any risk.
Reference: Agarwal, T. (2019, January 14). Electrical Isolator : Types, working and Its Applications. Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Elprocus.com website: https://bit.ly/3yLS0r0
03 Understanding
Figure shows the use of isolators in a typical

Substation.
The entire Substation has been divided into V

sections.
Each section can be disconnected with the help of
isolators for repair and maintenance.
For instance, if it is desired to repair section No.
II, the procedure of disconnecting this section will
be as follows. First of all, open the circuit breaker
in this section and then open the isolators 1 and
2. This procedure will disconnect section II for
repairs. After the repair has been done, close the
isolators 1 and 2 first and then the circuit breaker.
Reference: (N.d.-k). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Electrical-engineering-portal.com website: https://bit.ly/2VIbij1
03 Types of Electrical Isolators
The electrical isolators are classified based on the requirement of the

system.
Double Break Type Isolator
• It consists of three loads of post insulators.
• The middle insulator holds a flat male or tubular contact that can
be turned straightly by a spin of middle post insulator.
• The rotation of the middle post insulator can be done by a lever

method at the bottom of the post insulator, as well as it is related
to manual operation (operating handle) or motorized operation
motor (using motor) of the isolator via a mechanical knot rod.
Reference: (Reference: Agarwal, T. (2019, January 14). Electrical Isolator : Types, working and Its Applications. Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Elprocus.com website: https://bit.ly/3xCR3l2

system.
Single Break Type Isolator
• The arm contact is separated into two elements. The first arm
contact holds male contact, as well as second arm contact, holds
female contact.
• The arm contact shifts because of the post insulator rotation upon
which the arm contacts are fixed. The post insulators rotation
stacks in reverse to each other which makes to shut the isolator by
shutting the arm contact.
• Post insulators counter rotation stacks to open the arm contact, as

well as an isolator, rotate into an off condition.

system.
Pantograph Type Isolator
• It permits current switchgear installation, and it requires the least

space. This type of insulator includes a post insulator as well as an
operating insulator.
03 Power System Location
According to the power system location, the isolator can be classified

into three types namely:
Bus Side Isolator
• connects by the major bus.
Line Side Isolator
• stay connected by a feeder in line side.
Transfer Bus Side Isolator
• stay connected by the major bus of a transformer
Reference: (Reference: Agarwal, T. (2019, January 14). Electrical Isolator : Types, working and Its Applications. Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Elprocus.com website:
https://bit.ly/3xCR3l2
03 Electrical Isolator Operation
Opening Operation of Electrical Isolator

In the beginning, open the major circuit breaker.
Then divide the load from a system with isolator

opening
Close the earth switch. Earth switch can become

with an interlock system with isolator.
That’s means when isolator is open only that

time earth switch can be closed.
Closing Operation of Electrical Isolator

• Detach the earth switch.
• Shut the isolator.
• Shut the circuit breaker
Reference: Agarwal, T. (2019, January 14). Electrical Isolator : Types, working and Its Applications. Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Elprocus.com website: https://bit.ly/3xCR3l2
Closing Operation of Electrical Isolator

Function
When a fault occurs in a substation, then isolator

cuts out a portion of a substation. The other
apparatus works without any intrusion.
The circuit breaker is like an MCB or ACB that

trips the complete system if there is an error
occurs.
03 High Voltage Test Equipment
Cable Testing & Diagnostics Cable Fault Location Systems
» Although cables used for distribution of

» High voltage cable test equipment
electrical energy are highly developed,
from very low frequency (VLF) or
there are sometimes malfunctions in the
AC/DC are easy to operate test solutions.
cable system.
» The VLF generators can be incorporated » To keep the consequential damages and
with field proven diagnostic test methods, costs as low as possible, trained staff and
such as tan delta and partial discharge. efficient equipment is needed. BAUR
cable fault location instruments and
systems are used for short circuit faults,
cable cuts, resistive faults, intermittent
faults, and sheath faults.
Apparatus for Isolation
Cable Testing & Diagnostics Insulating Oil Test Equipment
» Oil Diagnostic Systems provided can alert

» High voltage cable test equipment
you to losses in the insulating and cooling
from very low frequency (VLF) or
properties of oil due to impurities and
AC/DC are easy to operate test solutions.
aging. Consequences to these losses
» The VLF generators can be incorporated include damage and failures of equipment
with field proven diagnostic test methods, and systems, even catastrophic failures
such as tan delta and partial discharge. resulting in transformer fires. The testing
of insulating fluids can extend the life of
your electrical equipment.
Reference: High voltage test equipment. (2016, November 16). Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Hvtechnologies.com website: https://bit.ly/2UG34XZ
Apparatus for Isolation
Impulse Testing Cable Fault Location Systems
» Although cables used for distribution of

