Module 6 - Introduction To Plumbing

0|Module 6: Introduction to Plumbing
Introduction…………………………………………………………………...……… 2
Intended Learning Outcome………………………………………………………….. 2
Objectives…………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Pre-test………………………………………………………………………………... 4
Introduction to Plumbing…………………………………………………………... 5-6
Concepts & Abstractions……………………………………………………………... 7
LESSON 1 – Prepare Plumbing Materials and Tools…………………………….. 7-29

Application………………………………………………………………………….. 30
LESSON 2 – Maintain Tools and Equipment…………………………………… 31-39

Application………………………………………………………………………. 39-40
LESSON 3 – Perform Mensuration and Calculation……………………………. 41-48

Application………………………………………………………………………. 48-49
LESSON 4 – Interpret Drawings and Plans……………………………………... 50-57

Application………………………………………………………………………….. 57
LESSON 5 – Practice Occupational Health and Safety…………………………. 58-64

Application………………………………………………………………………. 64-68
Answer Key……………………………………………………………………… 69-70
References & Video Links…………………………………………………………..71

INTRODUCTION
This Module 6 for the second semester is a continuation of the concepts
presented to first-year BTLEd students in Module 5. The Introduction to Industrial Arts
- 2 course is an important component of the BTLEd curriculum. The module introduces
topics for semi-final to final grading periods such as theory, value, tools and equipment,
content, and safety knowledge in the areas of plumbing. This lesson is preceded by an
introduction followed by the lesson objectives. This module there are integrated
activities that will help you to bring out your knowledge and skills when it comes in
sheet metal/metal works. Pre assessment are included which deal the topics are covered.
The Introduction to Industrial Arts 2 course provides first-year BTLE students with an
opportunity to gain an understanding of different technological and trade fields. The
Introduction to Industrial Arts 2 Module is planned for first-year students enrolled in
Bachelor of Technology. And must possess the following competencies in the Module.
There are 5 competencies in this Module. These are the following:
1) Prepare plumbing materials and tools;
2) Perform mensuration and calculation;
3) Interpret Technical Drawings and Plans;
4) Maintain tools and equipment; and
5) Practice occupational health and safety procedures
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME

These five common competencies are discussed in different lessons over the
course of five lessons. Every lesson, as seen below, is aimed at achieving one or more
learning outcomes:
Lesson 1: Prepare Plumbing Materials and Tools
ILO 1. Determine and choose materials and equipment
ILO 2. Request the essential supplies and equipment.
ILO 3. Materials and instruments are received and inspected.

Lesson 2: Perform Mensuration and Calculation
LO 1. Choose a measurement instrument.
LO 2. Mensuration and calculation are needed for
Lesson 3: Interpret Technical Drawings and Plans
LO 1. Identify signs, signals, and records.
LO 2. Evaluate basic drawings.
LO 3. Utilizing free hand drawing.
Lesson 4: Maintain Tools and Equipment
LO 1. Examine the condition of the instruments and appliances.
LO 2. Basic preventive maintenance should be performed.
LO 3. Keep instruments and supplies in a safe place.
Lesson 5: Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures
LO 1. Recognize hazards and risks.
LO 2. Assess hazards and risks.
LO 3. Manage hazards and risks.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson the students are expected that:
• Students may be expected to gain experience and expertise in the use of tools,
supplies, and appliances as part of the method of managing the plumbing and
sanitary infrastructure.
• Students would be motivated to improve their plumbing and pipefitting
experience and skills by practicing alone, in pairs, or in small groups, much as
they will in real-world environments.
• The students will assemble, maintain, and measure the plumbing plan
themselves.

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
_____1. It refers to carrying the waste water to the waste disposal system (sewerage
system) through plumbing fixtures.
a. Sanitary work b. Plumbing c. Pipe
_____2. It is supplied to a house or a building from storage tanks through pipes.
a. Sanitary work b. Water c. PE Pipe
_____3. The skill and art that is needed to transport water from the source to the
users, then to that treatment plants, and finally supplying the treated water to the users
through a distribution system.
a. Plumbing b. Gi Pipe c. Water
_____4. A galvanized iron pipe which is better fitted for plumbing installation than
steel pipe.
a. GI Pipe b. Pipe Reamer c. ABS Pipe
_____5. It is an adhesive material usually used externally.
a. Faucet b. Nipple c. Solvent
_____6. It is made up of three pieces: a body, nut and gasket ring (or ferrule)
a. Compression Fittings b. Elbows c. Valves
_____7. A short length of pipe installed between couplings or other fittings.
a. Faucet b. Adaptor c. Nipple
_____8. It includes workplace stressors arising from a variety of sources.
a. Biological b. Psychosocial c. Physical
environment
_____9. This must be worn as a last resort if it is not possible to ventilate the work
area properly.
a. Hearing Protection b. Respirators c. Face Protection
_____10. These are used for protection of employees.
a. Barricades b. Exit Signs c. Accident Prevention
Tags

INTRODUCTION
The plumbing and sanitary system is an essential part of every house or building.
Proper planning and designing of plumbing system is crucial as it takes care of the hygiene
requirements of the occupants. It has been reported that about 8 per cent of the
construction cost of a building is marked for plumbing and sanitary work.
A plumber’s job role consists of installation, repair, maintenance and servicing of

plumbing fittings and fixtures. Besides having a thorough understanding of the mechanisms
required for performing various tasks, a plumber should be laborious, have effective
communication skills and be a result-oriented worker with a positive attitude.
ROLE OF PLUMBING
As you may be aware, water is supplied to a house or a building from storage
tanks through pipes. Similarly, the waste water from kitchen and washrooms is drained
out with the help of pipes. Any building, be it a residential, commercial or industrial,
cannot function properly without having plumbing and sanitary arrangements in place.
It is, therefore, important to have regular and adequate water supply and a proper system
for the disposal of waste water. Plumbing cycle refers to a mechanism through which
water is taken from a source, then supplied to the users, and finally waste water is
collected and recycled to the source after proper treatment (Fig. 1.1). Plumbing and
pipe-fittings play a major role in the construction of all types of buildings. An efficient
plumbing work keeps the atmosphere free from bad smell and ensures better sanitation.

PLUMBING
The skill and art that is needed to transport water from the source to the users, then to
the treatment plants, and finally supplying the treated water to the users through a
distribution system is known as plumbing. It is a system of pipes and fittings that carry
water.
SANITARY WORK
Sanitary work refers to carrying the waste water to the waste disposal system (sewerage
system) through plumbing fixtures.
The plumbing installation is governed by
the regulations and rules adopted by the
concerned municipal corporations or
committees of different States and Union
Territories. Plumbing and sanitation
work thus plays an important role in the
construction of a building.
A plumbing system consists of pipe
fittings and appliances used for water
supply and drainage, as you see the
fitting for the washbasin in Fig. 1.2. In
this system, different pipes are used for
different purposes. The plumbing system
includes:
• water supply, galvanized iron (or
plastic) pipes and fixtures;
• soil pipes and fixtures;
• sanitary drainage system; and
• rainwater drainage system.
For an efficient plumbing system, it is important that standard plumbing and sanitary
material, as per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), are used. It is also important that
quality workmanship, practical checks and supervision are ensured during plumbing
and sanitary work. It helps in getting the best out of the skilled and unskilled labour.
Before starting the work, the plumber must keep the following points into
consideration.
1. Water supply system: sources of clean and potable water
2. Plumbing fixtures and pipes: knowledge about different requirements and
specifications
3. Sanitary and drainage system: knowledge about sewerage system

4. Rainwater drainage system
5. Plumbing drawing and their uses: role of plumbing drawing
I. Plumbing Materials
1.Steel Pipe Characteristics

Steel piping is designed for a long list of applications. Steel piping has gained
popularity in the petroleum, oil, automobile, shipping and food industries
because of its durability and versatility. Schools, hospitals and refineries also
widely employ steel piping. In figure 1.3 below will show the appearance of
Steel Pipe.
Facts
• Steel piping can be engineered to any height and strength and is easily
modified on-site. There remains a variety of types of steel piping on the market.
Common types of steel pipe include standard steel pipe, line steel pipe,
structural steel pipe and plumbing tubes. Steel is ductile, bending rather than
breaking in the presence of excessive stress. Steel will not morph or lose its
strength as time passes. Also, steel is naturally resistant to rot.
Applications
• Line steel pipes are used to transport liquids and gases that are
combustible. Standard steel pipes are used for transporting water, natural gas
or steam. Structural steel pipes are often used for drainage piping. Plumbing
tubes made of steel are used to move potable water or waterborne waste
removal.

