CHAPTER 10:

EUROPE IN THE
MIDDLE AGES
KATHLEEN PAUMBA
Decline of Church Power
The Great Schism of the Catholic
Church caused great political conflict
and left Europe divided for four
decades. The popes reached the height
of their power in the 1200s. In the
1300s, the Church’s power declined.
The Popes at Avignon
European kings had begun to reject papal claims of supremacy by the end
of the 1200s. The struggle between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV
of France had serious consequences for the papacy. Philip claimed the
right to tax the clergy. Boniface argued that taxing the clergy required the
pope’s consent, because popes were supreme over both Church and
state. Philip rejected the pope’s position and sent French forces to Italy to
bring Boniface back to France for trial. The pope escaped but died soon
afterward. Philip then engineered the election of a Frenchman, Clement V,
as pope in 1305. Clement took up residence in Avignon (a•veen• YOHN),
in southern France. From 1305 to 1377, the popes lived in Avignon.
Sentiments against the papacy grew during this time. Many believed that
the pope as bishop of Rome should reside in Rome, not in Avignon. The
splendor in which the pope and cardinals were living in Avignon also led to
strong criticism of the papacy, as expressed by the Italian poet Petrarch.
The Great Schism
Perceiving the decline in papal prestige, Pope Gregory XI
returned to Rome in 1377 but soon died. When the cardinals
met to elect a new pope, the citizens of Rome warned that the
cardinals would not leave Rome alive unless they elected an
Italian. The cardinals wisely elected an Italian, Pope Urban VI.
Five months later, a group of French cardinals declared the
election invalid and chose a Frenchman as pope. This pope
returned to Avignon. Because Urban remained in Rome, there
were now two popes, beginning the Great Schism of the
Church. Lasting from 1378 to 1417, the Great Schism divided
Europe. France and its allies supported the pope in Avignon.
The Hundred Years’ War
England and France waged the long, violent
Hundred Years’ War. Plague, economic crisis,
and the decline of the Catholic Church were not
the only problems of the late Middle Ages. War
and political instability must also be added to
the list. The Hundred Years’ War was the most
violent struggle during this period.
The War Begins
Trouble began over the duchy of Gascony in France. England possessed
it, and France wanted it. King Edward III of England was also the duke of
Gascony and a vassal to the French king. However, when King Philip VI of
France seized the duchy in 1337, Edward declared war on Philip. Thus
began the Hundred Years’ War between England and France. The war
began in a burst of knightly enthusiasm. Trained to be warriors, knights
viewed battle as a chance to show their fighting abilities. The Hundred
Years’ War proved to be an important turning point in the nature of
warfare, however. Peasant foot soldiers, not knights, won the chief battles
of the war. France’s heavily armed noble cavalrymen, or knights, viewed
foot soldiers as social inferiors. The English also used heavily armed
cavalry, but they relied more on large numbers of peasants, paid to be foot
soldiers.
Crécy and Agincourt
The first major battle of the Hundred Years’ war occurred in
1346 at Crécy. The larger French army followed no battle
plan and attacked in a disorderly fashion. The English
archers devastated them. As the chronicler Froissart
described the stunning English victory: “[with their
longbows] the English continued to shoot into the thickest
part of the crowd, wasting none of their arrows. They
impaled or wounded horses and riders, who fell to the
ground in great distress, unable to get up again without the
help of several men.” The Battle of Crécy was not decisive,
however. The English simply did not have enough
resources to conquer all of France. Nevertheless, they
decline of the church
power
 Mars Neptune
Mars is actually a very Venus has a beautiful Neptune is the farthest
cold place name but is hot planet from the Sun

Mercury Saturn Jupiter

Mercury is the closest Saturn is a gas giant with Jupiter is the biggest
planet to the Sun several rings planet of them all
 “This is a quote, words full of wisdom that
someone important said and that can inspire
anyone who reads them”

—Someone Famous
A picture is worth a thousand words
A picture
always
reinforces the
concept
Images reveal large amounts of
data, so remember: use an image
instead of a long text. Your audience
will appreciate it
 29/09/23
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
 9h 55m 23s
Jupiter’s rotation period

333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

386,000 km
Distance between Earth and the Moon
 Let’s use some percentages

25% 50% 75%

Mercury Venus Mars

Mercury is the closest planet Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
to the Sun and the smallest and is the second planet actually a cold place. It’s full
of them all from the Sun of iron oxide dust
Computer
mockup
You can replace the image on the screen
with your own work. Just right-click on it and
select “Replace image”
 Tablet
mockup
You can replace the image on the screen
with your own work. Just right-click on it
and select “Replace image”
Phone mockup
You can replace the image on the screen
with your own work. Just right-click on it and
select “Replace image”
This is a map
Venus
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun

Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun

Mars
Despite being red, Mars is a
very cold place
 A timeline always works well
Venus is the second planet Despite being red, Mars is a
from the Sun very cold place

Venus Mars

Mercury Jupiter
Mercury is the closest planet Jupiter is the biggest planet
to the Sun of them all
 Infographics make your idea
understandable
Mars Venus
Mars is actually a very Venus has extremely
cold place high temperatures

Mercury Saturn
Mercury is the closest Saturn is a gas giant
planet to the Sun and has several rings
Tables represent your data in a clear
Mass wayDiameter Surface gravity
(earths) (earths) (earths)

Mercury 0.06 0.38 0.38

Mars 0.11 0.53 0.38

Saturn 95.2 9.4 1.16

 You can use this graph
Mercury Venus
Mercury is quite a Venus has a beautiful
small planet name but is hot

Jupiter Saturn
Jupiter is an Saturn is a gas giant
enormous planet with rings

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 Our team

Timmy Jimmy Kaliyah Harris

You can speak a bit about this You can speak a bit about this
person here person here
Your fall pictures
 When does Fall start?
September
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
1 2 3 4 Venus
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30
 Fall activities
1 Mercury Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun

2 Mars Despite being red, Mars is a cold place

3 Jupiter Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet

4 Saturn Saturn is composed of hydrogen and helium

 Fall recipes
Pumpkin pie Carrot cake Pumpkin latte
Ingredients Ingredients Ingredients
● Venus ● Neptune ● Mercury
● Mars ● Earth ● Saturn
● Jupiter ● Moon ● Pluto

Preparation Preparation Preparation

1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
 October important dates
Mond Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
1 2 3 4
Coffee
day
5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Pumpkin
picking
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Cinema!

26 27 28 29 30 31
Hallowee
n
 Today’s activities
10:00 12:00 14:00 17:00

Walk in
Breakfast Art class nature Pick fruits
Venus is the second Saturn is the ringed Neptune is far away Despite being red,
planet from the Sun one and a gas giant from us Mars is a cold place
Useful links
Calendar of events Link here

Best places to visit Link here

Cheap flights Link here

Hotels with charm Link here

Activities for Link here

children
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