warmoeba da

ekonomikuri zrda
25
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 warmoeba da ekonomikuri zrda
Sinaarsi
 ekonomikuri zrda msoflios qveynebSi

 mwarmoebluroba: misi roli da determinantebi;

 ekonomikuri zrda da saxelmwifo politika

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 warmoeba da ekonomikuri zrda
mizani:
 warmovadginoT erT sul mosaxleze realuri MmSp –is
analizi, rogori gansxvavebaa qveynis cxovrebis doneebs
Soris;
 ganvsazRvroT ra gavlenas axdens mwarmoebluroba
qveynis cxovrebis doneze; ganvixiloT misi determinantebi;
 warmovadginoT kavSiri mwarmoeblurobasa da qveynis
ekonomikuri politikas Soris

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 warmoeba da ekonomikuri zrda
• cxovrebis done sxvadasxva qveyanaSi saxvadasxvaa
• ekonomikuri zrdis tempebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis
gamo qveynebis rangebi droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba;
• qveynebs aranairi garantia ar aqvT imisa, rom yovelTvis
mdidarni iqnebian
kiTxva:
• riTi aixsneba droSi cvlilebebi?
• ratom winaurdeba zogi qveyana, zogi ki CamorCeba?

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 cxrili 1 ekonomikuri zrda sxvadasxva qveyanSi

ერთ სულ მოსახლეზეერთ სულ მოსახლეზე

რეალური მშპ რეალური მშპ ზრდის წლიური
ქვეყნები პერიოდი პერიოდის დასაწ.–ში პერიოდის ბოლოს ტემპი

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 warmoeba da ekonomikuri zrda
kiTxva:
• riTi aixsneba droSi cvlilebebi?
• ratom winaurdeba zogi qveyana, zogi ki CamorCeba?

pasuxi:
• mwarmoebluroba

asxnisaTvis ganvixiloT
• mwarmoeblurobis determinantebi

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 mwarmoebluroba

mwarmoebluroba
• erT samuSao saaTSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis raodenobaa

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 mwarmoeblurobis determinantebi

• fizikuri kapitali
• adamianuri kapitali
• bunebrivi resursebi
• teqnologiuri codna

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mwarmoeblurobis determinantebi

• fizikuri kapitali
• warmoebis faqtoria.
• igi gamoiyeneba warmoebis procesSi da amave dros
TviTon aris sawarmoo procesis Sedegi
• warmoebis produqtia, romelic yvela saxis saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis, maთ Soris kapitalis warmoebaSi
gamoiyeneba
• mowobilobebi; Senobebi da a.S.

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mwarmoeblurobis determinantebi

• adamianuri kapitali
• codna da unari, romelsac mSromeli ganaTlebisa
da praqtikuli gamocdilebis gziT iZens
• adamianuri kapitali iwvevs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
warmoebaSi qveynis unaris zrdas

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mwarmoeblurobis determinantebi

• bunebrivi resursebi
• saqonlisa da momasaxurebis warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli
masala, romelsac gvaZlevs buneba, magaliTad, miwa,
mdinareebi da wiaRiseuli
• bunebriv resursebs Soris gansxvaveba qveynis cxovrebis
doneebs Soris gansxvavebis erT-erTი mizezia
• bunebriv resursebs didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, magram
maTi arseboba ar aris aucilebeli imisaTvis, rom
ekonomika warmatebuli iyos (iaponia)

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mwarmoeblurobis determinantebi

teqnologiuri codna
• sazogadoebis unaria, SearCios saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis
saukeTeso gzebi
teqnologiuri codna:
• teqnologiuri codna metyvelebs imaze, rogor erkveva sazogadoeba
msoflio miRwevebSi;
• Sedarebა: codna saxelmZRvaneloebis raodenobaa
adamianuri kapitali:
• adamianuri kapitali im resursebs gulisxmobs, romelic teqnologiur
miRwevaTa samuSao ZalisaTvis gadacemaze ixarjeba;
• Sedarebა: adamianuri kapitali droa, romelsac sazogadoeba
saxelmZRvaneloebis kiTxvaze xarjavs

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 sawarmoo funqcia
• ekonomistebi sawarmoo funqcias iyeneben im
damokidebulebis aRsawerad, romelic warmoebis
faqtorebis raodenobasa da warmoebuli produqciis
raodenobas Soris arsebobs

