RAISING A TOTAL CHILD

CHEMISTRY
TOPIC:STATE OF MATTER
DATE: 25/10/2023
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Describe solid, liquid and gaseous states of
matter.
Explain the interconversion of solids, liquids
and gases in terms of the kinetic particle
theory and of the energy changes involved.
Describe and explain evidence of the
movement of particles in liquids and
gases.
 POP QUIZ

DURING VAPORIZATION, THE LIQUID PARTICLES _____ ENERGY.

• INCREASES
• GAIN
• LOSE
• DECREASES
• OVERCOME
 POP QUIZ

DURING MELTING OF SOLIDS, THE INTER- PARTICLES SPACE ____

Increases
Gain
Lose
Decreases
Overcome
 POP QUIZ

DURING LIQUIDATION, THE PARTICLES ____ ENERGY.

Increases
Gain
Lose
Decreases
Overcome
 POP QUIZ

DURING SOLIDIFICATION, THE INTER-PARTICLE SPACE DECREASES GENTLY _____

Increases
Gain
Lose
Decreases
Overcome
 POP QUIZ

DURING SUBLIMATION THE INTER-PARTICLE

ATTRACTION IS _____
• INCREASES
• GAIN
• LOSE
• DECREASES
• OVERCOME
 STATE OF MATTER

Matter is made of tiny particles (atoms, molecules, or ions)

that attract other particles. These particles are constantly
moving. The motion of the particles and strength of
attraction between particles determine a material’s state of
matter. The 3 familiar states of matter are solid, liquid, and
gas. Plasma is common in the universe, but not on Earth.
Plasma occurs at extremely high temperatures found in
stars, lightening, and neon lights.
STATE OF MATTER
• PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
• (i) The matter in solid state possesses a definite volume,
a definite shape, distinct boundaries and a definite mass.
• (ii) Solids are rigid and almost incompressible.
• (iii) Solids may break under force but it is difficult to change
their shape.
• (iv) Solids generally possess high densities.
• (v) Solids do not exhibit diffusion. some common
examples are: table, chair, common salt, silver, ice,
diamond, etc.
PROPERTIES OF LIQUID
• (i) The matter in liquid state possesses a definite volume, a
definite mass, but no definite shape.
• (ii) Liquids are also almost incompressible but are not rigid. in
fact, they can flow and acquire the shape of the container in
which they are kept.
• (iii) Liquids can undergo diffusion.
• (iv) Liquids also have high densities but less than that of solids.
• Some examples are: milk, water,
alcohol, petrol, kerosene, fruit juices, etc.
PROPERTIES OF GASES
(i)The matter in gaseous state has neither definite volume nor definite shape but
it has definite mass. it acquires the shape and volume of the container.
(ii) Gases are highly compressible
(iii) The gases exhibit the property of diffusing very fast into other gases.
(iv) Gases exert pressure on the walls of the container in which they are stored.
• (v) Gases have very low densities
GASEOUS STATE OF GASES
 INSERT VIDEO
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 INTERCONVERSION OF SOLID
In solids, the interparticle spaces are small. They have
smaller amounts of energy than the same particles in the
liquid and gaseous states. Consequently, the particles in
solid state cannot overcome the strong forces of
attraction which are holding them together. In solids,
particles can only vibrate about fixed positions. Thus,
particles in a solid have vibrational and rotational
motion but no translational motion. Because of smaller
interparticle spaces, solids are almost incompressible
while due to absence of translational motion they are
rigid
INTERCONVERSION OF SOLID
INTERCONVERSION OF SOLID
 INTERCONVERSION OF LIQUID
In liquids, inteparticle spaces are somewhat larger than
in solids and the particles have larger amounts of energy.
The particles in liquids can overcome the interparticle
forces between each other to some extent and hence can
move freely. However, the intermolecular forces in
liquids are strong enough to keep the particles within the
bulk. The particles in liquid state possess vibrational,
rotational and translational motion
INTERCONVERSION OF LIQUID
INTERCONVERSION OF LIQUID
 CONVERSION OF GAS
• In gases, the interparticle spaces are very large and the particle possess
much larger amounts of energy than those in Solids and liquids. The gas
particles have sufficient energy to overcome the interparticle attractive
forces almost completely. As a result the gas particles move rapidly and
randomly into any space available to them. Thus, a gas fills completely
the vessel in which it is kept. That is why gases have neither definite
shape nor definite volume. Since particles in gaseous state are free to
move, they collide with one another and also against walls of the
container. The pressure of the gas is due to collisions of molecules
against walls of the container. Solid and liquid states are known as
condensed states of matter due to smaller interparticle spaces” and
negligible compressibility.
• Liquids and gases are known as fluids because of their ability to flow and
CONVERSION OF GAS
 CHANGE OF STATE
Start from: Change to: Name
solid liquid melting
liquid solid freezing
liquid gas Evaporation
gas liquid condensation
gas
solid sublimation
(skipping liquid phase)
solid
gas deposition
(skipping liquid phase)
 EVIDENCE OF THE MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES IN LIQUIDS AND GASES.

Two process which provides the best evidence for the motion of
particles in matter are :
1. Brownian Motion
2. Diffusion.
Brownian Motion
Robert Brown gave the evidence for existence and movement of
particles in liquids. He suspended some pollen grains in water and
looked through a magnifying glass and observed that they were
moving in a zig-zag manner, This haphazard, random motion of
particles on the surface of a liquid or in the air is called Brownian
motion.
 EVIDENCE OF THE MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES IN LIQUIDS AND GASES .

Diffusion:
The spreading and mixing of a substance with another substances
due to its motion of its particles is called Diffusion.
The existence of Brownian motion and diffusion gives us two
conclusions about:
→that matter is made up of tiny particles.
→That the particles of matter are constantly moving.
 QUIZ
1. Which of the following is not a state of matter?

A. solid

B. liquid

C. gas

D. ice
 QUIZ
2. Which state of matter has the most energy?

A. gas

B. liquid

C. solid
 QUIZ
3. Particle of -------------- vibrate within a fix axis

A. plasma

B . solids

C. liquids

D. gas.
WHAT DID YOU LEARN TODAY?
 LESSON SUMMARY
A solid has a definite shape and volume. A liquid has a
definite volume, but takes the shape of its container. A gas lacks
either a defined shape or volume. This state of matter are
interconvertible.

Interconversion of matter refers to the change of one state to

another. It is a process by which matter changes from one state
to another and back to its original state, without any change in
its chemical composition. Solid can be converted into liquids by
heating. Plasma is similar to a gas in that its particles are very
far apart, but a gas is electrically neutral and plasma has a
charge
 ASSIGNMENT
1.Solid particle do not undergo translational motion, why?
2.Why are gases easily compressed.
3.Why are solids rigid?
4.Why do liquids flow?
5.Name the particles in matter.
6.Name two factors that determine the material state of matter.
7.Why are liquids and gases called fluids?