1.WR232 - Building Services

WR232 BUILDING SERVICES 1
LECTURER: DR EDWIN NDIBALEMA RICHARD
Email: edwinndiba2016@gmail.com
Lecture Room: R204,
Thursday lectures: 08.00 – 11 Hrs
Office: Hydraulic Lab, Block C, Room C5

Assessment:
1. CA: 40%
 Two tests :
a. Test no 1: (12.5%) (2 hrs.) in Morning Session 21st December 2023
b. Test no 2: (12.5%) (2 hrs.) in Morning Session 8th February 2024
c. One group assignment ( 4 students @ group) (15%)
2. UE: 60%
INTRODUCTION :Building Services Concept
3
Building services in architecture refers to the various systems and services
that are necessary for the smooth functioning of a building
Core Building services taught under WR232:Plumbing Systems
1. Cold water supply system.

2. Hot water supply system.
3. Sanitary Drainage
4. Storm Drainage systems
5. Building Sewer Systems
Importance of Plumbing
1. Environmental aspects of plumbing
 Due to faulty or non-engineered plumbing development and poor
maintenance, excess consumption and waste of water might happen. Over-
consumption of water means excess wastewater generation, which might
cause an overload in treatment, resulting in poor quality effluent and
degrading water environment in the disposal area
 Faulty plumbing, particularly drainage systems, primarily pollutes the indoor
environment through the ingress of foul sewer gas into toilets or kitchens, thus
polluting the indoor environment.
 So, good plumbing development helps to reduce water consumption and
wastewater generation, thereby safeguarding both the inside and outside
environment.
2. Health aspects of plumbing
 Plumbing addresses all sorts of microbial, chemical and physical risks in its
planning, design, installation and maintenance. Even in choosing plumbing
materials, health risks are considered. The surface finish and features of some
fixtures and appurtenances are categorically guided considering the public
health benefits.
 Plumbing codes provide strict guidelines for plumbing installation in the
interest of public health. The majority of the guidelines are governed by the
environment and safety issues, as these are also concerns of public health.
3. Energy aspects of plumbing
 In plumbing, various equipment and appliances are used which need energy to
operate.
 More and bigger sizes of equipment or appliances used mean more energy will
be consumed.
 So, avoiding those elements or, where unavoidable, using smaller sizes would
be a good engineering practice to save energy and cost. Pumps, water heaters,
pressure-reducing valves etc. are the important elements of plumbing from the
perspective of energy consumption.
4. Plumbing damaging property
 Plumbing elements, predominantly pipes and some appurtenances are
generally installed behind the wall, under the floor or suspended from the
ceiling of a building. In some cases, pipes are installed inside the masonry
walls, passing through walls, beams or floors.
 The most notorious occurrence in plumbing are micro leakages in pipes, in very
remote, not quickly visible and hard-to-reach locations, which might cause
substantial damage to a property and incur additional costs for rectification.
Poor maintenance or carelessness in repairing pipe leakages intensifies the
damage to a building structure
5. Plumbing as a development indicator
 In developed countries, plumbers are given a license subject to acquiring job
competency by going through practical training and certificate courses and
thus becoming comparatively high-paid, skilled workers.
 In developing or underdeveloped countries, many plumbers are found working
without a valid license, so, plumbing there is poorly developed in many cases.
6. Regulatory aspects of plumbing
 In developing areas, much of the plumbing work is mostly regulated by the
government or semi-government agencies due to its direct impact on the
public’s health, safety, welfare, environment etc.
 To protect the occupants of the buildings and to ensure the quality and safety
of their property, plumbing development must be done according to the
plumbing and building codes.
 Plumbing works need permits to be obtained by the plumbing contractors and
the plumbers and are typically secured from the relevant building regulatory,
water supply and sewerage authorities on behalf of building owners.
As a whole, the plumbing system should be developed in such a way, it
achieves the following objectives.
1. Safety
2. Sanitation
3. Good environment
4. Convenience
5. Comfort
6. Economy
7. Legality.
8. Durability
9. Maintainability and
1. Safety
a. Provide safe drinking water
b. Safe disposal of wastes
c. Piping and appliances are safely installed
d. Equipment is fitted with proper safety devices and
e. Structural safety has not been impaired by plumbing installation
2. Sanitation
a. Ensure non-polluting system
b. Every plumbing fixture shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap and
c. Waste disposal in public sewer systems or in specified disposal area.
3. Good environment
a. No hazards to the environment that might be created by improper waste
disposal and
b. Surroundings shall be kept free from bad smells.
4. Convenience
a. Providing appropriate type and good quality, proper sized fixtures and fittings and
b. Installing optimum number of fixtures and fittings.
5. Comfort
a. Installed fixtures are properly spaced at appropriate positions and comfortable heights
considering users’ desire and disability and
b. Minimize noise and sound developed in the plumbing system.
6. Economy
a. Provide optimum sized piping, fittings and equipment and
b. Instal fixtures, fittings and appurtenances of economy price.
7. Legality
a. Design the plumbing system in accordance with local codes of practice or by-laws.
8. Durability
a. Provide long-lasting pipes, fitting, fixtures and accessories
b. Joint the fixtures and pipe fittings properly
c. Provide protective measures for all the elements in the plumbing system
d. Test the plumbing system to check for leakage and defective workmanship
and
e. Check installation of the equipment for proper functioning before the system
is put into operation.
9. Maintainability
a. Provide clear access to the plumbing items
b. Provide sufficient space and tolerable environment for working
c. Provide facilities for maintaining plumbing items and
d. Provide adequate clean-outs, so arranged that it helps clean deposit of solids,
clogging objects etc.
Basic plumbing requirements
1. Every building intended for human occupancy or for any living beings, should