Properties
• Line steel pipes are galvanized, giving the piping corrosion-resistant
properties. Standard steel pipes are fabricated to a diameter no greater than 16
inches, according to Steel Pipes & Tubing. Structural steel tubes are
constructed into either square or circular shapes. Plumbing tubes are often
fabricated thinner than other types of steel pipes to allow for easier soldering.
Figure 1.3: Steel Pipe
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PIPES
PVC PIPE -refers to Poly Vinyl Chloride

Plastic material. This is the most common pipe
for plumbing system.
PVC Pipe
PE PIPE -refers to Polyethylene Plastic material

intended for long span water system installation.
PE Pipe

CI PIPE – it is a casting iron pipes that heavy
metal made of casting on molds to make
fixtures. such as sink, tubs and lavatories,
covered with a porcelain enamel coating.
CI Pipe
GI PIPE -is a galvanized iron pipe which is better

fitted for plumbing installation than steel pipe. It is
constructed of rough iron, dipped in molten zinc and
maybe identified by its dull grayish color.
GI Pipe
ABS PIPE-is an acrylonitrile butadiene

styrene pipes that used in drain-waste-vent
pipe systems, sewer systems, or electrical
cable insulation.
ABS Pipe
II. MATERIALS USED IN PLUMBING
1. SOLVENT -is an adhesive material usually used

externally.
Solvent

2.TEFLON TAPE -is specifically used for
attachment threaded pipe on fittings.
Teflon Tape
3. ABS CLEANER AND CEMENT -is an

adhesive material used by a plumber when
working with ABS pipes.
ABS Cement
4. FITTINGS -are made in different forms that are intended for plumbing joints and
connections. There are many types of fitting in plumbing here some of them:
TYPES OF FITTING
ELBOWS
Elbows, also known as "ells," are used to change the direction of a pipe system.
An elbow typically features a 45- or 90-degree bend, although other angles are also
available. Elbows come in a variety of diameters and are generally threaded for
connectivity. A common example of an elbow fitting in the home is the piece that
extends from the wall of your shower to which the shower head connects.
10 | M o d u l e 6 : I n t r o d u c t i o n t o P l u m b i n g
TEES, WYES AND CROSSES
Tee, wye and cross fittings are all used to combine or split pipe or tube
sections. Their names describe the basic design of each: tee and wye fittings each
have one input and two outputs (or vice versa), intersecting at 90- and 45-degree
angles, respectively; cross fittings have one input and three outputs (or vice
versa) that intersect at 90-degree angles. All three designs come in standard
designs (in which all outlets/inlets are the same diameter) and reducing designs
(in which one or more is a different size).
COUPLINGS AND UNIONS
Couplings and unions come in a number of different sizes and designs.

The basic function of each is simply to connect two pieces of pipe or tubing.
Therefore, couplings and unions are generally quite short fittings. The main
difference between couplings and unions is that couplings are designed to be
somewhat permanent and are often welded in place or secured by a series of bolts
and nuts, while unions are designed to be easily removed at any time.
COMPRESSION FITTINGS
Compression fittings are generally made up of three pieces: a body, nut

and gasket ring (or ferule). They use pressure to tighten connections, thereby
preventing leakage. These fittings are used in many different industries, as well
as many places throughout the house, such as in toilets and faucets.
CAPS AND PLUGS
Caps and plugs perform basically the same function but in different ways.
A cap, as its name suggests, is a cap that goes over the end of a pipe, creating a
dead end. Plugs also stop up a pipe or tube system, but are plugged, like a stopper,
into the end of the pipe.
VALVES
Valves, while considered fittings, are sometimes placed in their own

category because of their complexity and variety. There are many different types
of valves but the one unifying attribute is that they control the flow of fluids and
gases through a system. In addition, some valves are also used to control
temperature. Some common types of valves are butterfly, gate, globe and ball.
Sink and shower/bathtub faucets are among the most common types of valves.
COMPOSITION
Fittings may be composed of a number of different materials. The most important

consideration is that
each fitting be made of a
material compatible
with the material
composition of the rest
of the pipe or tube
system. Some of the
most common materials
used to create fittings
are copper, steel, brass
and PVC.
5. FAUCET -is a point of installation system where flow of water or gas could
be manipulated.
6. NIPPLE -is a short length of pipe installed between couplings or other
fittings.
7. ADAPTOR/ADAPTER-is fittings that joints two different types of pipes

together, such as ABS to cast iron or from threaded to non- threaded.
8. FIXTURES-is an exchangeable device which can be connected to an existing
plumbing system to deliver and drain away water but which is also configured to enable
a particular use. The most common plumbing fixtures are:
• Bathtubs
• Bidets
• Channel drains (also called trench drains)
• Drinking fountains
• Hose bibbs (connections for water hoses)
• Kitchen sinks
• Lavatories (also called bathroom sinks)
• Showers
• Tapware - an industry term for that sub-
category of plumbing fixtures consisting of
tap valves, also called water taps or faucets
and their accessories, such as water spouts
and shower heads.
• Terminal valves for dishwashers, ice
makers, humidifiers, etc.
• Urinals
• Utility sinks
• Water closets- (known as toilets in the
USA, loos, flush toilets or lavatories in
Britain)
9. OUTLETS AND DRAINS
Each of these plumbing fixtures
has one or more water outlets
and a drain. In some cases, the
drain has a device that can be
manipulated to block the drain
to fill the basin of the fixture.
Each fixture also has a flood
rim, or level at which water will
begin to overflow. Most
fixtures also have an overflow,
which is a conduit for water to drain away, when the regular drain is plugged, before the water
actually overflows at the flood rim level. However, water closets and showers (that are not in
bathtubs) usually lack this feature because their drains normally cannot be stopped.
Each fixture usually has a characteristic means of connection. Normal plumbing practice is to
install a valve on each water supply line before the fixture, and this is most commonly termed
a stop or "service valve". The water supply to some fixtures is cold water only (such as water
closets and urinals). Most fixtures also have a hot water supply. In some occasional cases, a
sink may have both a potable (drinkable) and a non-potable water supply.
Types of Drain Outlets

HUB OUTLET (OUTSIDE CAULK
OUTLET): A drain connection, usually on
side outlet drains, where plain end of
drain pipe is inserted and a seal is made
either by caulking or by using a
compression gasket. This type of outlet is
the opposite of the inside caulk outlet.
INSIDE CAULK OUTLET: Open bottom
type drain connection which is placed over
plain end of drain pipe. The seal is then
made by caulking or with a compression
gasket. This type of outlet is the opposite of
the hub outlet.
SPIGOT OUTLET (NO HUB

OUTLET): Male, pipe size, plain end
connection for caulking into a soil pipe
hub or joining to plain end pipe with a
mechanical coupling.
THREADED OUTLET (TAPPED

OUTLET): Internally threaded drain
connection for joining drain to a threaded
pipe drain line with American Standard &
Taper pipe threads (NPT).
PUSH-ON OUTLET: "Push-on" is a
unique labor saving compression gasketed
connection designed to simply push on the
stub end of the pipe. The Push-on drain
body and gasket can be utilized with plastic,
steel, No-Hub and service weight soil pipe.
A unique pipe stop cast in each drain body
ensures that water will not accumulate
around the connecting pipe.
10. Traps and vents

This drain cover has a container underneath (which can be taken out for cleaning and revealing
another container below) acting as a trap. Water inside the container forms a seal when the
cover is in place. Positive air pressure will push the cover up, acting as an early warning device.
The underside of the cover is kept moist by condensation occurring and insects that go back up
the drain pipe get stuck to the walls of the cover.
All plumbing fixtures have traps in their drains; these traps are either internal or external to the
fixtures. Traps are pipes which curve down then back up; they 'trap' a small amount of water
to create a water seal between the ambient air space and the inside of the drain system. This
prevents sewer gas from entering buildings.
Most water closets, bidets, and many
urinals have the trap integral with the
fixture itself. The visible water surface in a
toilet is the top of the trap's water seal.
Each fixture drain, with exceptions, must
be vented so that negative air pressure in
the drain cannot siphon the trap dry, to
prevent positive air pressure in the sewer
from forcing gases past the water seal, and
to prevent explosive sewer gas buildup.
Drains The actual initial drain part in a lavatory or sink is termed a strainer. If there is a
removable strainer device that fits into the fixed strainer, it is termed a strainer basket. The
initial pipe that leads from the strainer to the trap is termed the tailpiece.
Floor-mounted water closets seal to the toilet flange of the drain pipe by means of a wax ring.
These are traditionally made out of beeswax. However, their proper sealing depends on proper
seating of the water closet, on a firm and secure base (floor), and on proper installation of the
closet bolts which secure the closet to the flange, which is in turn supposed to be securely
fastened to the floor.
III. PLUMBING TOOLS