» Impulse testing systems are designed to electrical energy are highly developed,
generate impulse voltages that simulate there are sometimes malfunctions in the
lightning strikes and switching surges. All cable system.
our generators from 100 kV to 1000 kV
should be assembled and tested. » To keep the consequential damages and
costs as low as possible, trained staff and
efficient equipment is needed. BAUR
cable fault location instruments and
systems are used for short circuit faults,
cable cuts, resistive faults, intermittent
faults, and sheath faults
Reference: High voltage test equipment. (2016, November 16). Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Hvtechnologies.com website: https://bit.ly/2UG34XZ
04
Insulation Resistance
and Polarization Index
The high voltage system consist of generators,
cables for power distribution, transformers,
switch gear, and consumers.
Insulation resistance is the key parameter which

gives the general condition of an electrical
equipment.
First of all, make sure IR values are to be

checked between phases and earth periodically.
Reference: Firoz. (n.d.-c). precautions for measuring insulation resistance Archives - Marine Engineering Study Materials. Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Marineengineeringonline.com website: https://bit.ly/2VFqu0m
Image: "Oil Resistant" by D.Fletcher is licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0
IR values taken for a machinery at different
temperatures are unreliable, especially when the
temperature difference is more than 10 °C.
Reference: Firoz. (n.d.-c). precautions for measuring insulation resistance Archives - Marine Engineering Study Materials. Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Marineengineeringonline.com website: https://bit.ly/2VFqu0m
Image: "Oil Resistant" by D.Fletcher is licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0
Procedure/Precautions for Measuring Insulation Resistance of a HV

Equipment
1. First of all, disconnect the power supply to the high voltage (HV)
equipment by opening circuit breaker and opening isolator.
2. Confirm that all the phases are dead using an approved live line
tester. Also make sure to check the live line tester for proper
functioning using the testing tool provided.
3. Close the earthing switch now and make sure all the conductors
are earthed.
4. Now connect the insulation resistance (IR) tester to the

conductor, with safety earth connection ON. This is to ensure that
the operator is not in contact with any unearthed conductor
during insulation resistance (IR) measurement.
Reference: Firoz. (n.d.-c). precautions for measuring insulation resistance Archives - Marine Engineering Study Materials. Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Marineengineeringonline.com website:
https://bit.ly/2VFqu0m
Procedure/Precautions for Measuring Insulation Resistance of a HV

Equipment
5. After connecting insulation resistance (IR) tester to the circuit,

safety earth is to be disconnected.
6. Now insulation resistance (IR) test is applied and recorded.
7. After completion of the testing, safety earth is to be reconnected.
8. Now disconnect the insulation resistance (IR) tester from the

circuit.
9. This safety measure to be followed for each separate IR test.
Reference: Firoz. (n.d.-c). precautions for measuring insulation resistance Archives - Marine Engineering Study Materials. Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Marineengineeringonline.com website:
https://bit.ly/2VFqu0m
Polarization Index (PI)

Polarization Index (PI) value is the ratio
between the insulation resistance (IR) value
measured after the application of the test voltage
continuously for 10 minutes to the IR value
measured after 1 minute of application.
PI = (IR value after 10 minutes) / (IR value after

1 minute)
Reference: Firoz. (2017, June 19). Insulation resistance tests of high voltage equipment. Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Marineengineeringonline.com website: https://bit.ly/36smpik
Polarization Index (PI)

PI readings are less sensitive to changes in
temperatures.
An electronic merger tester is essential for PI

test. Because hand driven merger testers will not
be able to give the steady test voltage for long
time.
Reference: Firoz. (2017, June 19). Insulation resistance tests of high voltage equipment. Retrieved July 10, 2021, from Marineengineeringonline.com website: https://bit.ly/36smpik
04 Polarization Index Test
Polarization Index Test (PI Value Test) along with Insulation

