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Electricity Transmission
On-board EV
©pManifold EV Academy 1
Typical EV Electrical and Electronics Architecture
DC Link
AC Source
Inversion
Acceleration
Motor Motor
Drive Generator
On-Board Rectification
Braking
Charger
Rectification
AC/DC
Converter
Discharging
DC/DC
Battery
Converter
Charging
Regeneration
BMS
Fast DC Charger
Electric Vehicle – Power Electronics Systems
Power electronics are essentially the devices that convert and control electrical power from one format to another.
In an EV, the charging source could be AC or DC, motor could be AC or DC and accessories could be running at
different current & voltage levels as compared to traction motor. For the battery to send & receive power from all
these, power electronics are required.
There are four types of power conversions:
Converter Voltage Change Current Change Waveform Waveform

Creation / Modification
Elimination
DC – DC    NA
AC – DC    NA
DC – AC    
AC – AC   NA 
A possible mechanical analogy for voltage & current conversion could be torque & speed conversions of a gearbox.
Electric Vehicles – Scales of Power & Voltage
EV Drive EV Charging
 Most e-2 wheelers and almost all e-3 wheelers in India employ a 48 V or 60 V system
 Starting with e-4 wheelers, we see > 60 V systems more prevalent to keep the currents lower for same power
 Although the graph shows no overlap in operating voltage range of cars & CVs currently, there will be in near future
 AC charging systems (using on-board rectifiers) invariably employ the AC supply voltage specifications
 DC charging systems are usually capable of detecting battery required voltage and supply in the required format
What is meant by High Voltage in Electric Vehicles
 In the automotive sector, particularly in hybrid and fuel cell technology and on electric vehicles, high
voltage (voltage class "B" according to ISO 6469-3) comprises voltage > 60V and ≤ 1500 V DC and >
30V and ≤ 1000 V AC.
 Electrical hazards exist during work on HV systems when the voltage between the live components is
greater than 25V AC or 60 V DC and the short circuit current where work is being performed exceeds the
value of 3 mA AC or 12mA DC or the energy exceeds 350mJ.
EV Charging - Types
Source: EV Charging
Sources of electricity in
Fixed generation
Coal Fired Thermal Power Plant
• Steam power generation is a
power generation method
utilizing the expansion power of
steam.
• Hot and high-pressure steam is
generated from heat by burning
coal.
• This steam is used to rotate the
impeller in a turbine and
activates a generator connected
to the turbine to
generate electricity.
Source: https://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coal-for-elec.php
Sustainability - Coal Reserves In India
• India is currently producing about 783

million tonnes of coal. However, it is a fact
that domestic production is not able to
meet the demand of coal in the country.
• India imported 247 million tonnes of coal
last year and spent 1.58 lakh crore as
foreign exchange.
• India is world’s 2nd largest coal
producer and is the 5th largest country in
terms of coal deposits, with coal reserves
which may last at least 100 years more.
Electricity from Coal - Globally
Source: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-coal
Future of Coal Electricity Generation
Source: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/coal-energy-electricity-global-warming-renewable/
Gas Fired Thermal Power Plant
This is how a combined-cycle plant works to produce

electricity and captures waste heat from the gas turbine to
increase efficiency and electrical output.
1) Gas turbine burns fuel:

• The gas turbine compresses air and mixes it
with fuel that is heated to a very high temperature. The
hot air-fuel mixture moves through gas turbine blades,
making them spin.
• The fast-spinning turbine drives a generator that
converts a portion of the spinning energy into electricity.
2) Heat recovery system captures exhaust:
• Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) captures exhaust
heat from the gas turbine that would otherwise escape
through the exhaust stack.
• HRSG creates steam from gas turbine exhaust heat and
delivers it to the steam turbine.
3) Steam turbine delivers additional electricity:
• The steam turbine sends its energy to generator drive
shaft, where it is converted into additional electricity.
Electricity from Gas - Globally
Source:
https://ourworldindata.org/graphe
r/share-electricity-gas
Diesel Power Plants
• Engines are generally directly coupled to
the generator for developing power.
• In diesel engines, air admitted into the
cylinder is compressed.
• At the end of compression stroke, fuel is
injected.
• The fuel is burned, and the burning gases
expand and do work on the piston.
• The shaft of the engine is directly coupled
to the generator.
• After the combustion, the burned gases
are exhausted to the atmosphere.
Diesel power plant diagram
Diesel Power Plants
• Diesel engine power plants are installed where resources are not available in sufficient quantity.
• These plants produce the power in the range of 2 to 50 MW.
• They are used as standby sets for continuity of power supply in hospitals, industries etc.
• They are suitable for mobile power generation.
Nuclear Fission Powered Thermal Power Plants
Nuclear fission, subdivision of a heavy atomic nucleus, such as that of uranium or plutonium, into two fragments of roughly equal mass.
The process is accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy.
Source: Nuclear reactor working
Nuclear Electricity Production - Globally
Number of operational reactor units by country in 2022
Sources: https://ourworldindata.org/nuclear-energy
Large Hydro-Electric Power Plants
• Large Hydropower Projects to be
declared as Renewable Energy
source (as per existing practice,
only hydropower projects less
than 25MW are categorized as
Renewable Energy).
Source: Hydropower Projects
Source: How hydroelectric power plants work?
Large Hydro-Electric Production - Globally
Global Hydropower Generation, 2022
Source: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/hydropower-consumption?time=2022
Geo-thermal Power Plants
• If Geothermal energy is used to refer to geothermal power plants, which harness steam or hot water from geothermal reservoirs to
generate electricity, then it is considered a non-renewable resource.
• This is because geothermal reservoirs are finite and will eventually be depleted if they are not replenished.
When a geothermal resource is available at temperatures above 120oC (give or take), electricity can be generated in a geothermal power
plant.
The exact specification of the power plant will be tailored to the geothermal environment, but broadly speaking there are three key types
of geothermal power plant:
Binary
Power
Plant
Types Fla
Dr y a m Ste sh
Ste wer Po am
Po nt Pla wer
nt
Pl a
Source: Geo-Thermal
Types of Geo-Thermal Power Plants
• A binary plant is used for lower • Flash steam plants are utilised when a • If hot steam reservoir is found at depth, a
temperature reservoirs, with fluid less geothermal reservoir is more than 200oC. dry steam plant may be installed.
than 200oC. • At such high temperatures, fluid may rise • These take steam directly from the Earth
• It uses hot geothermal fluid to heat a up through a well under its own pressure. and use it to turn the turbine to generate
secondary working fluid in a heat As it rises, the pressure drops and some of electricity.
exchanger. it will boil and “flash” to steam.
• This working fluid turns to steam at a • This steam can be used directly to power a
lower temperature than pure water, turbine to generate electricity.
and it’s vapour can then be used to
turn a turbine to produce electricity.
Source: http://geothermalengineering.co.uk/power-plants%E2%80%8B/
Geo-thermal Electricity Production - Globally
Source: Top 10 Geothermal countries

Source: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/installed-geothermal-capacity
Renewable Electricity
Sources
Solar Energy
Solar Power Technologies
• Convert light into electrical

Photovoltaics energy.
Source: Solar Photovoltaics
• Convert solar energy to Source: Solar heating

electricity, by heating a working
Solar Solar Thermal fluid to power a turbine that
Electric drives a generator.
Technologies Systems • E.g. Central receiver systems,
Parabolic dish, and Solar trough.
• Harnesses the power of the sun

to provide solar thermal energy.
Solar heating • For solar hot water, solar Solar trough Source: Solar thermal system
space heating, and solar
pool heaters. • Because of their parabolical shape, troughs can focus the
sun at 30–60 times its normal intensity on a receiver pipe
located along the focal line of the trough.
Photovoltaics Building Blocks and Plant
System
Cell
Module
Includes storage,
voltage
regulation,
inverters, etc.
Array
Solar Electricity Capacity & Production - Globally
Top 10 countries by cumulative
solar PV capacity in 2021
Source: Wikipedia
Wind Power
• Wind turbines (windmills) collect and convert the kinetic