1. CUTTING TOOLS
is any tool that is used to remove material from the workpiece by means of shear
deformation. Cutting may be accomplished by single-point or multipoint tools. Single-point
tools are used in turning, shaping, plaining and similar operations, and remove material by
means of one cutting edge. Milling and drilling tools are often multipoint tools. Grinding
tools are also multipoint tools.
CROSSCUT SAW - is a type of cutting tool used to cut the grain of the wood.
HACKSAW - is a tool used

for cutting metal, plastic or pipe.
PIPE CUTTER - is a tool used for cutting pipe and tube.
PIPE REAMER is a tool used for cleaning the inside portion of the pipe and tube to remove
the burst and chips.
PIPE THREAD is a tool used for threading the pipe.
2. BORING TOOLS
Boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled (or cast), by means of a
single-point cutting tool, for example as in boring a cannon barrel. Boring is used to achieve
greater accuracy of the diameter of a hole, and can be used to cut a tapered hole.
COLD CHISEL - is a tool made from hexagon or octagon-shaped steel and is commonly
called cold chisel steel. Its convenient size is for handling. One end is shaped for cutting
operations.
ELECTRIC DRILL - is a power tool that rotates a replaced drill bit to make a hole in wood,
plastic or metal. Alternately, a screw driver tip can be installed to turn screw.
HAND DRILL - is a tool used with drills or bits found around the tang. The tang is the end
of the bit of which is held in the brace.
HAMMER DRILL - also known as a percussion drill or impact drill, is a power tool used
chiefly for drilling in hard materials. It is a type of rotary drill with an impact mechanism that
generates a hammering motion.
3. TESTING TOOLS
used in finding out how well the finished work.
PLUMB BOB OR PLUMMET - is a tool used for testing and surveying to position a point
on the ground that is not readily visible. Plumb bob is a weight with a pointed tip at the
bottom that is suspended from a string and used as a vertical reference line.
SPIRIT LEVEL - is a tool used to indicate how parallel (level) or perpendicular (plumb) a
surface is relative to the earth. A spirit level gets its name from the mineral spirit solution inside
the levels.
4. DRIVING TOOLS
driving tools help hand tools and power tools work together, especially important for the
variety of drilling tasks that get done in woodworking.
CLAW HAMMER is a tool used for pulling and driving the nails from some other object.
Generally, a hammer is associated with woodworking but is not limited to use for any
purpose.
CROW BAR is a tool consisting of a metal bar with a single curved end and flattened points,
often with a small fissure on one or both ends for removing nails.
SCREW DRIVER is a tool used to insert and tighten, or to loosen and remove screw. The
screw driver comprises a head or tip which engages with a screw, a mechanism to apply
torque by rotating the tip, and some way to position and support screw driver.
(Screw drives types: Spanner head, Torque, Tri wing, Robertson, Hex Allen, Torx,
Crosshead, Flat)
SPANNER HEAD - Spanner (Snake-Eye) security bits are used for making
installations more secure. By adding an unconventional drive stile in public areas, they
are much less likely to be vandalized or tampered with on a whim. Spanner screws can
be seen commonly on public applications such as: Bathroom dividers and Public Art
Displays.
TORQUE SCREWDRIVER - is a tool used to turn screw head fasteners to a precise
and uniform tension. Torque is the measure of turning strength applied to twist an
object. ... This built-in limiter controls the maximum amount of turning power applied
to the screw by disengaging the drive connection at the preset torque level.
TRI-WING - is a tamper-resistant screw due to the rarity of Tri-Wing screwdrivers in

any stores, although they can be legally bought online. Tri-Wing, as the name suggests,
is a screw with three "wings" and a small triangular hole in the center.
ROBERTSON SCREWDRIVER - also known as a square or Scrulox screw drive is
specified as ANSI Type III Square Center and has a square-shaped socket in
the screw head and a square protrusion on the tool. Both the tool and the socket have
a slight taper.
HEX ALLEN - A hex key, also known as an Allen key or Allen wrench, is a small
handheld tool that's used for for driving bolts and screws with a hexagonal socket. They
are available in many different sizes, though they all have the same hexagonal-shaped
tip. To learn more about hex keys and the benefits they offer, keep reading.
TORX SCREWS are typically used in vehicles, motorcycles, bicycles, computer

systems, hard disk drives and consumer electronics. The unusual star-shaped head
makes them far more secure than regular flat-head or cross-head screws and allows
higher torque transmission so screws and bolts can be tightened more securely.
PHILLIPS SCREWDRIVER - has a cross or “X” shaped head instead of a flat one.
While arguably not as versatile as a flat head, the Phillips screwdriver offers a better
grip when turning screws. Because of the cross shape, it can dig into the head of screws
easier and is less prone to slippage
FLAT-HEAD SCREWDRIVER is a screwdriver with a wedge-shaped flat tip,

used to tighten or loosen screws that have a straight, linear notch in their heads. This flat tip is
perfectly sized to fit into a screw with a straight head slot with a corresponding shape.
DRILL PRESS - also called Drilling Machine, device for producing holes in hard
substances. The drill is held in a rotating spindle and is fed into the workpiece, which
is usually clamped in a vise resting on a table.
PIPE WRENCH OR STILLSON WRENCH - is an adjustable wrench used for

turning soft iron pipes fittings with a rounded surface. The design of the adjustable
jaw allows it to rock in the frame such that any forward pressure on the handle tends
to pull the jaw tighter together.
5. HOLDING TOOLS
Tool for holding firmly any material that has to be cut.
ADJUSTABLE SPANNER/WRENCH, ADJUSTABLE ANGLE HEAD WRENCH - is a

tool which can be used to loosen and tighten a nut or bolt. It has a “jaw” of adjustable-size,
which allows different sizes of nut and bolt.
BASIN WRENCH - is a specialized tool which allows one to reach tight spot under sink
and basin. The jaw of the basin wrench can not only be adjusted to accommodate nuts of
different sizes, but it can also be flipped over the opposite side to keep it turning without
removing the wrench
BENCH VISE is a tool with a mechanical screw apparatus used for holding or clamping a
work piece to allow work to be performed on it which uses an anchor. Bench vise or vice has
one fixed jaw and another, parallel, jaw which is moved towards or away from the fixed jaw
by the screw.
CLAMP WRENCH is a tool used to grip and hold an object firmly such as wood, paper,
plastic and some metals for a short period time.
Directions: Match Column A with Column B
Column A Column B
1. It is used for unclogging showers, sinks, and a. Flange Plunger
bathtubs by putting a rubber cup over the drain. b. Cup Plunger
2. It is a cup plunger that has a soft rubber flap c. Slip Joint Pliers
designed to fit snugly into the hole of the toilet d. Drain Snake
to seal well for optimal pressure. e. Channel Locks
3. They are often used when you need two pliers f. Drain Auger
of the same size or when you must hold one pipe g. Basin wrench
with the pliers and unscrew the second pipe h. Adjustable Pipe Wrench
4. These are often used for gripping other tools i. Faucet Keys
because they have a slot in the head that slides j. Allen Wrench
up and down and adjust to the width you need. k. Faucet Valve-Seat Wrench
5. A motorized device with a cable that is fed down l. Plumbers Tape
a pipe in a circular motion. m. Stubby Screwdriver
6. It is used to clear more extensive lines usually n. Hole Saw
1-1/2”-3” o. Hacksaw.
7. This adjustable wrench is usually only used on a

