TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

404130
ELECTRIC MACHINE AND
EQUIPEMNT
CHAPTER 2:
ELECTRIC MOTORS

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404130 - Chapter 2: Electric motors
 CONTENTS

2.1. Motor Principle

2.2. Direct Current Motors
2.3. Single-Phase Induction Motors
2.4. Three-Phase Induction Motors
2.5. Three-phase Synchronous Motors
2.6. Brushless DC Motors
2.7. Step Motors

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 OBJECTIVES
 Know and remember the construction,
working principle and applications of DC
and AC motors
 Understand the equivalent circuit and
power flow
 Apply to calculate the currents, voltages,
energy efficiency and torque
 Analysis operational characteristics

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 DC MOTOR
2.1. Introduction
 A DC machine is an electro-mechanical energy
conversion device.
 Conventional DC generators are being replaced
by the solid state rectifiers where AC supply is
available.
 Applications: in electric vehicles, in steel and
aluminum rolling mills, traction motors, electric
trains, overhead cranes, control devices, etc.

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 DC MOTOR

2.1.1 Introduction
 Advantages of DC motor
 Speed control over a wide range both above and below
the rated speed.
 Higher torque than an equivalent AC machine
 Quick starting, stopping, reversing and acceleration

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 DC MOTOR
2.1.1 Introduction
 Disadvantages of DC motor
 High initial cost
 Increased operation and maintenance cost due to
presence of commutator and brush gear
 Cannot operate in explosive and hazard conditions

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 DC MOTOR
2.1.2. Construction Main pole core

Excited winding
Armature
windings
Commutating pole

Commutating pole
Rotor field winding

Stator York
DC machine construction
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 DC MOTOR
2.1.2. Construction

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 DC MOTOR
2.1.2. Construction

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 DC MOTOR
2.1.2. Construction

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 DC MOTOR
2.1.2. Working principle
DC Motor

VVaa  EEaa IIaaRRaa

Ea - Emf generated in the armature
Ia – Armature current
Ra – Armature resistor
Va – Armature terminal voltage
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 DC MOTOR
2.1.3. Classifications

Separate Excitation Series Excitation

Shunt Excitation Compound Excitation

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 DC MOTOR ANALYSIS
2.2.1. Separately excited and Shunt
motors
 Separately Excited Motor VVFF
IIFF 
RRFF

IIAA  IILL
VVTT  EEAA IIAARRAA

mm
EEAA  kkaa 
  kkFF..IIFF

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 DC MOTOR ANALYSIS
2.2.2. Separately excited and Shunt
motors
 Shunt Motor VVTT
IIFF 
RRFF

IIAA  IILL IIFF

VVTT  EEAA IIAARRAA

Note: when the voltage to the field circuit is assumed

constant, there is no difference between them…
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 DC MOTOR ANALYSIS
2.2.1. Separately excited and Shunt
motors
The m= f (IF) characteristic :
E A  VT  I A RA  ka m m

VT  I A RA VT  I A RA
m  
ka  k a ( k F .I F )

IF

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 DC MOTOR ANALYSIS
2.2.1. Separately excited and Shunt DC
motors
VT  I A RA
 The m= f (IA) characteristic: m 
ka 

1 When no-load :
0   In Ideal : IA0 = 0  0 = 1
rated
 In practical : IA0  0  0 1
Speed Regulation:
0  rated
SR%  100%
IA0 IA-rated IA rated
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 DC MOTOR ANALYSIS
2.2.1. Separately excited and Shunt DC
motors
 The output characteristic m=f()
VT  I A RA 
From: m 
ka  1
0 
rated
and:  ind  ka I A

VVTT RRAA
mm   22ind
kkaa 
 kaa  
k   ind


0 
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 DC MOTOR ANALYSIS
Example
A 50(HP), 250(V), 1200(r.p.m) DC shunt motor with
compensating windings has an armature resistance
(including the brushes, compensating windings, and
interpoles) of 0.06(). Its field circuit has a total resistance
(Radj+RF) of 50(), which produces a no-load speed of
1200(rpm). The shunt field winding has 1200 turns per pole.
a) Find the motor speed when its input current is 100 A.
b) Find the motor speed when its input current is 200 A.
c) Find the motor speed when its input current is 300 A.
d) Plot the motor torque-speed characteristic.

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 DC MOTOR ANALYSIS
2.2.3. Series DC motor
 Equivalent circuit Assuming no saturation:
  k f .I f  k f I A
The torque :
 ind  ka I A
 ka I A k f I A   k I
2
C A

mm
Series motors supply the
IILL  IISS  IIAA EEAA  kkaa highest torque among the
DC motors. Therefore, they
VVTT  EEAA IIAA((RRAA RRSS)) are used as car starter
motors, elevator motors etc.
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2.2.3. Series DC motor
 The m= f (IA) characteristic:


VT  I A RA  RS  0
m 
ka 
VT RA  RS
  
kC . I A kC
I0 Irated Istart IA
If no-load  IA0  n  the motor will be running fast
enough to cause damage  must be taken to ensure that a
series motor always has a load.
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2.2.3. Series DC motor
 The output characteristic m= f ()

VT RA  RS
m   0
kC  ind kC

0 rated start 

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 DC MOTOR ANALYSIS
Example
A 220V, 7HP series motor is mechanically coupled to a fan
and draws 25 amps and runs at 300 rpm when connected to
a 220 V supply with no external resistance connected to the
armature circuit (Le., Rae = 0). The torque required by the
fan is proportional to the square of the speed. Ra = 0,6 
and RS = 0,4 . Neglect armature reaction and rotational
loss.
(a) Determine the power delivered to the fan and the torque
developed by the machine.
(b) When the current down to 16 amps, determine the speed
of the fan and the torque developed by the machine

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 DC MOTOR ANALYSIS
2.2.4. Compounded DC motor
 Equivalent
IIAA  IISS  IILL IIFF

VVTT
IIFF 
RRFF

VVTT  EEAA IIAA((RRAA RRSS))

net = F + S  Cumulatively Compounded

EEAA  kkaa 
netmm
net net = F - S  Differentially Compounded

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 DC MOTOR ANALYSIS
2.2.4. Compounded DC motor
 The output characteristic m= f()


1: Shunt
2 : Series
4 3: Cumulatively Compounded
1 4 : Differentially Compounded
3
2


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 DC MOTOR ANALYSIS
2.2.5. Power flow diagram DC motor

Arm. copper loss

Ia2Ra+brush contact loss

Input power
Electromagnetic Power Output
Pin= VT IL
Pconv=EaIa Power

Series field loss IS2RS No-load rotational loss (friction

+shunt field loss If2Rf +windage+core)+stray load loss

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