energy that wind produces into electricity to help power the
grid.
• Wind is a form of solar energy caused by a combination of

three concurrent events:
1. The sun unevenly heating the atmosphere

2. Irregularities of the earth's surface
3. The rotation of the earth.
• Since wind is in plentiful supply, it’s a sustainable resource for

as long as the sun’s rays heat the planet.
Wind Farms
• In the open sea or in lakes many
miles from the shore.
• Less frequent.
• located in places where they do
not infringe upon pre-existing
businesses or important sailing
routes.
Off-
Shore Source: Wind Farm
The wind turbines on a wind farm are
connected to each other
by an underground cable duct.
Types
- Ne
On re Sho ar
Sho re Each wind farm has a delivery cabin-
station.
• At least 3 km inland from the The renewable energy produced is

coast. • Less than 3 km from the coast. channeled there and is then
• Most common. channeled into the electric grid.
Wind Turbines – Working Principle
• Wind turbines work on a simple principle: instead of using electricity to
make wind—like a fan—wind turbines use wind to make electricity.
Pri • Wind turns the propeller-like blades of a turbine around a rotor, which spins
nci a generator, which creates electricity.
ple
Wind Power Density (Watts per m2)
Source: https://www.ge.com/renewableenergy/wind-energy
Wind Electricity Capacity - Globally
Source: WWEA
Small Hydro-Electric Plants
• Small hydro is the development of hydroelectric power on a scale suitable for local community and
industry, or to contribute to distributed generation in a regional electricity grid.
• A "small hydro" project is less than 50 megawatts (MW), and can be further subdivide by scale into
"mini" (<1MW), "micro" (<100 kW), "pico" (<10 kW).
• Small-scale hydroelectric power generation to achieve a stable power supply with high efficiency.
High energy conversion efficiency and

cost performance
Easy to predict the amount of power

generation
CHARACTERISTICS
Stable supply of electricity
Environmental consciousness
Small Hydro-Electric Power Plant - Types
IMPONDMENT FACILITY DIVERSION FACILITY

(Most common) (Run-of-river)
Source: https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/types-hydropower-plants
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Fixed Power Generation
Operating Temperature 500°–1,000°C
Stack Size 1 kW – 2 MW
Electrical Efficiency 60%
Advantages Disadvantages
• High efficiency • High temperature
• Fuel flexibility corrosion and
• Solid electrolyte breakdown of
• SOFCs are one of the most efficient and environmental- cell components
• Suitable for CHP
friendly technologies available for power generation. • Long start-up time
• Hybrid/gas turbine
cycle • Limited number of
• Not only can they be integrated with traditional electrical shutdowns
power plants but also provide electricity as on-site power
generators
Source: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3994/2/4/23
Source: SOFC
SOFC with Co-Generation as Energy Resource for EV Charging
Hydrogen -
CPOX Reforming
Electricity
of Biodiesel
hH2 (Fuel Cell) Pelect
80.1 28.7
energy energy
units units
CPOX – Catalytic
Partial Oxidation
(Reforming Method)
hbiodiesel Battery Charging Electric Vehicle
/ Discharging Motor Propulsion
100 energy units
In comparison to a ICE–Generator system