heavy-duty, fixtures such as galvanized steel or iron.
8. It is designed to be a T-shaped and has a clamp-like
mechanism so it can reach behind the basin.
9. It is a proper tool to use to help install a new seal.
10. They are small X-shaped tool with different stem
fittings of various sizes
11. A small L-shaped wrench that comes in many
different sizes.
12. Is a small screw driver used for screws in a small-
spaces when a drill or a normal sized screw driver
cannot reach.
13. It the thin tape wrapped around threads on pipes and
fittings before they are put together
14. It is used if you cannot remove old nuts and bolts.
15. It is a simply used to cut holes in flooring or walls to
run plumbing piping through.
Plumbing material is needed as per the requirement of the plumbing work to be
done and its plan. Plumbing fitting and fixtures are available in the market in different
sizes and types. The size of the plumbing items can vary from inch to feet and meter in
height. Plumbing items are also available as per volumetric capacity like water tanks,
storage and flush tank, etc. Knowledge of various dimensions and sizes of plumbing
items is crucial in the proper selection and purchasing of plumbing material in the
market.
I. MEASURING TOOLS
is the activity of obtaining and comparing physical quantities of real-world
objects and events. Established standard objects and events are used as units, and the
process of measurement gives a number relating the item under study and the referenced
unit of measurement.
INSIDE CALIPER - is used to measure the internal size

of an object.
OUTSIDE CALIPER - is used to measure the
external size of an object
STEEL SQUARE - is a tool that carpenters and

other tradesman use consisting of a large arm and a
smaller arm which meet at an angle 90˚.Today the
steel square is more commonly referred to as the
framing square.
TRY SQUARE - is a wood working or a metal

working tool used for marking/measuring a piece
of wood. It is primarily used to measure the
accuracy of right angle (90˚ degrees) tried on any
surface so as to check its straightness or
correspondence to an adjoining surface.
PULL PUSH RULE (Tape Measure) - is a

flexible tape measure which is available in lengths
up to 50 feet. Other tapes that are 12 to 25 feet are
usually considered adequate. Most tapes have an
automatic power return that is useful but not
necessary.
SCREW GAUGE (Micro metre) - It is a
device incorporating a calibrated screw
used widely for precise measurement of
small lengths. Proper handling of this tool
is important in measuring any dimension
VERNIER CALLIPER - The metre scale is used to measure the length to the nearest
millimetre only. For measuring smaller lengths precisely, Vernier calliper is used.
Vernier calliper is a precision instrument used to measure the internal and external
lengths. It is usually a manual calliper.
II. Measurement of Length

A plumber uses the metallic tape, cloth tape, scale and foot rule for measuring. Metallic
tape should be used for accuracy in the measurement. Metre and its divisions are printed
on the measuring tape. The symbol of feet is (′) and the symbol of inch is (″). For
example, the meaning of 4′-9″ is four feet nine inches. Both the systems, i.e., metric
system and FPS (Foot-Pound-Second) system are used in plumbing measurement.
(A) IN METRIC SYSTEMS
• 1 metre = 10 decimetre (dm)
• 1 metre = 100 centimetre (cm)
• 1 metre = 1000 millimetre (mm)
• 10 millimetre = 1 centimetre (cm)
• 10 centimetre = 1 decimetre (dm)
• 10 decimetre = 1 metre (m)
(B) IN THE FPS SYSTEM

• 1 feet = 12 inches
• 3 feet = 1 yard
(C) INTER-RELATION OF METRIC AND FPS SYSTEM: BOTH TYPE OF

SYSTEMS CAN BE INTERRELATED, FOR TAKING LENGTH, IN THE
FOLLOWING MANNER :
• 1 inch = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm

• 1 metre = 39.37 inches = 1.09 yard
III. Measurement of Weight

Conversion Tables Weight
1 kilogram = 10 hectograms
1 kilogram = 100 decagram
1 kilogram = 1000 gram
100 kilogram = 1 quintal
1000 kilogram = 1 metric ton
1 kilogram = 2.2046 pounds
III. Length Conversion

Length conversion is depicted in the following.
1millimetre (mm) = 0.03937079 in, or about 1/25 in

10 millimetre = 1 centimetre (cm) =0.3937079 in
10 centimetres = 1 decimetre (dm) =0.3937079 in
10 decimetres = 1 metre (m) = 39.37079 in, 3.2808992 ft,
or 1.09361 yd
10 metres = 1 decametre = 32.808992 ft
10 decametres = 1 hectometres = 19.927817 rods
10 hectometres = 1 kilometre (km) = 1093.61 yd, or 0.621377
mile
10 kilometres = 1 myriametre = 6.21377 mile
1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 foot = 0.3048 m
1 yard = 0.9144 m
1 rod = 0.5029 decametre 1 mile = 1.6093 km
IV. Measurement of Length

Length conversion is depicted in the following.
• 1 millimetre (mm) = 0.03937079 in, or about 1/25 in
• 10 millimetre = 1 centimetre (cm) = 0.3937079 in
• 10 centimetres = 1 decimetre (dm) = 3.937079 in
• 10 decimetres = 1 metre (m) = 39.37079 in, 3.2808992 ft, or 1.09361 yd
• 10 metres = 1 decametre = 32.808992 ft
• 10 decametres = 1 hectometres = 19.927817 rods
• 10 hectometres = 1 kilometre = 1093.61 yd, or 0.621377 metre
• 1 inch = 2.54cm, 1 foot = 0.3048 m, 1 yard = 0.9144 metre
• 1 rod = 0.5029 decametre
• 1 mile = 1.6093 kilometre
V. MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME
Conversion Table for Volume
Volume conversion is depicted in the following.
• 10 litres= 1 decilitre (dl) = 2.6417 gal, or 1.135 pk
• 10 decilitres = 1 hectolitre (Hl) = 2.8375 bu
• 10 hectolitres = 1 kilolitre (kl) = 61027.0515 cubic
• inch or 28.375 bu
• 1 cubic foot = 28.317
• 1 gallon (American) = 3.785 l
• 1 gallon (British) = 4.543 l
• 1 gallon = 4.546 litre
V. Measurement of Density
Density conversion is depicted below.
• 1 lb/ft3 = 16.018 kg/m3
• 1 kg/m3 = 0.0624 lb. /ft3
• 1 lb/in3 = 27.68 g/cm3
VI. MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE

Pressure conversion is depicted below.
• 1 lb/ft2 = 4.8824 kg/m3 = 1lb/metre2 = 6.895 KgN/m2
• 1 lb/inch2 = 0.0703 kg/cm3
Comprehensive Conversion Table

Millimetres = 25.400 × inches
Metres × 3.2809 = feet
Metres = 0.3048 × feet
Kilometres × 0.621377 = miles
Kilometres = 1.6093 × miles
Square centimetres × 0.15500 = square inches
Square centimetres = 6.4515 × square inches
Square metres × 10.76410 = square feet
Square metres = 0.09290 × square feet
Square kilometres × 247.1098 = acres
Square kilometres = 0.00405 × acres
Hectares × 2.471 = acres
Hectares 0.4047 × acres
Cubic centimetre × 0.061025 = cubic inches
Cubic centimetre = 16.3266 × cubic inches
Cubic metre × 35.3156 = cubic feet
Cubic metre = 0.02832 × cubic feet
Cubic metre × 1.308 = cubic yard
Cubic metre = 0.765 × cubic yard
Litres × 61.023 = cubic inches
Litres = 0.01639 × cubic inches
Litres × 0.26418 = U.S. gallons
Litres = 3.7854 × U.S. gallons
Grams × 15.4324 = grains
Grams = 0.0648 × grains
Grams × 0.03527 = Ounces, avoirdupois
Grams = 28.3495 × Ounces, avoirdupois
Kilograms × 2.2046 = pounds
Kilograms = 0.4536 × pounds
Kilogram per square × 14.2231 = lb.per sqin
centimetre
Kilogram per square = 0.0703 × lbper sqin
centimetre
Kilograms per cubic metre × 0.06243 = lbper cuft
Kilograms per cubic metre = 16.01890 × lbper cuft
Metric tons (1000 × 1.1023 × tons (2000 lb)
kilograms)
Metric tons (1000 = 0.9072 × tons (2000 lb)
kilograms)
Kilowatts × 1.3405 = horse power
Kilowatts = 0.746 × horse power
Calories × 3.9683 = B.t.u
Calories = 0.2520 × B.t.u
Francs × 0.193 = dollars
Francs = 5.18 × dollars
TIPS IN CONVERTING THE MEASUREMENT

