Air Traffic Systems

Air Traffic Systems

SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR

INTRODUCTION
AND
BASIC PRINCIPLES
 Basic Primary Radar

Transmitter Pulses

RX
TX & PROCESSING
Received Signal

Timing
& Radar Picture
Control
DISADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY RADAR

High Power

Clutter

Permanent Echo's

Weather i.e. Rain etc.

Identification
 Basic Secondary Radar
Tx 1030 MHz
SSR
Rx 1090 MHz

RX
TX & PROCESSING

Timing 123

Radar Picture
ABC

&
Control
Decoder Secondary returns
 Modes and Pulse Spacing

Military A/C Ident - Mode 1 3µs

5 µs
Military Mission Ident - Mode 2

Joint Military & Civil A/C Ident - Mode 3/A 8 µs

Civil A/C Ident - Mode B 17 µs

21 µs
Altitude Data - Mode C
SSR Questions (Modes)

Who are you ? (Mode 1 and 3/A)

What is your altitude ? (Mode C)

What is your mission number ? (Mode 2)

Are you FRIEND or FOE ? (Mode 4)

 Mode Interlacing

The ability of the system to automatically change

modes.

This enables more diverse information to be gathered.

 MODE INTERLACING

Military transponder
set to :- Civil transponder
Mode 1, code = 1100 set to :-
Mode 3/A, code = 4170 Mode 3/A, code = 2210
Mode C, code = h1 h1 h2 Mode C, code = h2

Mode interlace pattern 1, 3A, C

1 3/A C 1 3/A C 1 3/A C

Civil No 2210 h2 No 2210 h2 No 2210 h2

Coded
Replies

Military 1100 4170 h1 1100 4170 h1 1100 4170 h1

 EMERGENCY REPLIES
CIVILIAN EMERGENCY

GENERAL EMERGENCY - 7700

RADIO FAILURE - 7600

HI-JACK - 7500
 ADVANTAGES OF SSR
OVER PRIMARY RADAR

 POSITIVE IDENTIFICATION

 CLUTTER ELIMINATION

 LOWER POWER FOR EQUIVALENT RANGE

 ACCURATE HEIGHT INFORMATION

 EMERGENCY INFORMATION
 DISADVANTAGES OF SSR

INTERROGATIONS VIA SIDE LOBES

FALSE REPLIES UNCORRELATED IN TIME

(FRUIT)

GARBLING

TRACK WANDER
 Aircraft
A

80 miles

Aircraft
200 Miles
C

Aircraft
B
INTERROGATION SIDE LOBE SUPPRESSION

Aircraft
A

80 miles

Aircraft
C 200 Miles

Aircraft
B

P1 P2 P3

2s
Site B unwanted
replies
PRF 260Hz

i on
g at
e rro
Site A In t
PRF 250Hz

F.R.U.I.T.
 Correct reply
(Frame pulses + 2 information..)

FRUIT

Second PRP First PRP

Replies Replies

1 PRF DELAY
Coincidence
Gate

De-fruited
video O/P

DEFRUITER PRINCIPLE
 GARBLE
Overlapping
OVERLAPPING replies

A4 B2 D2 D4 F2
End of Beginning of
pulse
pulse train
train from from
aircraft A aircraft B
F1 C2 A2 C4
 TRACK WANDER
1st
sweep

2nd
sweep

3rd
sweep

4th
sweep
 TRACK WANDER
1st
sweep

2nd
sweep

sweep

sweep

track
THE MONOPULSE SYSTEM

ELIMINATES TRACK WANDER

BECAUSE ONLY ONE PULSE

FROM A REPLY TRAIN IS NEEDED
TO OBTAIN AN ACCURATE BEARING.
COMBINED SUM & DIFFERENCE PATTERNS

SIGHT
BORE
Mono-pulse
Secondary
Surveillance
Radar

MSSR
Cardion Secondary Surveillance
Radar
Antenna mounted
on Tactical
Watchman
Mounted on T101
Air Defence Radar
 SSR SYSTEM APPLICATIONS

MILITARY AIRCRAFT
CIVIL AIRCRAFT

AIR
TRAFFIC
MARITIME AIRCRAFT CONTROL

MISSILE

NAVAL SYSTEMS
MODE S

I am able to reply to
your “ALL CALL” This is my discrete address
because I have Mode S
Data block 56 s or 112 s
Preamble 8.0 s Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit N

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

0.5 s 0.5 s
 The future of SSR

Mode S – becoming
compulsory under EASA
rules
CSSR and MSSR don’t
support Mode S
Airfield layout
Any Questions