Chemical Energy
charging the EV, working on biodiesel as
a fuel, it gives well-to-battery efficiency Electrical Energy
Biodiesel of 24%.
Mechanical Energy
Source: Ashish Gadre, Vikrant Vaidya, “Biodiesel Powered Stationary Fuel Cell for EV Charging”, UoM, 2011
Challenges with Renewables - Intermittency in Generation v/s Demand
An intermittent energy source is any source of energy that is not continuously available for conversion into electricity
and outside direct control because the used primary energy cannot be stored.
SOLAR ENERGY WIND ENERGY
• Intermittency inherently affects solar energy, as the • Wind-generated power is a variable resource, and the
production of renewable electricity from solar sources amount of electricity produced at any given point in
depends on the amount of sunlight at a given place and time by a given plant will depend on wind speeds, air
time. density, and turbine.
• In the absence of an energy storage system, solar does • If wind speed is too low (<2.5 m/s) then the wind
not produce power at night or in bad weather and varies turbines will not be able to make electricity, and if it is
between summer and winter. too high (>25 m/s) the turbines will have to be shut
down to avoid damage.
• When intended to produce electricity only for peak air
conditioning loads in the summer, there is no • While the output from a single turbine can vary greatly
intermittency; in the winter can be complemented with and rapidly as local wind speeds vary, as more turbines
wind power for peak loads. are connected over larger and larger areas the average
power output becomes less variable.
Solar Powered Car Activity
Solar PV Feasibility Based on Calculations
Charge-Discharge Pattern
Battery to be charged every (250/50) = 5 Days

No. times charging done per month (30/5) = 6 times
For a daily running of say 50 kms (for an EV) No. times charging done annually (6*12) = 72 times
Vehicle Specs
Monthly commute (50*30) = 1500 km

Energy Requirement
Let Range of EV = 250 km (Practical – At full charge)
Energy req. per km (28 kW-h / 250 km) = 0.112 kW-h
Charge drawn from battery Monthly (0.112*1500) = 165 kW-h
Battery Energy Capacity = 28 kW-h
Assuming charge-discharge efficiency 80%,
Charge drawn from grid Monthly (165/0.8) = 206.25 kW-h
Charging using a Solar PV Only ~30%

of actual
Based on roof size of car, say Solar PV dimensions = 1m x 1.5m required
Avg. GHI of India (daily) say 5.8 kW/m2 = 0.24167 kW/m2 per hr (5.8/24) energy
Max. conversion efficiency of solar panel = 23% (as of present)
Charge that can be obtained from solar (monthly) = 0.24167 x 24 x 30 x 1 x 1.5 x 0.23 = 60.031 kW-h
Transmission & Distribution
Source: Wikipedia
• Distribution substation is fundamentally an outdoor
• Transmission substation is an outdoor facility located
facility that is located near point of electrical service use
along with a utility system that is used to change voltage
and is used to adjust voltage levels, provide a central
levels, provide a central place for system switching,
place for system monitoring, switching, and protection,
monitoring, protection, and redistribute power.
and redistribute power.
• Transmission line is an aerial conductor that carries
• Distribution lines are used to carry electrical power from
large amounts of electrical power at high voltages over
a distribution substation to distribute and use by private,
long distances.
public, industrial customers.
Base Load – Peak Load – Load Balancing
• Base load is the minimum level of electricity demand required over a period
of 24 hours. It is needed to provide power to components that keep running
at all times (also referred as continuous load).
• Peak load is the time of high demand. These peaking demands are often for
only shorter durations. In mathematical terms, peak demand could be
understood as the difference between the base demand and the highest
demand.
Load Balancing
Source: Base & Peak Load
• Load balancing (load matching/daily peak demand reserve) refers to the use
of various techniques by electrical power stations to store excess electrical
power during low demand periods for release as demand rises.
Fixed Battery Energy Storage System
• A stationary energy storage system can store energy and release it in the form of electricity when it is needed.
• It includes an array of batteries, an electronic control system, inverter and thermal management system within an
enclosure.
Why BESS
• Daily pattern of when and how much electricity we produce differs from when and how much electricity we consume.
• Renewable energy sources aren’t flexible, meaning they can’t be dispatched when needed to meet the ever-changing
requirements of energy consumers.
EV Charging - Scheduling
In reference to peak &

off-peak grid time
Source: EV Charging Schedule
An instance for Telangana State
Source: TSERC
Fixed Battery Energy Storage System Applied to eBus Charging
Power Demand & BESS Load Shaving for eBus Charging Station
300 Grid Demand Grid Demand After BESS Shaving
RE Generation
250
30% Peak Load Shaved
Power Demand [kW]
200
150 Removing transients Removing transients