(a) To know the circumference of a circle, multiply its diameter by 3.1416.
(b) To calculate the diameter of a circle, multiply the circumference by 0.31831.
(c) To calculate the area of circle, multiply the square of the diameter by 0.7854.
(d) To calculate the circumference, multiply the radius of a circle by 6.283185.
(e) To calculate the area, multiply the square of the circumference of a circle by
0.07958.
(f) To calculate the area, multiply the half the circumference of a circle with half its
diameter.
(g) To calculate the radius, multiply the circumference of circle with 0.159155.
(h) To calculate the radius, multiply the square root of the area of circle with 0.56419.
(i) To calculate the diameter, multiply the square root of the area of circle with
1.12838.
(j) To calculate the diameter of a circle equal in area to a given square, multiply a side
of the square by 1.12838.
(k) To calculate the side of a square equal in area to a given circle, multiply the
diameter by 0.8862.
(l) To calculate the side of a square inside a circle, multiply the diameter by 0.7071.
(m) To calculate the side of a hexagon inside in a circle, multiply the diameter of the
circle by 0.500.
(n) To calculate the diameter of a circle inside in a hexagon, multiply the side of the
hexagon by 1.7321.
(o) To calculate the side of an equilateral triangle inside in a circle, multiply the
diameter of a circle by 0.866.
(p) To calculate the diameter of a circle inside in an equilateral triangle, multiply a

side of the triangle by 0.57735.
(q) To calculate the area of the surface of a ball (sphere), multiply the square of the
diameter by 3.1416.
(r) To calculate the volume of a ball (sphere), multiply the cube of the diameter by
0.5236.
(s) Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times.
(t) To calculate the pressure in pounds per square inch at the base of a column of
water, multiply the height of the column in feet by 0.433.
(u) A gallon of water (U.S. standard) weighs 8.336 pounds and contains 231 cube
inches. A cubic foot of water contains 7½ gallons, 1,728 cubic inches and weighs
62.425 pounds at a temperature of about 39°F. These weights change slightly and
below this temperature.
Units of Measure and their Equivalents:

a. Inch (“) - Equal to one-twelfth of a foot (1/12) or one thirty-sixth of a yard (1/36
yard)
b. Foot („) - Equal to twelve inches (12”) or one-third of a yard (1/3 yard)
c. Yard - Equal to three feet (3‟) or thirty-six inches (36”)
d. Rod - Equal to sixteen and one-half feet (161/2)
e. Mile - Equal to five thousand, two hundred and eighty feet (5280‟)
Directions: Draw the following terms in measuring tools
INSIDE CALIPER
OUTSIDE CALIPER
STEEL SQUARE
TRY SQUARE
PULL PUSH RULE (Tape Measure)
SCREW GAUGE (Micro metre)
VERNIER CALLIPER
PLUMBING DRAWING
A plumbing drawing is a type of technical drawing that provides visual representation
and information relating to a plumbing system. It is used to convey the engineering
design to plumbers or other workers who will use them to help install the plumbing
system.
A plumbing drawing is used to show clearly the location of fixtures, sanitaryware,
pipework, valves and so on, and illustrates how fresh water is to be supplied into a
building and waste water removed. To illustrate the separate hot and coldwater supply,
the pipe runs will usually be coloured red and blue respectively. Drainage pipes should
be illustrated with the grade (slope) indicated. Where manholes are included, a manhole
schedule should detail the name, invert level, cover level, and depth.
Plumbing can also be detailed as a shop drawing, in which the pre-fabricated
components are shown in terms of how they will be connected, interlink, and so on.
The following are typically included Other information may be needed,
in a set of plumbing drawings: depending on the complexity of the
• A plan with lines and symbols project:
representing all piping • Details drawings, such as water heater,
• Symbol legend, general notes, and water-meter connection, or floor drains
specific key notes • Diagrams or details referencing
• Fixture schedule, specifying the special equipment requirements
manufacturer and model for each item • Fire-protection notes
• The sizes for all piping, cold/hot • Fire-sprinkler notes and symbols
water, sanitary, vent lines, etc. • Special-air lines
• Diagrams, such as water riser and • Natural-gas lines
sanitary stack and information
regarding the water heater
EXAMPLE OF PLUMBING DRAWING
PROPER INSTALLATION/LAY OUT OF LAVATORY, BATH TAB, TOILET BOWL, AND

THE SINK
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In sketching orthographic drawing, certain conventional lines are used for a
definite purpose. These lines are commonly called Alphabet of Lines.
USES OF ALPHABET OF LINES
Construction line - Very light line used to “block in” an object. These lines are made
so light that little or no erasing is needed. They serve as base for darkening in the
permanent line
Borderline - Heavy, solid line used to frame in the drawing
Visible line - A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible to the eye.
Invisible line - A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible to the eye.
Centerline - A light line used as axis of symmetry. Used for center of circle and arcs.
Sometimes the symbol is shown
Dimension line - Light thin lines used to show the sizes of the object. Extension lights
start about 1/16” from visible or object line. The dimension line is broken near the
center for the dimension.
Long break line - Wavy line draws freehand for same purpose as long break.
IMPORTANCE OF PLUMBING SYMBOLS

A well-trained plumber does the installation of the fittings and
fixtures as per the drawing given in the assembly sheet of the plumbing
fixtures in the manufacturer’s catalogue. These drawings consist of
symbols, assembly of fixture and installation method. Identification of the
symbols given in the drawings of fixtures makes the installation work easy
for the plumber. Plumbing symbols are given in this Unit. The students
should identify and learn the symbols so that it will be helpful in future
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PLUMBING SYMBOLS
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Directions: On 8.5 by 11 sheet of paper, draw the following picture of plumbing
diagram. You can scan or picture it with your gadgets and will be sent in Google
Classroom
Use the following rubrics to be your guide:

Components Mastery Accomplished Unacceptable Score
10 - 9 8-7 6-0
Reflection and The drawing The drawing The student clearly did
Knowledge represents a clear represents a not understand the
understanding of somewhat clear information. The
the information understanding of the drawing is not
presented. material. representative of the
knowledge gained.
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Basic Skills Drawing exhibits Drawing contains Drawing lacks detail.
attention to detail many strong elements Little effort in work and
and a variety of but needs further appears improvised and
drawing refinement and fine- looks incomplete. No
techniques. tuning. Only a few variety in drawing
drawing techniques techniques.
used.
Shading/Realism Shading is well Drawing is shaded Shading in not

done with defined but need a few complete or not present
attention to detail. finishing touches in at all. The drawing has
Objects appear real order for the drawing an incomplete look and
and three- to be realistic has a two-dimensional
dimensional. looking. The look.
drawing still has a
two-dimensional
quality.
Layout/ Layout and Majority of the face Elements of the face are
Proportion proportion are is properly laid-out, out of place and/or out
properly sketched. but the drawing has a of proportion.
Face looks natural, few areas that need
without distortions. further refinement in
order for the face to
look proportional
/natural.
Originality/ The student Tried a few ideas but Fulfilled the
Creativity explored several based his/her work on assignment, but gave no
choices, generating someone else’s idea. evidence of trying
many ideas, anything unusual.
unusual Shows no evidence of
combinations or original thought.
changes on several
ideas.
Effort Project is complete Worked hard and Chose only easy
and shows effort completed the project projects and did the
far beyond that but could have work indifferently.
which was required improved with more Completed with
effort. minimum effort or not
finished.
Performance Worked Worked Made little progress
independently. independently most toward goals. Very
Followed of the time. Showed little accomplished
directions and some initiative. during the period.
classroom rules. Needed a few Materials and tools
Used art materials reminders on proper used inappropriately.
wisely. care of materials and Difficulty listening and
Participated in followed classroom following directions.
class discussions rules. Limited Disrespects others and
and cleaned up involvement in class disruptive in classroom.
their workspace. discussions and had
to be reminded to
clean up workspace.
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All tools and equipment must be properly maintained so that workers are not
endangered. Construction regulations require inspections of vehicles, tools, machines,
and equipment before use.
Preventive maintenance is the systematic care and protection of tools,
equipment, machines, and vehicles in order to keep them in a safe, usable condition,
that limits downtime and extends productivity. We must always be aware that
maintenance tasks themselves are potentially hazardous and can result in injury.
General requirements for equipment maintenance include:

• Obtaining a copy of the maintenance schedule recommended by the
manufacturer.
• Ensuring that maintenance is performed as required.
• Ensuring that the person(s) performing the maintenance are competent
(e.g. licensed mechanic).
• Retaining records of maintenance/service conducted.
• Specifying who is responsible for overseeing equipment maintenance and
where the records are kept.
• Setting up a system for removal and tagging of damaged or defective
tools and equipment.
• Regularly check all equipment
• Recognise and report unsafe equipment
• Be aware of manufacturers instructions
• Use safety equipment and guards as instructed
• Report all equipment issues with supervisors
• Use organisations appropriate documentation as supplied
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Consider the environment when cleaning equipment.
• Contaminants into waterways
• Wastage of water
• Recycling
CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS
Before using the tools and equipment in the installation of pipes, you have to
know first the types of lubricants to be used. In this manner, you can prevent rusting
and malfunctioning of the tools and equipment.
There are four types of lubricants and these are liquid including emulsion and
suspension, solid, grease, and paste.
Liquid lubricants – are known as lanolin natural water

repellent lanolin which is derived from wool grease and is a
safe alternative to the more common petrochemical based
lubricants. These lubricants are also preventive agents
against inhibitors such as rust, salt and acids.
Water can also be used on its own or as a

major component with one of the other
base oils.
Mineral oil is used to encompass lubricating base oil derived from

crude oil.
Vegetable oil is primarily triglyceride esters

derived from plants and animals.
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Purpose of Lubricating
Here are the advantages of lubricating the tools and equipment:
• Keeps moving parts apart.