be provided with an adequate, safe, and potable water supply and sanitary
drainage for generated wastewater.
2. To fulfil the basic needs of sanitation and personal hygiene, each dwelling
connected to a private on-site wastewater treatment system (POWTS) or
public sewer should be provided with at least the following plumbing fixtures:
a. One water closet
b. One wash basin
c. One kitchen sink and
d. One bathtub or shower.
Basic plumbing requirements
3. Hot or tempered water should be supplied to plumbing fixtures that normally
require hot or tempered water for proper use and function.
4. Where plumbing fixtures exist in a building that is not discharging in to a
public sewer system, suitable provision should be made for treating or
recycling or dispersing or holding the wastewater.
5. There shall be provision of rain or storm water drainage facilitating ground
recharging as much as possible.
WR232 HYDRAULICS IN PLUMBING
 The plumbing system involves the flow of fluids like water, gas,
steam, wastewater etc. under pressure and the flow of liquid at or
near atmospheric pressure under gravity, generally in water supply
and drainage systems.
 These flows are dependent on several properties of liquids, such as
density, viscosity, surface tension etc., as well as on other
properties, such as temperature, pressure, condition of flowing
media etc.
 So, knowledge regarding these parts of hydraulics is very important
in designing an effective plumbing system.
 In plumbing, flow and pressure exerted by fluid, water and
wastewater are the major concerns of hydraulic performance
(1)Pressure
Force applied on unit area is called Pressure
 All fluids exert pressure on the surfaces with
which they are in contact.
 Weight of the liquid pushes against the walls of the
Container producing a pressure
(1)Pressure exerted by gas
 In a closed container gas molecules exert a force when they collide with each
other and with container walls.
 When all the molecules in the container are removed the pressure reduces to
ZERO.
 This Pressure is known as ABSOLUTE ZERO PRESSURE or ABSOLUTE VACUUM
Atmospheric pressure
 Since the atmosphere is a fluid, it exerts normal pressure on all surfaces with
which it is in contact. This pressure reduces with altitude until it becomes zero
(vacuum) in outer space.
 Barometer is used to
measure Atmospheric
Pressure
 Atmospheric Pressure
is also known as
Barometric Pressure
Absolute pressure and gauge pressure
(2) Flow of water
 When water remains at an elevated position, it gains potential energy.
From this elevated position, water flows downward under gravitational
force.
 The difference in height between the elevation of the highest and lowest
level of water is termed the static head.
 Water can be pushed upward if additional energy can be applied by any
means.
 Generally, a pump is used to create energy to cause water to flow through
a pipe to an elevated position. The energy applied is in dynamic form. So,
the energy needed for water to flow is termed the dynamic head.
The following are important types of flow in plumbing
 Uniform flow: In uniform flow, the water particles at all sections of a pipe or
channel have the same velocities.
 Non-uniform flow: In non-uniform flow, the water particles at different
sections of a pipe or channel have different velocities.
 Turbulent flow: In turbulent flow, each water particle does not have a definite
path and the paths of individual particles also cross each other.
 Laminar Flow: In laminar flow, each water particle have a definite path and the
paths of individual particles do not cross each other
 Steady flow: In steady flow, the quantity of water flowing per second is
constant. A steady flow may also be uniform or non-uniform.
 Unsteady flow: In unsteady flow, the quantity of water flowing per second is
not constant.
Flow under gravitational force
 The flow of water under gravitational force may be in pipes or in an
open channel or on an open surface.
 The flow of water from a rooftop water tank to the faucets in every
floor below occurs through pipes due to gravitational force.
 On a flat roof, surface rainwater flows towards the inlets of
rainwater down pipe due to gravitational force developed by making
a sloped surface, made inclined towards the inlets.
Gravitational water flow in pipes:
 Water flows in a pipe from a higher level to a lower level due to the
gravitational force when both the ends of the pipe are open to
atmospheric pressure. The velocity of flow is computed by
Manning’s formula.
Where
V = velocity of flow (m/sec)
n = Manning’s coefficient of roughness of a pipe’s internal surface
R = hydraulic mean depth = area/wetted perimeter (m)
For circular pipe R = D/4 where D = diameter of pipe (m)
S = slope of pipe (m/m)
The discharge capacity of a pipe is expressed by the formula (cum/sec) Q=AV
Table 1 Value of Manning’s n for closed conduits of particular finish, flowing partly full
Flow in open channel:
 Open channel is the passage through which water flow has its free
surface in contact with the atmosphere.
 In an open channel flow, the pressure is atmospheric pressure,
which may be neglected.
 The hydraulic gradient is considered to be equal to the slope of the
channel when the latter is uniform.
 Based on the above fact, Chezy developed a formula for flow in an
open channel, as below.
Flow in open channel:
 Chezy formula
Where,
V = velocity of flow in an open channel (m/sec)
R = hydraulic mean depth; R=A/P, Where A = a cross-sectional area of a
channel (sqm),P = wetted perimeter
S = slope of channel bed and
C = a constant depending on the shape and surface condition of the channel.
The value of C is determined experimentally.
Bazin deduced the following formula for the value of C.
 Bazin formula
Where,
Where K is roughness factor, a constant depending on the surface of a
channel.
K value ranges are 0.109 < K < 3.17.
The values of K for different channel surfaces are shown in Table 2
Table 2 Values of K for different channel surface
Flow under pressure
 Water flows through a confined section under pressure when water
is forced to flow through, generally by pumping
 To determine the flow of water in a pipe under pressure, the most
common formula is the Hazen-Williams equation, used in the design
and evaluation of a water distribution system.
 In a condition of flowing full through a pipe, the formula for velocity
is expressed as follows
Hazen-Williams equation
Where V = velocity of flow (m/sec)

