Engineering Mathematics

Euler’s Theorem

1
Homogeneous Functions

A polynomial in x and y is said to be homogeneous if all its terms are of the same
degree.
A function f x, y  in two variables x and y is said to be a homogeneous function of
degree n if for any positive number λ .
f x, y  n f x, y 
OR

 y x
f x, y  x   
n
f x, y  y   
n

x OR
 y
Here n could be positive, negative or zero.
2
Homogeneous Functions

Example:
1 2
(1) 3x  2 xy  3 y is homogeneous of degree 2.
2

x y
(2) x y is homogeneous of degree ½.
 y 1  x 
(3) sin    tan   is homogeneous of degree zero.
x  y

1 2 2 1
 
(4) x y 3 3
x y
3 3
is not homogeneous.

3
 Euler’s Theorem

1. If be a homogeneous function of x and y of degree n, then

u u
x y  nu
x y

4
Example 1: Prove that if .

Solution: Given −𝟏
𝒖 ( 𝝀 𝒙 ) =𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
𝝀𝒙
𝝀𝒚
+𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( )
−𝟏 𝝀 𝒚
𝝀𝒙
Then u is a homogeneous function of
degree zero i.e.
𝟎
𝒖 ( 𝝀 𝒙 ) =𝝀 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
−𝟏 𝒙
𝒚
+𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( )
−𝟏 𝒚
𝒙

𝟎
𝒖 ( 𝝀 𝒙 ) =𝝀 𝒖 ( 𝒙 )
Applying Euler’s theorem for u
𝒙 𝒖 𝒙 +𝒚 𝒖 𝒚 =𝒏𝒖
𝒙 𝒖 𝒙 +𝒚 𝒖 𝒚 =𝟎
Example 2: Prove that if .

Solution: let 5
𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑓 𝑦 =𝑛𝑓 = 𝑓
2
Then f is a homogeneous function of
Now,
degree 5/2 since 𝑓 𝑥 =cos 𝑢 . 𝒖𝒙
𝑓 =sin 𝑢
𝑓 𝑦 =cos 𝑢 . 𝒖𝒚
( )
𝟑
𝒚
𝟏+ 𝟓

𝑓=
𝒙
𝟑
𝒙 𝑓 =𝒙 𝟐
.𝜑 ( )
𝒚
𝒙
So that,
√𝒙
𝟏+
√ 𝒚
𝒙
5
𝑥 cos 𝑢 .𝒖 𝒙 + 𝑦 cos 𝑢 .𝒖 𝒚 = sin 𝑢
5 sin 𝑢 𝟓
2
𝑥 𝒖𝒙 + 𝑦 𝒖 𝒚 =
Applying Euler’s theorem for f 2 cos 𝑢 ¿ 𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖
 Euler’s Theorem

2. If z is a homogeneous function of x, y of degree n and then

u u f u 
x y n
x y f ' u 

7
Example 1: Prove that if .

Solution: let 𝒙 +𝟑
𝒚 𝟑
𝑓 (𝑥 )=
Then f is a homogeneous function of √ 𝒙 +√ 𝒚
degree 5/2 since
( )
𝟑
𝒚
𝟑
𝟏+
𝒙 𝒙
Applying Euler’s theorem for f 𝑓 (𝑥 )=

𝒙 𝒖 𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒖 𝒚 =𝒏
𝒇 (𝒖)
𝒇 ′ (𝒖 )
√𝒙
√ 𝒙)
𝟏+ (
𝒚

𝟓
𝟐
𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖𝟓 𝑓 (𝑥 )=𝒙 𝜙 (𝑥 )
𝒙 𝒖𝒙+𝒚 𝒖𝒚=
𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔¿𝒖𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖
Example 2: Find if .

Solution: let Then f is a homogeneous 𝒙

𝟑
+ 𝒚 + 𝒛
𝟑 𝟑
function of degree 2 since 𝑓 (𝑥 )=
𝒂𝒙 +𝒃𝒚 +𝒄𝒛

( )
3 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝜆 𝒙 +𝒚 +𝒛
𝑓 (𝑥 )=
Applying Euler’s theorem for f 𝜆 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 +𝒄𝒛
𝒇 (𝒖)
𝒙 𝒖 𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒖 𝒚 + 𝒛 𝒖 𝒛 =𝒏
𝒇 ′ (𝒖)
𝟐
𝒙 𝒖 𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒖 𝒚 + 𝒛 𝒖 𝒛 =− 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 𝑓 (𝑥 )=𝝀 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖
¿ −𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒖
 Euler’s Theorem

3. If be a homogeneous function of x and y of degree n, then

𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝒖𝒙𝒙 +𝟐 𝒙𝒚 𝒖𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚 𝒖 𝒚𝒚 =𝒏 ( 𝒏− 𝟏 ) 𝒖

10
Example 1: If then show that
and

Solution: Given 𝝀𝒚
𝟐
𝒖 ( 𝝀 𝒙 ) =( 𝝀 𝒚 ) 𝒆 𝝀𝒙 𝟐
( )
−𝟏
+ ( 𝝀 𝒙 ) 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝝀𝒚
𝝀𝒙

( ( ))
𝒚
Then u is a homogeneous function of 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏 𝒚
𝒖 ( 𝝀 𝒙 ) =𝝀 𝒚 𝒆 + 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒙
𝒙
degree 2 i.e. 𝟐
𝒖 𝝀 𝒙 =𝝀 𝒖 ( 𝒙 )
( )

Applying Euler’s theorem for u

𝒙 𝒖 𝒙 +𝒚 𝒖 𝒚 =𝒏𝒖
𝒙 𝒖 𝒙 +𝒚 𝒖 𝒚 =𝟐 𝒖
Example 2: Prove that if .