• Reduces friction.
• Transfers heat.
• Carries away contaminant and debris.
• Transmits power.
• Protects against wear.
• Prevents corrosion.
STORE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

A. Tools and Equipment Inventory
Some companies often spend more time in tracking and managing their
inventory. Others --- such as manufacturers, producers and construction companies ---
may use specific equipment for specific jobs. This creates a difficult situation of
attempting to manage inventory at multiple job locations. Business owners and
managers typically create systems or processes that employees must follow when
using the company's shop tools.
Depending on the type of company, owners or managers may require
employees to use own tools for certain jobs. For example, construction companies
may require employees to have their own items such as a hammer, painting equipment
or welding supplies. This reduces inventory management.
Whatever is the type of company or shop, inventory taking is very important.
On this context, inventory is defined as a detailed list of all the items in stock. As
figure on the below it shows the example of inventory of materials
Reason for Maintaining Tools and Equipment Inventory

The most important point to
consider is to purchase top-grade tools.
They must be made of high-quality steel
and manufactured for precision. Special
consideration is given to balance so that
the tool/equipment will be properly
maintained and prevent loses. Since the
technician must work with his tools daily,
regular inventory of tools/equipment is
very important.
The initial cost of a minimum
number of tools is high but there is
accompanying warranty guarantees
satisfaction and many years of service. It
is better, in the long run, to start with a
few carefully selected tools that will take
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care of your most common needs and then gradually build-up to a complete set. It is
sometimes hard to identify and memorize the huge number of tools and equipment in
the workshop, maintaining the inventory record is of great value.
5S SYSTEM: THE LEAN WAY TO WORKPLACE

ORGANIZATION FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
5S represents Japanese words that describe the steps of a workplace organization
process. English equivalent words are shown in parenthesis
1. Seiri (Sort)
2. Seiton (Straighten, Set)
3. Seiso (Shine, Sweep)
4. Seiketsu (Standardize)
5. Shitsuke (Sustain)
In simple terms, the five S methodology helps a workplace remove items that are no
longer needed (sort), organize the items to optimize efficiency and flow (straighten),
clean the area in order to more easily identify problems (shine), implement color
coding and labels to stay consistent with other areas (standardize) and develop
behaviors that keep the workplace organized over the long term (sustain).
It is also referred to as 6S or 5S+S (adding Safety or Security) or even 7s (adding

Spirit and Safety). Not to be confused with Six Sigma (often written as 6s).
5S is based on the CANDO system developed by Henry Ford in the early 20th
century.
Here is a breakdown of each ‘S’
1. Sort (seiri) – Distinguishing between necessary and unnecessary things, and

getting rid of what you do not need
• Remove items not used in area – outdated materials, broken equipment,

redundant equipment, files on the computer, measurements which you no
longer use
• Ask staff to tag all items which they don’t think are needed – this improves
understanding about need and use
• Classify all equipment and materials by frequency of use to help decide if it
should be removed – place ‘Red Tag’ on items to be removed
• Establish a ‘holding area’ for items that are difficult to classify – hold item for
allotted period to enable others not on 5S team to review
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SORT
2. Straighten (seiton) – The practice of orderly storage so the right item can be
picked efficiently (without waste) at the right time, easy to access for everyone. A
place for everything and everything in its place.
• Identify and allocate a place for all the materials needed for your work
• Assign fixed places and fixed quantity
• Make it compact
• Place heavy objects at a height where they are easy to pick from
• Decide how things should be put away, and obey those rules
STRAIGHTEN
3. Shine (seiso) – Create a clean worksite without garbage, dirt and dust, so problems
can be more easily identified (leaks, spills, excess, damage, etc)
• Identify root causes of dirtiness, and correct process

• Only one work activity on a workspace at any given time
• Keep tools and equipment clean and in top condition, ready for use at any time
• Cleanliness should be a daily activity – at least 5 minutes per day
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• Use chart with signatures/initials shows that the action or review has taken
place
• Ensure proper lighting – it can be hard to see dirt and dust
SHINE
4. Standardize (seiketsu) – Setting up standards for a neat, clean, workplace
• Standardization of best practices through ‘visual management’

• Make abnormalities visible to management
• Keep each area consistent with one another
• Standards make it easy to move workers into different areas
• Create process of how to maintain the standard with defined roles and
responsibilities
• Make it easy for everyone to identify the state of normal or abnormal
conditions – place photos on the walls, to provide visual reminder
STANDARDIZE
5. Sustain (shitsuke) – Implementing behaviors and habits to maintain the established

standards over the long term, and making the workplace organization the key to
managing the process for success
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• Toughest phase is to Sustain – many fall short of this goal
• Establish and maintain responsibilities – requires leader commitment to follow
through
• Every one sticks to the rules and makes it a habit
• Participation of everyone in developing good habits and buy-in
• Regular audits and reviews
• Get to root cause of issues
• Aim for higher 5S levels – continuous improvement
SUSTAIN
Originally, the technique was called ‘4S’, with Set and Shine combined. However,
Toyota and most other companies use the 5S as a standard.
Other improvement experts like Paul Akers have promoted the use of 3S on a daily
basis in his book “2 Second Lean,” to focus on Sort, Sweep and Standardize, and not
focus as much on straighten or sustain. He credits Hoks in Japan with teaching him
this approach, as they felt 5S was too complicated.
The other options to include with 5S are Safety, Security and Spirit.
Safety: Safety is often said that it is implied within 5S that everything should be done
with safety as the number one priority, but to ensure that is the case, Safety is added
as an additional S. It is particularly prominent in manufacturing, warehouses, heavy
equipment, construction, healthcare and laboratory settings, and in other contexts
where potentially dangerous equipment or substances may be involved, and less
prominent in office settings.
Spirit: To ensure that the focus of 5S is to make it easier for the workers, Spirit is
added to remind people that it should be fun, and that creativity is key to coming up
with new ideas and better ways to implement 5S. Without engaged workers, the 5S
approach will not last or be successful.
Isolocity offers an example of how sustaining 5S in the workplace can be automated

through software.
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In Gemba Kaizen, author Masaaki Imai mentions another method, called 5 C’s
(or five-C’s):
• Clear out
• Configure
• Clean and check
• Conform
• Custom and practice
Direction: Identify whether is the statement is True or the statement is False.