Resistance Test (IR Value Test) is conducted on HV electrical
machine to determine service condition of the insulation.
IP test is conducted especially to determine the dryness and

cleanliness of the insulation.
Polarization index is the ratio of megger value taken for 10 minutes

to the megger value taken for minute. Without using separate source
for direct voltage, voltmeter and ammeter for measuring
corresponding voltage and current, we can use direct indicating
potentiometer (megger). Megger gives required direct (DC) voltage
across the insulator, and it also shows the resistive value of insulation
directly in M – Ω and G – Ω range. We generally use 500 V, 2.5 KV
and 5 KV megger depending upon the dielectric strength of the
insulation.
References: (N.d.-j). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Electrical4u.com website: https://bit.ly/2VxaSvG
Polarization Index Test

This difficulty is partially solved by introducing
polarity index test or in short PI value test.
When we apply a voltage across an insulator,
there will be a corresponding current through it.
Although this current is tiny and it is in
milliampere or sometimes in microampere
range, it has mainly four components.
Capacitive Component
When we apply a DC voltage across an insulator, because of its

dielectric nature, there will be an initial high charging current
through it.
This current decays exponentially and becomes zero after some time.
Conductive Component
This current is purely conductive in nature flows through the

insulator as if the insulator is purely resistive.
This current is a direct flow of electrons.
Surface Leakage Component
Due to dust, moisture and other contaminants on the surface of solid

insulator, there is one small component of current flows through the
outer surface of the insulator.
Polarization Component
When an electric field is applied across the insulator the polar

molecules align themselves along the direction of electric field. The
energy required for this alignment of polar molecules, comes from
voltage source in form of electric current.
This current is called polarization current. It continues until all the

polar molecules allied themselves along the direction of electric
field. It takes around 10 minutes to align the polar molecules along
electric field, and that is why if we take megger result for 10
minutes.
END OF TOPIC

Electro 3: Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering

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Electro 3: Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering

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Electro 3

Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering

High Voltage Electrical Systems

Learning LO4.2. Explain the competency requirements for personnel

outcome LO4.3. Explain the functions of the various electrical

02 Marine High Voltage System

03 Remedial Actions During Fault

04 Insulation Resistance and Polarization Index

Kite-assist system and solar power system are

By generating electrical power at 6.6kV instead of 440V the

Interconnector cable links the ER sub to the emergency switchboard.

Other 440V sub-stations(accommodation, galley, etc.) around the

Synchronous motors which require a controlled low voltage

Supply is obtained from the HV switchboard via a step-down

Large power consumer (thruster, propulsion motors, air-condition

High Voltage System

It forms as a central power station for all of the

High Voltage System

The principal parts of a ships electrical system

Typical System of All Electric Ship

Generator sets complete with prime movers and engine controls.

HV/LV Switchboards, distribution systems and group starter boards

Propulsion and thruster motors complete with power electronic

Power conversion equipment

Power factor correction and harmonic filters (as necessary)

Typical System of All Electric Ship

Machinery control and surveillance

Dynamic positioning and joystick control

Machinery control room and bridge consoles.

Setting to work and commissioning

Electric Propulsion System

Electric Propulsion of ships requires electric motors to drive the

The electric propulsion system consists of a prime mover which may

• Turbine or Steam Driven

References:(N.d.-h). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Marineinsight.com website: https://bit.ly/3r9qAsK\

Diesel-electric drive takes less space than the

Not only is the diesel-electric drive train lighter

It has a higher specific fuel consumption ,

Steam is used for power production in case of

Steam is an easy, environmental friendly and

References:(N.d.-i). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Marineinsight.com website: https://bit.ly/3i6WLFc

The turbine is connected to the alternator’s

On ships, the steam turbine can also be used as a

References:(N.d.-i). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Marineinsight.com website: https://bit.ly/3i6WLFc

The turbine generator directly supplies power to

References:(N.d.-i). Retrieved July 14, 2021, from Marineinsight.com website: https://bit.ly/3i6WLFc

Module and Hybrid

It can also be used in the rotor circuit of a

Cyclo-converters are classified based on the output frequency and

• Step-Up CCV provide output frequency greater than that of input

• Its application will require a frequency less than 50Hz which is

• It also require forced commutation which increases the

Cyclo-converters are classified based on the output frequency and

• Step-Down CCV provides an output frequency which is lesser

Safety of High Voltage System

Resistance of human body from hand to hand is

Shipboard systems should be insulated form

Safety of High Voltage System

HV systems (>1000V) earthed via neutral earthing resistor (NER) or

Priority for shipboard – maintain electrical supply to essential

Priority ashore- immediate isolation earth-faulted equipment.

Earthed via resistor connecting generator neutrals to earth.