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 sawramoo funqcia
• Y = A F(L, K, H, N)
 Y = warmoebuli produqciis moculoba
• A = arsebuli sawarmoo teqnologiebi
• L = Sromis raodenoba
• K = fizikuri kapitalis raodenoba
• H = adamianuri kapitalis raodenoba
• N = bunebrivi resursebis raodenoba
• F( ) funqciaa, romelic gviCvenebs, rogor Seesabameba warmoebis
faqtorebi gamoSvebas

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 sawramoo funqcia
• Tu sawramoo funqcias masStabidan mudmivi ukugeba
axasiaTebs, maSin nebismieri dadebiTi x–Tvis
samarTlianiა Semdegi toloba:
xY = A F(xL, xK, xH, xN)
• Tu gaormagda warmoebis faqtori, maSin gaormagda
gamoSvebis moculobac

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 sawramoo funqcia
• masStabis ukugebis mudmivobis Tvisebis mqone sawarmoo
funqciebis meSveobiT SeiZleba Semdegi gaskvna
gavakeTod: dauSvaT, rom
• x = 1/L, maSin toloba Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
• Y/ L = A F(1, K/ L, H/ L, N/ L)
sadac:
Y/L = TiToeul mSromelze gamoSveba
K/L = erTeul momuSaveze fizikurი kapitalი
H/L = erTeul momuSaveze adamianuri kapitalი
N/L = erTeul momuSaveze bunebrivი resursebი

Sromis nayofiereba damokidebulia warmoebis TiToeul faqtorze

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ekonomikuri zrda da saxelmwifo politika

ZiriTadi problemebi:
• danazogebi da investiciebi
• klebadi ukugeba da mkveTri zrdis efeqti
• ucxouri investiciebi
• ganaTleba da investiciebi.
• sakuTrebis uflebebi da politიkuri stabiluroba.
• Tavisufali vaWroba.
• mecnieruli kvlevebi da ganviTareba.
• mosaxleobis zrda

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danazogebi da investiciebi
• kapitali warmoebis warmoebuli faqtoria, amitom sazogadoebas SeuZlia
mis xelT arsebuli kapitalis raodenobis zrda;
• samomavlo mwarmoeblurobis zrdis erT-erTi saSualebaa dRevandeli
resursebis meti investireba kapitalis warmoebaSi;
• kapitalis warmoebisTvis meti resursebis daTmoba moiTxovs
mimdinare moxmarebisTvis saWiro saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
warmoebisaTvis naklebi resursebis daTmobas;
daskvna:
• imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebam kapitalSi meti investireba ganaxorcielos,
dRes naklebi unda moixmaros da meti Semosavali dazogos e.i.
• ekonomikuri zrda kapitalis dagrovebis Sedegia

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klebadi ukugeba da mkveTri zrdis
efeqti
kapitalis klebadi ukugebiT xasiaTdeba:
კლებადი უკუგება: ფაქტორის ერთი ერთეულის
სარგებლის შემცირება ფაქტორის რაოდენობის
ზრდასთან ერთად
• rodesac kapitalis maragi izrdeba, kapitalis TiToeuli damatebiTi
erTeulidan warmoebuli damatebiTi produqciis raodenoba mcirdeba,
e.i. rodesac mSromelebs ukve kapitalis didi raodenoba gaaCniaT,
romelsac saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaSi iyeneben, maTTvis
kapitalis damatebiTi erTeulis micema mwarmoeblurobas mcirediT
zrdis
• klebadi ukugebis gamo dazogvis sididis zrda ekonomikuri zrdis
daCqarebas mxolod garkveuli xniT iwvevs

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klebadi ukugeba da mkveTri zrdis
efeqti

• grZelvadian periodSi dazogvis sididis zrda gvaZlevs

mwarmoeblurobisa da Semosavlis ufro maRal dones da ara
am cvladebis zrdis ufro maRal dones

• grZelvadian periodis miRwevas SeiZleba sakmao dro

dasWirdes

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klebadi ukugeba da mkveTri zrdis
efeqti

• qveynis ekonomika ufro swrafad izrdeba, Tu misTvis

sawyisi wertili siRaribea
ekonomikur zrdaze sawyisi pirobebis am zemoqmedebas
mkveTri zrdis efeqts uwodeben

• mkveTri zrdis efeqti Tvisebaa, romelic gulisxmobs, rom

dabalganviTarebuli qveyana zrdis ufro maRal temps
aRwevs, vidre maRalganviTarebuli

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ucxouri investiciebi

• danazogebi investiciebis zrda ekonomikuri zrda

• danazogebisken mimarTuli politika iwvevs investiciebis zrdas da

grZelvadiani periodis ekonomikur zrdas;