Copy the statements below and put it in the document and answer it.
1. Tools that shows rust indicate the good performance
2. A proper storage system is a must for hand tools used in plumbing
3. Rust and grime can bring your power tools to weak performance and
durability during the time used
4. The separation of hand tools and equipment is important in order to avoid the
direct contact.
5. Inspecting your tools regularly can also help to prolong them if done
thoroughly and frequently enough.
6. Don’t forget to check the cord’s prongs because, if they are bent, they’ll also
need replacing or repairing.
7. Used the equipment that make electric shocks while using.
8. Lubricating tools thread helps to exert smooth work.
9. High quality products at equipment will last longer.
10. The monthly clean and upgrade of equipment and tools can cause of failed
performance.
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Occupational health and safety is the field of public health that studies trends
in illnesses and injuries in the worker population and proposes and implements
strategies and regulations to prevent them. Its scope is broad, encompassing a wide
variety of disciplines—from toxicology and epidemiology to ergonomics and violence
prevention.
Hazards and Risks Identification and Control
Requirements in Conducting/Identifying Hazards
• Survey the workplace to identify hazards. This survey must be in writing and
must be available to all workers
• Determine whether any hazard requires Personal Protective Equipment
• Pay special attention to working conditions or process that can produce
hazards.
• Reassess hazards whenever necessary, especially when new equipment is
installed, to avoid accidents.
• Any reassessment must be written and must be available to workers upon
request.
HAZARD, RISK AND EXPOSURE IN THE WORKPLACE
Plumbing works covers with a lot of activities to be done in the different workplace.
While performing these activities we expose ourselves to a lot of risk. Workplace
hazard is a major cause of accident, injury, or harm to a worker who performs such task.
These hazards should be the major concern of all who are involved in a certain job or
work.
It is important to distinguish hazard, risk and exposure when undertaking risk
management.
o HAZARD is the potential for harm, or

adverse effect on an employee’s health.
Anything which may cause injury or ill
health to anyone at or near a workplace is a
hazard.
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o RISK is the likelihood that a hazard will
cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near
a workplace. The level of risk increases with
the severity of the hazard and the duration
and frequency of exposure.
o EXPOSURE occurs when a person comes
into contact with a hazard.
Types of Hazard
Hazards are classified into five different types. They are:
1. Physical - includes floors, stairs, work platforms, steps, ladders,

fire, falling objects, slippery surfaces, manual handling (lifting,
pushing, pulling), excessively loud and prolonged noise, vibration,
heat and cold, radiation, poor lighting, ventilation, air quality
2. Mechanical and/or electrical - includes electricity,

machinery, equipment, pressure vessels, dangerous goods, fork
lifts, cranes, hoists
3. Chemical - includes chemical substances such as acids or

poisons and those that could lead to fire or explosion, like
pesticides, herbicides, cleaning agents, dusts and fumes from
various processes such as welding.
4. Biological - includes bacteria, viruses, mold, mildew, insects, vermin,

animals
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5. Psychosocial environment - includes workplace stressors
arising from a variety of sources.
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES REGARDING SAFETY

WORKING ENVIRONMENT
1. Identify the potential emergencies.
The emergencies that may occur on plumbing site could include:

a. Fire
b. Flood
c. Typhoon
d. machinery entrapment
e. electrical shock
f. chemical exposure
g. injuries
h. illness and
i. accidents
2. Provide emergency facilities appropriate for the sorts of emergencies that might
occur on the farm (e.g. deluge showers, eye washes, firefighting equipment, first aid
kits).
3. Make sure that the correct equipment is available to contain and handle any
chemical or other dangerous materials spills that might happen.
4. To help minimize the risk of personal injury or property damage in the event of an
emergency, people working on and visiting the farm need to know and understand the
emergency procedures and their responsibilities.
5. Instruct everyone working on the farm in the emergency response procedures
6. Everyone should know the location of fire alarms, fire extinguishers and first aid
kits; how and
WORKING CONDITIONS THAT CAN PRODUCE HAZARDS

1. Falling objects
2. Objects that can puncture skin
3. Objects that could roll over worker’s feet
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4. Toxic chemicals
5. Heat
6. Harmful Dust
7. Radiation
SIGNS AND THEIR LOCATION:

1. Danger Signs -are used only where immediate
hazards exist. They are printed in red as the
predominating color.
2. Caution Signs -are used to warn against potential

hazards.
3. Exit Signs -are printed in legible green signs for

exits.
4. Safety Instructions Signs
5. Accidental Prevention Tags - are used as temporary means

of warning to existing hazards, such as defection, tools and
equipment.
6. Barricades -are used for protection of employees
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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
Here are the types of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) use for safety purposes:
A. Face protection
Goggles and face protection must be used when workers are

at risk from flying particles, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic
liquids and chemical gases. Various goggles for face
protection must meet certain design criteria for safety.
B. Foot Protection
Safety shoes with impact protection are used in work
areas where heavy objects or tools could be accidentally
dropped on the feet. Safety shoes with puncture
protection are required when working around nails, wire
tacks, scrap metals and other objects that could fierce
the feet.
C. Hand Protection
Gloves are required to protect the hands of

workers from cuts, scrapes, punctures, burns,
chemical absorption, and exhaust temperatures. It
is crucial that the type of glove being used is the
right one for the job.
D. Hearing Protection
Appropriate ear muffs or ear plugs must be
made available as a last resort if it is not
possible to make the workplace less noisy. The
requirement is a small part of the occupational
noise exposure standard which requires
employers to ensure that workers are exposed to
less than 90 decibels of noise over an 8 hour
period.
E. Respirators
62 | P a g e
Appropriate respirators must be worn as a last resort
if it is not possible to ventilate the work area properly.
PREVENTING SLIPS
Slips occur when there is too little friction between your feet and the ground.
Common causes of slips are wet surfaces, weather hazards, and loose soil or ground.
Slips often happen when you are distracted or in a hurry, but they can be prevented.
Occupation Health and Safety (OHS) Procedures for controlling hazards and
risks.
1. Conduct a hazard assessment like;
• Survey workplace to identify hazards (put them in writing)

• Determine whether any hazard required Personal Protective Equipment.
• Pay attention to working conditions that can produce hazards
• Reassess hazards whenever necessary, especially when new equipment is
installed
2. Select appropriate equipment;

Ensure that all Personal Protective Equipment used is the right kind of equipment for
the job, and is maintained properly
3. Have knowledge on the following:
• Which PPE is necessary

• How to identify if it fits properly
• How to put on, remove, adjust and wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• How to dispose of Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)
• The limitation of using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
PROCEDURE IN DEALING WITH WORKPLACE, ACCIDENTS,

FIRE AND EMERGENCIES
PROCEDURES:
A. DEALING WITH ACCIDENTS
1. Keep calm, don’t panic and study the situation.

2. Report immediately to your teacher
3. Apply first aid to the victim while waiting for a nurse or a physician
4. Bring the patient to the nearest clinic or hospital
63 | P a g e
B. DEALING WITH FIRE
1. Do not panic, stay calm.

2. Call the attention of everybody.
3. Use your firefighting equipment to control extinguish the fire.
4. Call the office or the fire station
C. DEALING WITH EMERGENCIES

1. Stay calm and study the situation.
2. Call the attention of your teacher.
Direction: Make a pair and make a list of hazards that may be present in the
workplace. Choose 3 or 4 hazards and list them and assess them. Write down
ways to control the hazards on the table below.
Spot the Hazard Assess the Risk Make the Changes

A Hazard is Work out how likely it Eliminate, substitute,
anything that could is that the hazard will isolate, add
hurt you or hurt someone and safeguards, use
someone else how badly they could safest way, use
be hurt protective equipment
List the hazards Describe the risks Suggest ways to
control the risks
• •
•
• •
•
• •
•
• •
•
• •
•
• •
•
• •
•
• •
•
• •
•
64 | P a g e
DIRECTION: Read the questions carefully and choose the correct answer
1. Has gained popularity in the petroleum, oil, automobile, shipping and food industries
because of its durability and versatility?
A. Facts C. Different types of pipes
B. Steel Pipe Characteristics D. Pipe
2. It is a casting iron pipes that heavy metal made of casting on molds to make fixtures.
such as sink, tubs and lavatories, covered with a porcelain enamel coating?
A. Pipe C. CI PIPE
B. PE PIPE D. GI PIPE
3. also known as "ells," are used to change the direction of a pipe system. An elbow
typically features a 45- or 90-degree bend, although other angles are also available?
A. ELBOWS C. COUPLINGS AND UNIONS
B. TEES, WYES AND CROSSES D. NONE OF THE ABOVE
4. Is a tool which can be used to loosen and tighten a nut or bolt. It has a “jaw” of
adjustable size, which allows different sizes of nut and bolt?
A. BASIN WRENCH C. BENCH VISE
B. ADJUSTABLE SPANNER/WRENCH D. FRENCH
WRENCH
5. Is a specialized tool which allows one to reach tight spot under sink and basin?
A. BASIN WRENCH C. BENCH VISE
B. ADJUSTABLE SPANNER/WRENCH D. FRENCH
6. Needed as per the requirement of the plumbing work to be done and its plan.
Plumbing fitting and fixtures are available in the market in different sizes and types.
The size of the plumbing items can vary from inch to feet and meter in height?
A. MATERIALS C. PLUMBING MATERIALS
B. TOOLS D. MATERIALS TOOLS
7. Is the activity of obtaining and comparing physical quantities of real-world objects

and events? Established standard objects and events are used as units, and the
65 | P a g e
process of measurement gives a number relating the item under study and the
referenced unit of measurement?
A. TOOLS C. MEASURING TOOLS
B. PLUMBING MATERIALS D. MATERIALS
8. is used to measure the internal size of an object?