C = Hazen-Williams coefficient that depends on the material and age of
pipe
R = hydraulic radius and
S = slope of the hydraulic gradient.
The values of C for different channel surfaces are shown in Table 3
Table 3 Hazen-Williams coefficient “C” value for different materials of pipe.
Pressure–flow relation
 The water flow under static pressure can be related by the following
equation.
Where
q = rate of flow at the pipe outlet (lpm)
d = inside diameter of pipe outlet (mm) and
p = static pressure (bar)
Pressure–flow relation
Example: For a faucet with a 12 mm supply and a flow pressure of 1
bar, then the flow in the pipe would be as follows.
q = 0.66 × 122 × 1
= 95.04 lpm
Nomograph charts
 A nomograph is defined as a graph, usually containing three parallel
scales graduated for different variables so that when a straight line
connects values of any two, the related value may be read directly
from the third vertical line at the point intersected by the line.
 By the nomographs, the user gets the opportunity for quick
graphical calculations of complicated formulas, to a practical
precision. In water system design, two nomographs are mostly used.
These are as below.
1. Nomograph of Manning’s formula and
2. Nomograph of Hazen-Williams formula.
Nomograph of Manning’s formula
 A Manning’s equation is for calculating the velocity (v) of flow
through a circular pipe running full (but not under pressure) or a
non-circular cross-section of pipe or channel.
 The nomograph of Manning’s equation is a diagram showing the
relationship between the velocity and discharge of flow in a pipe or
a channel geometry, slope and friction coefficient expressed as
Manning’s “n”, as shown in Figure 1.
 Manning Equation
From Figure 1, it is found that a pipe with a
roughness coefficient of 0.014 and a slope of
0.0025 has a flow velocity of 0.083 m/sec for a pipe
diameter of 900 mm, in order to produce a
discharge of 0.9 cum/sec.
Nomograph of Hazen-Williams formula
 The nomograph of the Hazen–Williams equation is a graphical
representation of an empirical relationship which relates to the flow
of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the
pressure drop caused by friction. It is used for a quick determination
of pipe diameter for water supply piping systems
 Given any two of the parameters (discharge, diameter of pipes, loss
of head or velocity), the remaining two can be determined from the
intersections along a straight line drawn across the nomograph for
the Hazen-Williams formula.
For example, for a flow of 60 lps in a 250 mm diameter pipe, the
velocity of flow is 1.2 m/sec with a head loss of 9 kPa per 100 meter.
Head losses in pipes with coefficient values other than 100 can be
determined by using the correction factor given in Table 2.6. For
example, if the head loss for c = 100 is 9 kPa/100 m, then the head
loss for c = 130 would be = 0.62 × 9.0 = 5.58 kPa/100 m.
Friction loss
 While water is flowing in a pipe, friction loss or loss of pressure or “head”
occurs due to the effect of the viscosity of water near the surface of the
pipe.
 In mechanics, the term refers to the power lost in overcoming the friction
between flowing water and the pipe surfaces.
 Friction loss basically occurs due to the shear stress between the pipe
surface and the flowing water, which depends on the conditions of flow
and the physical properties of the system.
 These conditions can be represented by a dimensionless number Re,
called Reynolds number.
Reynolds number (Re): This is a dimensionless value used to predict
whether the flow is laminar or turbulent
 Laminar flow; when Re < 23002
 Transient flow; when 2300 < Re < 40003
 Turbulent flow; when 4000 < Re
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Sources of water
Water to be used in the plumbing system can be obtained from
various sources: natural or man-made.
The natural sources are as follows.
1. Surface water: Rivers, canals, lakes, or even seas
2. Underground water and
3. Rainwater.
man-made water sources are as follows.
4. Surface waters like ponds and dammed water
reservoirs and
5. Water supply mains developed by any water supply
agency or authority.
Surface water
The term surface water refers to the water, on the earth’s
surface, that flows in streams and rivers as well as water in
artificial or man-made lakes, canals, ponds, etc.
The surface waters become polluted due to the discharge of
treated, partially treated, or even untreated wastes into it.
When the pollution potential of surface waters goes beyond the
manageable limit, dependency on groundwater sources is high
as the second alternative option.
Groundwater