Solution: let 5
𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑓 𝑦 =𝑛𝑓 = 𝑓
2
Then f is a homogeneous function of
Now,
degree 5/2 since 𝑓 𝑥 =cos 𝑢 . 𝒖𝒙
𝑓 =sin 𝑢
𝑓 𝑦 =cos 𝑢 . 𝒖𝒚
( )
𝟑
𝒚
𝟏+ 𝟓

𝑓=
𝒙
𝟑
𝒙 𝑓 =𝒙 𝟐
.𝜑 ( )
𝒚
𝒙
So that,
√𝒙
𝟏+
√ 𝒚
𝒙
5
𝑥 cos 𝑢 .𝒖 𝒙 + 𝑦 cos 𝑢 .𝒖 𝒚 = sin 𝑢
5 sin 𝑢 𝟓
2
𝑥 𝒖𝒙 + 𝑦 𝒖 𝒚 =
Applying Euler’s theorem for f 2 cos 𝑢 ¿ 𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖
 Euler’s Theorem

4. If z is a homogeneous function of x, y of degree n and then

𝒙 𝒖𝒙𝒙 +𝟐 𝒙𝒚 𝒖𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚 𝒖 𝒚𝒚 =𝒈 (𝒖 ) ( 𝒈 ′ ( 𝒖 ) − 𝟏 )
𝟐 𝟐

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Example 1: If then show that and

Solution: let Applying Euler’s theorem for f

( 𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒇¿ 𝟐 ) 𝒖 ¿ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒖
Then f is a homogeneous function 𝒙
of 𝒖 𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒖 𝒚 =𝒏 𝟐
𝒇 ′ (𝒖 ) 𝒖
𝒔𝒆𝒄
degree 2 since
𝒈 ( 𝒖) =𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒖
( )
𝟑
𝒚
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏+
𝒙 + 𝒚 𝟑
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒖𝒙𝒙 +𝟐 𝒙𝒚 𝒖𝒙𝒚 +𝒚 𝒖 𝒚𝒚 =𝒈 (𝒖 ) ( 𝒈 ′ ( 𝒖 ) − 𝟏 )
𝟐 𝟐
𝑓 (𝑥 )= ¿
𝟏+ (
𝒙)
𝒙 𝒚
𝒙−𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝒖𝒙𝒙 +𝟐 𝒙𝒚 𝒖𝒙𝒚 +𝒚 𝒖 𝒚𝒚 =𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒖 ( 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒖 − 𝟏 )
¿𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒖− 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ⁡𝟐 𝒖
𝑓 (𝑥 )=𝒙 𝟐
𝜙 ( )
𝒚
𝒙 ¿ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒖− 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ⁡𝟐𝒖¿𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖
Example 2: If then show that and

Solution: let Applying Euler’s theorem for f

𝒇 (𝟓𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖
) 𝟓
¿ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖
of 𝒖 𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒖 𝒚 =𝒏 ¿ 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖
Then f is a homogeneous function 𝒙
𝒇 ′ (𝒖 ) 𝟐
degree 5/2 since
𝟓
𝒈 ( 𝒖) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖
𝟐
( )
𝟑
𝒚
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏+
𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒙
𝟑
𝒙
𝑓 (𝑥 )= ¿
𝒙 𝒖𝒙𝒙 +𝟐 𝒙𝒚 𝒖𝒙𝒚 +𝒚 𝒖 𝒚𝒚 =𝒈 (𝒖 ) ( 𝒈 ′ ( 𝒖 ) − 𝟏 )
√𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
√ 𝒙 +√ 𝒚 √ 𝒙 𝟏+ ( )
𝒚

( )
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
( )
𝒚 𝒙 𝒖𝒙𝒙 +𝟐 𝒙𝒚 𝒖𝒙𝒚 +𝒚 𝒖 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝟐 𝒖− 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝑓 (𝑥 )=𝒙 𝜙 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙
The Cylindrical Coordinate System
• In the cylindrical coordinate system, a point in space is represented by
the ordered triple (r,θ,z)(r,θ,z),
• where(r,θ) are the polar coordinates of the point’s projection in
the xy-plane
• z is the usual z-coordinate in the Cartesian coordinate system
• https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Calculus/Book%3A_Calculus
_(OpenStax)/12%3A_Vectors_in_Space/12.7%3A_Cylindrical_and_Sp
herical_Coordinates#:~:text=To%20convert%20a%20point%20from,y2
%2Bz2).&text=To%20convert%20a%20point%20from,r2%2Bz2)
.
Spherical Co-ordinate Systems
Thank You