A. INSIDE CALIPER C. OUTSIDE CALIPER
B. TOOLS D. NONE OF THE ABOVE
9. used to measure the external size of an object?

10. The metre scale is used to measure the length to the nearest millimetre only. For
measuring smaller lengths precisely?
B. TOOLS D. VERNIER CALLIPER
11.Used to show clearly the location of fixtures, sanitaryware, pipework, valves and
so on, and illustrates how fresh water is to be supplied into a building and waste water
removed?
A. PLUMBING MATERIALS C. MATERIAL
B. PLUMBING DRAWING D. ART
12. Heavy, solid line used to frame in the drawing?

A. CONSTRUCTION LINE C. VISIBLE LINE
B. DIMENSION LINE D. BORDER LINE
13. Light thin lines used to show the sizes of the object. Extension lights start about
1/16” from visible or object line. The dimension line is broken near the center for the
dimension?
14. A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible to the eye?
66 | P a g e
15. Very light line used to “block in” an object. These lines are made so light that
little or no erasing is needed. They serve as base for darkening in the permanent line?
16. All tools and equipment must be properly maintained so that workers are not
endangered. Construction regulations require inspections of vehicles, tools, machines,
and equipment before use?
A. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT C. EQUIPMENT
17. The systematic care and protection of tools, equipment, machines, and vehicles in
order to keep them in a safe, usable condition, that limits downtime and extends
productivity?
A. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT C. EQUIPMENT
B. TOOLS D. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
18. Are known as lanolin natural water repellent lanolin which is derived from wool
grease and is a safe alternative to the more common petrochemical based lubricants.
These lubricants are also preventive agents against inhibitors such as rust, salt and
acids.?
A. WATER C. LIQUID LUBRICANTS
B. OIL D. NONE OF THE ABOVE
19. Can also be used on its own or as a major component with one of the other base
oils?
A. WATER C. LIQUID LUBRICANTS
B. OIL D. NONE OF THE ABOVE
20. is used to encompass lubricating base oil derived from crude oil.?
A. WATER B. MINERAL OIL
67 | P a g e
C. LIQUID LUBRICANTS D. NONE OF THE ABOVE
21. Is the potential for harm, or adverse effect on an employee’s health. Anything
which may cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a workplace is a hazard?
A. HAZARD C. EXPOSURE
B. RISK D. PHYSICAL
22. Is the likelihood that a hazard will cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a
workplace. The level of risk increases with the severity of the hazard and the duration
and frequency of exposure?
B. RISK D. PHYSICAL
23. Occurs when a person comes into contact with a hazard?

B. RISK D. PHYSICAL
24. Includes chemical substances such as acids or poisons and those that could lead to
fire or explosion, like pesticides, herbicides, cleaning agents, dusts and fumes from
various processes such as welding?
A. HAZARD C. CHEMICAL
B. RISK D. PHYSICAL
25. Must be used when workers are at risk from flying particles, liquid chemicals,
acids or caustic liquids and chemical gases. Various goggles for face protection must
meet certain design criteria for safety?
A. FOOT PROTECTION C. SAFETY SHOES
B. GOOGLES AND FACE D. HANDS PROTECTION.
PROTECTION
68 | P a g e
1. A 6. A
2. B 7. C
3. A 8. B
4. A 9. B
5. C 10. A
LESSON 1
1. B 9. K
2. A 10. I
3. E 11. J
4. C 12. M
5. D 13. L
6. F 14. O
7. H 15. N
8. G
69 | P a g e
LESSON 4
1. False 6. True
2. True 7. False
3. True 8. True
4. True 9. True
5. True 10. False
1.B 13.B
2.C 14. C
3.A 15.A
4.B 16.D
5.A 17.C
6.D 18.A
7.C 19.B
8.A 20.A
9.C 21.B
10.D 23.C
11.B 24.C
12.D 25.B
70 | P a g e
https://www.crescentplastics.com/resources/pvc-plastic-vs-abs-
plastic#:~:text=Acrylonitrile%20butadiene%20styrene%20(ABS)%20and,%2Dtoxic%20and
%20abrasion%2Dresistant.&text=ABS%20is%20used%20in%20drain,systems%2C%20or%2
0electrical%20cable%20insulation.
https://www.hunker.com/13401338/types-of-fittings
https://nsfsakai.nthsydney.tafensw.edu.au/access/content/group/179a89f1-0f5a-4f18-
90a1-
ecbe32dd40d4/Floristry/MaintainToolsAndEquipment/maintain%20tools%20and%20equip
ment.pdf
https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-occupational-health-and-safety-4159865
https://www.ihsa.ca/Resources/Tool_Equip_Maintenance.aspx
https://www.leansixsigmadefinition.com/glossary/5s/
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Plumbing_drawing
https://www.northernarchitecture.us/building-codes/plumbing-drawings.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNdH-lCZwEs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbqZ12QhoY4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gp3Kie8fdf0
71 | P a g e

Module 6 - Introduction To Plumbing

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Module 6 - Introduction To Plumbing

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0|Module 6: Introduction to Plumbing

Intended Learning Outcome………………………………………………………….. 2

Introduction to Plumbing…………………………………………………………... 5-6

Concepts & Abstractions……………………………………………………………... 7

LESSON 1 – Prepare Plumbing Materials and Tools…………………………….. 7-29

LESSON 2 – Maintain Tools and Equipment…………………………………… 31-39

LESSON 3 – Perform Mensuration and Calculation……………………………. 41-48

LESSON 4 – Interpret Drawings and Plans……………………………………... 50-57

LESSON 5 – Practice Occupational Health and Safety…………………………. 58-64

Answer Key……………………………………………………………………… 69-70

References & Video Links…………………………………………………………..71

1|Module 6: Introduction to Plumbing

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME

2|Module 6: Introduction to Plumbing

3|Module 6: Introduction to Plumbing

4|Module 6: Introduction to Plumbing

A plumber’s job role consists of installation, repair, maintenance and servicing of

5|Module 6: Introduction to Plumbing

6|Module 6: Introduction to Plumbing

1.Steel Pipe Characteristics

7|Module 6: Introduction to Plumbing

Figure 1.3: Steel Pipe

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PIPES

PVC PIPE -refers to Poly Vinyl Chloride

PE PIPE -refers to Polyethylene Plastic material

8|Module 6: Introduction to Plumbing

GI PIPE -is a galvanized iron pipe which is better

ABS PIPE-is an acrylonitrile butadiene

II. MATERIALS USED IN PLUMBING

1. SOLVENT -is an adhesive material usually used

9|Module 6: Introduction to Plumbing

3. ABS CLEANER AND CEMENT -is an

COUPLINGS AND UNIONS

Couplings and unions come in a number of different sizes and designs.

Compression fittings are generally made up of three pieces: a body, nut

CAPS AND PLUGS

Valves, while considered fittings, are sometimes placed in their own

Fittings may be composed of a number of different materials. The most important

7. ADAPTOR/ADAPTER-is fittings that joints two different types of pipes

Types of Drain Outlets

SPIGOT OUTLET (NO HUB

THREADED OUTLET (TAPPED

10. Traps and vents

III. PLUMBING TOOLS

HACKSAW - is a tool used

PIPE CUTTER - is a tool used for cutting pipe and tube.

PIPE THREAD is a tool used for threading the pipe.

TRI-WING - is a tamper-resistant screw due to the rarity of Tri-Wing screwdrivers in

TORX SCREWS are typically used in vehicles, motorcycles, bicycles, computer

FLAT-HEAD SCREWDRIVER is a screwdriver with a wedge-shaped flat tip,

PIPE WRENCH OR STILLSON WRENCH - is an adjustable wrench used for

ADJUSTABLE SPANNER/WRENCH, ADJUSTABLE ANGLE HEAD WRENCH - is a

7. This adjustable wrench is usually only used on a

INSIDE CALIPER - is used to measure the internal size

STEEL SQUARE - is a tool that carpenters and

TRY SQUARE - is a wood working or a metal

PULL PUSH RULE (Tape Measure) - is a

II. Measurement of Length

(A) IN METRIC SYSTEMS

(B) IN THE FPS SYSTEM

(C) INTER-RELATION OF METRIC AND FPS SYSTEM: BOTH TYPE OF

• 1 inch = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm

III. Measurement of Weight