Groundwater is an important and potential source of water for supply
and commercial uses.

The earth’s surface is built up of different layers of soil mass like sand,
gravel, clay, rock, Water supply systems, etc.
The porous soil layers, remaining filled with water, are called aquifers.
Groundwater is extracted from these aquifers.
Groundwater is rarely found to be polluted or contaminated, though
there are instances of pollution or contamination of groundwater due
mostly to human interventions
Rainwater
Rainwater has proven to be an alternative source of water available at
building doorsteps, having the lowest risk in use.
It can provide a readily accessible and reasonably reliable source of
water to meet the shortfall in demand for water in a building.
Non-potable uses of rainwater may include flushing of water closets and
urinals inside building toilets; indoor plant watering and landscape
irrigation; outdoor washing such as for cars, and building facades,
sidewalk washing, road sweeping, Water for fire suppression such as fire
trucks, fire hydrants and sprinkler systems, etc.

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WR232 BUILDING SERVICES 1

LECTURER: DR EDWIN NDIBALEMA RICHARD

Lecture Room: R204,

Thursday lectures: 08.00 – 11 Hrs

Office: Hydraulic Lab, Block C, Room C5

a. Test no 1: (12.5%) (2 hrs.) in Morning Session 21st December 2023

b. Test no 2: (12.5%) (2 hrs.) in Morning Session 8th February 2024

c. One group assignment ( 4 students @ group) (15%)

that are necessary for the smooth functioning of a building

Core Building services taught under WR232:Plumbing Systems

1. Cold water supply system.

Where V = velocity of flow (m/sec)

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