from grid demand also from grid demand also
100 improves power quality BESS improves power quality
charging
50 by solar
0
Noon Midnight
0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00
Time of the day [hh:mm]
Source: pManifold Analysis
Using Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), all the transients in charging station demand load from
the grid have been removed while simultaneously reducing the peak grid demand by 30%
Load Balancing – For EV Charging at Home
Dynamic Load Balancing (DLB) is a smart solution that allows you to safely balance
the power consumption between your electric vehicle and your other electrical home
appliances. The remaining available energy will be used to charge your car in the
most efficient way.
Using Dynamic Load Balancing,

• Avoid overloading trip
• Avoid exceeding the power capacity.
• Measure the power consumption of the house or apartment and
allocate all available power to your EV. Source: Dynamic Load Balancing
Off-Grid Power Systems
An off-grid system is a solar panel system that generates electricity, stores that power in solar batteries, and
runs independently from the power grid.
AC coupled off-grid system DC coupled off-grid system
• Well suited for modern off-grid homes and businesses • The most versatile and modular off-grid configuration
Key considerations when sizing off-grid solar systems

• Daily average energy consumption (kWh) - Summer and winter
• Peak load (kW) - The maximum power drawn from loads
• Average continuous load (kW)
• Solar exposure - Location, climate, orientation & shading
• Backup power options - During poor weather or shutdown
Source: https://www.cleanenergyreviews.info/blog/best-off-grid-solar-system
Micro-Grid Power Systems
• A microgrid is a local electrical grid with defined

electrical boundaries, acting as a single and
controllable entity.
• Self-sufficient energy system that serves a discrete

geographic footprint, such as a college campus,
hospital complex, business center or
neighborhood.
Source: Micro-Grid System

• Distributed energy resources
Micro-Grid
(DERs) (microturbines, fuel cells, photovoltaics (PV),
etc.)
• Energy storage system (batteries, flywheels)
• Flexible loads
Micro-Grid Systems Advantages
Challenges Micro-Grid can overcome:

• Insufficient power generation from utility grid
• Unreliable grid power
• Utility grid lacks resilience
• Use of non-renewable source of electricity Source: Micro-Grid System
• Costly traditional power plant projects

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Electricity Transmission

There are four types of power conversions:

Converter Voltage Change Current Change Waveform Waveform

• India is currently producing about 783

This is how a combined-cycle plant works to produce

1) Gas turbine burns fuel:

Diesel power plant diagram

Source: Nuclear reactor working

Source: How hydroelectric power plants work?

Source: Top 10 Geothermal countries

• Convert light into electrical

Source: Solar Photovoltaics

• Convert solar energy to Source: Solar heating

• Harnesses the power of the sun

• Wind turbines (windmills) collect and convert the kinetic

• Wind is a form of solar energy caused by a combination of

1. The sun unevenly heating the atmosphere

• Since wind is in plentiful supply, it’s a sustainable resource for

• At least 3 km inland from the The renewable energy produced is

Wind Power Density ​(Watts per m2)​

High energy conversion efficiency and

Easy to predict the amount of power

IMPONDMENT FACILITY DIVERSION FACILITY

In comparison to a ICE–Generator system

SOLAR ENERGY WIND ENERGY

Battery to be charged every (250/50) = 5 Days

Monthly commute (50*30) = 1500 km

Charging using a Solar PV Only ~30%

In reference to peak &

Source: EV Charging Schedule

An instance for Telangana State

150 Removing transients Removing transients

Using Dynamic Load Balancing,

AC coupled off-grid system DC coupled off-grid system

Key considerations when sizing off-grid solar systems

• A microgrid is a local electrical grid with defined

• Self-sufficient energy system that serves a discrete

Source: Micro-Grid System

Challenges Micro-Grid can overcome:

• Unreliable grid power

• Utility grid lacks resilience

• Use of non-renewable source of electricity Source: Micro-Grid System

• Costly traditional power plant projects

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Wind Power Density (Watts per m2)