• axali kapitalis investirebis meore gza aris ucxouri investiciebi

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ucxouri investiciebi
• ucxouri unvesticiebis formebi:

 pirdapiri investiciebi
• kapitaluri investiciaa, romlis mflobeli da warmmarTvelia
ucxouri firma
 portfeluri investiciebi
• investireba, romelic ucxouri fuliT finansdeba, magram qveynis
moqalaqeebis mier imarTeba

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ganaTleba
• ganaTlebas – adamianuri kapitalis investirebas – qveynis grZelvadiani
periodis ekonomikuri warmatebisTvis, sul cota, iseTive mniSvneloba
gaaCnia, rogorc fizikuri kapitalis investirebas
• aSS-s skolebSi gatarebuli yoveli weli pirovnebis xelfass saSualod
10%-iT zrdis.
• naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac adamianuri kapitali
SezRudulia, gansxvaveba ganaTlebul da gaunaTlebel mSromelebis
xelfass Soris gansxvaveba ufro metia
• xerxi, romlis meSveobiTac mTavrobas SeuZlia cxovrebis donis
amaRleba ეს არის skolebis aSeneba da ganaTlebis
უპირატესობების Sesaxeბ mosaxleobis informirebuloba

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ganaTleba

• adaminur kapitals dadebiTi garegani efeqti gaaCnia

• garegani efeqti: erTi piris qmedebis gavlenaa sxva piris
ekonomikur mdgomareobaze
ganaTlebuli adamiani ayalibebs:
 ideebs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis axali, saukeTeso wesebis
Sesaxeb da mas yvelasTvis sargeblianoba moaqvs

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ganaTleba
• Raribi qveyvenis winaSe arsebuli problemaa:

 inteleqtis gadineba – ganaTlebul mSromelTa didi nawilis

emogracia ucxoeTSi, sadac am mSromelebs cxovrebis ufro
maRali done elis

• inteleqtis gadineba qveyanaSi darCenil adamianebs ufro

met siRaribeSi tovebs e.i. gadinebas SeuZlia warmoSvas
uaryofiTi garegani efeqti

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sakuTrebis uflebebi da politokuri
stabiluroba
• sakuTrebis uflebebis dacva da politikuri stabiluroba xels
uwyobs ekonomikur zrdas
• sabazro ekonomikaSi uamravi firmebi saqmianoben da maT Soris
arsebobs kavSიrebi da ganawilebebi, rac iძleva warmoebis
faqtorTa efeqtiani ganawilebis saSualebas.
• efeqtiani Sedegiს misaRwevad ekonomikam unda ganaxorcielos am
firmebis, momxmareblebisa da firmebis koordinirebა
• amas ,,bazris uxilavi” xeli asrulebs, magram fasebis sistemis
meSveobiT
• fasebis sistemis muSaobis erT-erTi aucilebeli piroba aris sakuTrebis
uflebebisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

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Tavisufali vaWroba
• qveynebis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba უkeTesia maSin, Tu
es qveynebi msoflio bazarze orientirebul politikas
mimarTaven, romelic am qveyanas msoflio ekonomikaSi
aerTianebs;

• Sida bazarze orientirebuli politika aramomgebiania;

• qveynis saerTaSoriso vaWrobis moculobas gansazRvravs

ara marto mTavrobis politika, aramed geografiuli
mdebareobac

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mecnieruli kvlevebi da ganviTareba
• cxovrebis maRali donis arsebobis erT -erTi
safuZveli teqnologiuri codnis ganviTarebaa
• kvlevebis mxadraWera sazogadoebis interesSia; codna
sazogadoebrivi saqonelia
• mTavroba kvlevebs xels uwobs dafinansebiT, grantebis arsebobiT,
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT da a.S.
• mTavroba gascems patents axal gamogonebebze

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mosaxleobis zrda

• ekonomistebi kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra გavlenas

axdens mosaxleobis zrda sazogadoebaze.
• cxadad es gavlena samuSao Zalis zrdaSi gamoixateba

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mosaxleobis zrda
• mosaxleobis zrda warmoebis sxva faqtorebTan
erTobliobaSi:
• bunebrivi resursebis nakleboba
• kapitalis maragis sixalvaTe:
 mosaxlobis zrda 1 sulze mSp-s amcirebs, Sedegad mcirdeba
mwarmoebluroba
 mosaxleobis swrafad zrda arTulebs mSromelTa uzrunvelyofas
maRali mwarmoeblurobis SesanarCuneblad saWiro codniTa da
saSualebebiT
 zogi qveyana akontrolebs mosaxleobis zrdis temps da amis xarjze
zrdis moqalaqeTa cxovrebis dones
• teqnologiuri progresis mxardaWera
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