ირაკლი კოვზანაძე, გოგი კონტრიძე - თანამედროვე საბანკო საქმე: თეორია და პრაქტიკა

ra Tqma unda, sakuTrebis uflebis xelSekrulebis gaformebamde

banki rwmundeba, rom msesxebeli namdviladaa qonebis mesakuTre, magram
es ar gamoricxavs yvela risks, vinaidan kreditori didadaa damokide-
buli im msesxeblis patiosnebaze, romelTanac rCeba qoneba. am riskisa-
gan Tavis dasaRwevad bankebi aRniSnuli qonebis sabazro Rirebulebaze
mniSvnelovnad nakleb Tanxas gascemen kreditis saxiT. meore meqanizmi,
riTac bankebi axdenen riskis Semcirebas, aris msesxeblis mflobeloba-
Si darCeni qonebis dazRveva.
zogadad, kreditis uzrunvelyofis sxvadasxva formis dros,
riskebis Sesamcireblad bankebi xSirad iyeneben rogorc dagiravebuli
qonebis, ise msesxeblis janmrTelobisa da ubeduri SemTxvevisagan daz-
Rvevis praqtikas. dazRvevis polisis Rirebulebis anazRaureba xdeba an
bankis, an msesxeblis mier.
garda amisa, calkeul SemTxvevebSi gacemuli kreditis uzrunvel-
sayofad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes uzrunvelyofis ara erTi, aramed
erTdroulad ramdenime forma, rasac Sereuli uzrunvelyofa ewodeba.

13.4. sabanko procenti da mis doneze moqmedi

faqtorebi. saprocento marJa

procenti _ esaa mogebis nawili, romelsac msesxebeli uxdis kredi-

tors misgan droebiT sargeblobaSi miRebuli sasesxo kapitalis sanacv-
lod. procentis wyarod gvevlineba sasesxo kapitalis samewarmeo pro-
cesSi Seqmnili damatebiTi Rirebuleba. mewarme subieqtis mier sasesxo
kapitalis gamoyenebiT miRebuli mogeba or nawilad iyofa: procenti,
romelsac is ixdis sasesxo kapitalis sargeblobisaTvis da mogeba, ro-
melic rCeba mis mflobelobaSi.
sabanko procenti aris sasesxo procentis saxeoba da Cndeba maSin,
roca sakredito urTierTobebis erT-erT subieqts warmoadgens banki.
sabanko procenti sxvadasxva formiT gvevlineba, es formebia: sadepozi-
to procenti, procenti kreditebze, maT Soris, bankTaSoris kredite-
bze, procenti fasian qaRaldebze da a.S.
Cveni dRevandeli realobisaTvis sabanko procenti warmoadgens
umniSvnelovanes makroekonomikur maCvenebels, romlis sidide da cvli-
leba erTnairad mniSvnelovania rogorc bankirebisaTvis, finansistebi-
saTvis, investorebisa da analitikosebisaTvis, aseve mewarmeebisa da
ubralo moqalaqeebisaTvis. saqmis aseTi viTareba bunebrivia: sabanko
saprocento ganakveTi _ esaa mTavari fasi, erovnuli ekonomikis mdgo-
mareobis erT-erTi mTavari maCvenebeli. sabanko procenti aris makro-
da mikroekonomikis regulirebis sistemis erT-erTi umniSvnelovnesi
instrumenti, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiTa da simartiviT aRematebs
ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis sxva instrumentebs.
ra Tqma unda, komerciuli bankebi Tavisi neba-surviliT ver awese-
ben TavianTi sakredito produqtis fass, anu misaRebi procentis ode-

318
 Tavi 13 - sabanko dakreditebis Tanamedrove sistema

nobas. Tu komerciuli banki bazarze gamoitans sakredito produqts sa-

bazroze mniSvnelovnad maRali fasiT, igi ar gaiyideba, mniSvnelovnad
dabali fasis SemTxvevaSi ki aradamakmayofilebeli iqneba misi finan­
suri Sedegebi. konkretuli komerciuli bankis sakredito produqtis
fasi, anu saprocento ganakveTi konkurentunariani unda iyos (Tum-
ca, unda gvaxsovdes, rom konkurentuli upiratesobis mosapoveblad
produqtis fasi erTaderTi ganmsazRvreli araa). sabanko procentis,
am erTi SexedviT martivi maCveneblis, doneze uamravi faqtori axdens
gavlenas, romlebic SeiZleba sam ZiriTad jgufad davyoT: 1) gare faq-
torebi, 2) qveynis faqtorebi da 3) sabanko sistemis faqtorebi (ix. nax.
№13.1.). mokled ganvixiloT da davaxasiaToT TiToeuli maTgani:

gare faqtorebi

qveynis faqtorebi

sabanko sistemis faqtorebi

mdgomareoba kapitalis
saerTaSoriso bazrebze

cb-is fulad- erovnuli

sakredito ekonomikis
politika Riaoba

dabegvris ucxouri inflaciuri

kapitalis konkurenciis
sistema molodini
monawileobis done
xarisxi
investi-
ciebi

%
valutis
sagadamxd.
gacvliTi
balansis sakredito
mdgomareoba kursi
resursebis
moTxovna-miwodeba

ekonomikuri da fasiani qaRaldebis

politikuri bazris ganviTarebis
riskebi done

regionis ekonomikuri
da politikuri
riskebi

nax. №13.1. sabanko procentebis nacionalur sistemaze moqmedi faqtorebi

1) gare faqtorebSi Sedis is faqtorebi, romlebic qveynis garedan

axdenen gavlenas nebismieri sabazro ekonomikis mqone qveynis sabanko
procentis ganakveTis doneze. aq Sedis Semdegi faqtorebi:
• mdgomareoba kapitalis saerTaSoriso bazrebze _ esaa kapi-
talis, gansakuTrebiT ki _ sakredito resursebis msxvili saer-
TaSoriso bazrebi. maT Soris yvelaze metad cnobilia sakredi-
to resursebis londonuri bankebis bankTaSoriso bazari, sadac

319
 ირაკლი კოვზანაძე, გოგი კონტრიძე - თანამედროვე საბანკო საქმე: თეორია და პრაქტიკა

dafiqsirebuli ganakveTebi sxvadasxva vadian resursze (1-, 2-,

6- da 12-Tviani) cnobilia, rogorc LIBOR, parizuli bazrebis
sakredito resursebis bazari (PIBOR) da niu-iorkis bankebis
sakredito resursebis bazari (NIBOR).

es bazrebi arian Zalian mgrZnobiareni msoflio sabazro koniun-

qturis cvlilebisadmi, xolo, Tavis mxriv, isini gavlenas axdenen sxva
qveynebSi sabanko procentebis ganakveTebis doneze. ufro metic, bevr
qveyanaSi, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic, rogorc bankTaSorisi, ise sabanko
kreditis procenti, SeiZleba mibmuli iyos garkveul maCveneblebze, mag-
aliTad, LIBOR+3%. dRevandeli finansuri globalizaciis pirobebSi am
faqtoris gavlena metad didia da igi sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.
• regionis politikuri da ekonomikur riskebi, anu regionSi
(geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT) ganviTarebuli dadebiTi Tu
uaryofiTi politikuri da ekonomikuri tendenciebi, maTTan da-
kavSirebuli riskebi da molodinebi pirdapir gavlenas axdenen
regionSi arsebuli qveynebis sabanko saprocento gankveTebze.
Sesabamisad, maTi gavlenac adekvaturia _ riskebis zrda an maTi
zrdis molodini iwvevs sabanko procentebis gazrdas da piriqiT.
• investiciebi, romlebic Semoedineba qveyanaSi, dadebiT gavle-
nas axdenen sabanko procentebis donesa da dinamikaze.

2) qveynis faqtorebSi Sedis is makroekonomikuri faqtorebi, rom-

lebic aris konkretuli qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli da ganpirobebu-
lia misi ekonomikuri da politikuri mdgomareobiT konkretuli peri-
odisaTvis.
• centraluri bankis fulad-sakredito politikis gavlena sa-
banko sistemasa da, Sesabamisad, sabanko procentis doneze, aris
umniSvnelovanesi. aRniSnuli gavlena gamoixateba qveynis cen-
traluri bankis fulad-sakredito politikis monetarul in-
strumentebiT (minimaluri sarezervo moTxovnebi, refinansi-
rebis ganakveTi, anu saaRricxvo politika da operaciebi Ria
bazarze).
minimaluri sarezervo moTxovnebis normis zrda niSnavs bankebi-
dan ufro meti saxsrebis amoRebasa da maT centralur bankSi am bankebis
specialur angariSze „gayinvas“, rac, bunebrivia, iwvevs resursebis nak-
lebobasa da maT gaZvirebas. piriqiT, normis Semcireba maT siWarbesa da
gaiafebas ganapirobebs.
refinansirebis, anu saaRricxvo ganakveTis, Semcireba iwvevs ko-
merciuli bankebis mier centralur bankSi asaRebi sakredito resursis
gaiafebas, rac, bunebrivia, resursis gaiafebas, anu sabanko procentis
Semcirebas iwvevs. Sesabamisad, refinansirebis ganakveTis zrda sabanko
procentis gazrdis stimulatoria.
analogiurad, operaciebi Ria bazarze, anu centraluri bankebis
mier saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis yidva da gayidva, aseve repo ope­
raciebis ganxorcieleba, amcirebs an zrdis fulad masas mimoqcevaSi,
riTac astimulirebs sabanko procentebis zrdas an Semcirebas.

