Axial flow

compressor and fans

Dr. Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Mechanical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia
Axial Compressor
Axial Fan
Construction
Construction
Velocity Triangle Euler Equation:

or:
Compressor Stage

p2

  
Ca Constant  Wx22  Wx21  W22  W12 
h  h   W  W  2  0
2 1
2
x2
2
x1

h  W 2  h  W 2
2 2
2
1 1
2

h02 ref  h01ref

Compressor Stage
Isentropic Efficiency
ideal isentropic work input
c 
actual work input


h03ss  h01  T01 T03ss T01  1

h03  h01  T03  T01 
Pressure Ratio
 
p03  T03ss 
  
 1 
 1   c
T03  T01   1

p01  T01   T01 
Other Relation
UCa tan 1  tan  2 
T03  T01  
Cp
Compressor Stage
Work Done Factor
In practice Ca is not constant  work done factor
actual work absorbing capacity
Work done factor   
ideal work absorbing capacity

Hence: UCa tan 1  tan  2 

T03  T01  
Cp
Reaction Ratio
A measure of the static enthalpy rise that occurs in the rotor expressed
as a percentage of the total static enthalpy rise across the stage

static enthalpy rise in rotor h2  h1 

R 
static enthalpy rise in stage h3  h1 

h01rel = h02rel h2  h1   W12  W22  2

C1 = C3 h3  h1   h03  h01   U C x 2  C x1 

Cx2 = U-Wx2 R
W
 W22
1
2



Ca2  Wx21  Ca2  Wx22  
2U C x 2  C x1  2U C x 2  C x1 
Cx1 = U-Wx1
(Cx2-Cx1)=(Wx1-Wx2) 
Wx1  Wx 2   Wx1  Wx 2 
2U C x 2  C x1 
R
Wx1  Wx 2   Ca tan 1  tan  2   C U tan      tan   
a
2U 2U
R  1   tan  2  tan 1  2
Reaction Ratio
Stage Loading
Lift and Drag Coefficient
Lift and Drag Coefficient
Blade Cascade
Cascade: a row of geometrically similar blades arrange at equal distance
In axial compressor:
 High solidity
 Gas flow around a blade is affected by the flow around adjacent blade

Cascade wind tunnel and Cascade theory 

to obtain information on the effect of
different blade designs on:
 air flow angles
 pressure losses
 expected energy transfer

Data from cascade testing  to be corrected:

 annulus wall boundary layer at hub and tip
 interference of alternate blade row
 solidity decrease from hub to tip
 blade velocity varies from hub to tip 
affecting blade inlet angle
Data from cascade testing  applied only for
one radius and inlet blade angle
Nomenclature
Deflection and Pressure Loss Curves
Deflection and Pressure Loss Curves
Deflection and Pressure Loss Curves
Cascade Lift and Drag Coefficient

Let:

p0  p01  p01 
tan   
tan 1  tan  2 
2
Drag Coefficient

 s  p0  cos   
3
C D  2  
2 

 c  C1  cos 1 
2

Lift Coefficient
s
C L  2  cos   tan 1  tan  2   C D tan  
c
Cascade Lift and Drag Coefficient
Cascade Lift and Drag Coefficient
Blade Efficiency
Stage Efficiency
Three Dimensional Flow

Ca constant  dCa dr  0 dC x dr   C x r  C x r  const

Multistage Performance
Compression 1  5
Single compression:

W m  hIIs  hI    c 
hIIs  hI 
hII  hI 
Staged compression:
Ws m  h2 s  h1   h3s  h2 
 h4 s  h3   h5 s  h4 

 s 
Ws m 
hII  hI 
However:
h2 s  h1   h3s  h2  
h4 s  h3   h5 s  h4   hIIs  hI 
 s  c
Multistage Performance
Axial Flow Compressor Characteristics