320
 Tavi 13 - sabanko dakreditebis Tanamedrove sistema

• erovnuli ekonomikis Riaoba, anu qveyanaSi ucxouri kapitalis

Tavisufali Semosvlis maRali xarisxi, eqsport-importis Tavi-
sufali reJimi dadebiT gavlenas axdens sabanko procentis sta-
bilur doneze.
• inflaciuri molodini arsebiTi faqtoria, romelic mniSvnelo-
van gavlens axdens sabanko procentis doneze, gansakuTrebiT es
exeba saprocento ganakveTebs erovnul valutaSi. imis gamo, rom
inflaciis gavleniT kreditorisadmi dabrunebuli resursis
realuri Rirebuleba SeiZleba Semcirebuli aRmoCndes, bankebi
kreditebis gacemisas procentis gazrdiT axdenen mosalodneli
danakargebis Tavidan acilebas. bunebrivia, igive motivi amo­
ZravebT maT, vinc axdens bankebSi fuladi saxsrebis ganTavsebas.
• valutis gacvliTi kursi da misi meryeoba aseve did gavlenas ax-
dens sabanko kreditis doneze, gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, sadac
maRalia dolarizaciis done. aseTi qveynebis rigs miekuTvneba
saqarTvelo.
• fasiani qaRaldebis bazris ganviTareba, rogorc sabanko da-
kreditebis alternativa, aseve did gavlenas axdens sabanko pro-
centze. aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo da korporaciuli fa-
siani qaRaldebis organizebuli bazrisa da fulad-sakredito
bazris ZiriTadi parametrebi _ Semosavlianoba da operaciebis
moculoba pirdapir ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs.
• politikuri da ekonomikuri riskebi, rogorc investiciebis,
biznesis ganviTarebis, ucxouri kapitalis Semodinebis, fasiani
qaRaldebis ganviTarebisa da a.S. mniSvnelovani xelis SemSleli
faqtorebia, amdenad maTi gavlena sabanko procentebis doneze,
bunebrivia, maRalia. am riskebis done da xarisxi aisaxeba sxva­
dasxva sareitingo saagentoebis Sefasebebsa da reitingebSi [21].
• sagadamxdelo balansis mdgomareoba _ esaa misi sagareo-eko-
nomikuri operaciebis naerTi maCveneblis suraTi, romelic asa­
xavs qveynis saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi monawileobis xarisxs, saer-
TaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis masStabebs. bunebrivia,
misi mdgomareoba, gansakuTrebiT ki, Sesabamisoba, eqsportsa da
imports, ucxouri valutis Semodineba-gadinebas Soris, mniS-
vnelovan gavlenas axdens qveynis sabanko kreditis doneze.
• dabegvris sistema did gavlenas axdens komerciuli bankis sab-
oloo finansuri Sedegis _ wminda mogebis formirebaze. dasabe-
gri bazis, gadasaxadis ganakveTis Tu gadaxdis reJimis cvlile-
21 sareitingo saagentoebi _ esaa komerciuli organizaciebi, romlebic axorcieleben
emitentebis gadamxdelunarianobis, korporaciuli marTvis xarisxis, aqtivebis
marTvis xarisxis da sxv. Sefasebas. maTi mTavari „produqtia“ gadamxdelunarianobis
Sefaseba, anu sakredito reitingis (grZelvadiani da moklevadiani) miniWeba
qveynisTvis, bankisTvis an sxva kompaniisTvis. aseve xdeba grZelvadiani da
moklevadiani prognozebis gakeTeba. emitentisaTvis miniWebuli sakredito
reitingi asaxavs savalo valdebulebis vergadaxdis risks da gavlenas axdens savalo
valdebulebis saprocento ganakveTze, fassa da Semosavlianobaze. Sesabamisad _
ufro maRali reitingi gadauxdelobis ufro naklebi riskis maniSnebelia. cnobili
saerTaSoriso sareitingo kompaniebis „did sameulSi“ Sedian: Fitch Ratings, Moody’s da
Standard & Poor’s.

321
 ირაკლი კოვზანაძე, გოგი კონტრიძე - თანამედროვე საბანკო საქმე: თეორია და პრაქტიკა

bam SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gaauaresos (an gaaumjobesos) bankis

finansuri maCveneblebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvevs maT reaq-
cias, moaxdinon aRniSnulis kompensireba TavianTi momsaxurebis,
anu sabanko kreditebis gaZvirebiT (an gaiafebiT).

3) sabanko sistemis faqtorebi is faqtorebia, romlebic uSua-

lod qveynis sabanko sistemis SigniTaa koncentrirebuli da didadaa
damokidebuli mis istoriaze, tradiciebze, ganviTarebis doneze, mis
rolze qveynis ekonomikaSi da a.S. am faqtorebs Soris umniSvnelovane-
sia:
• sakredito resursebis moTxovna-miwodeba aris umTavresi faq-
tori, romelic gansazRvravs sabanko procentis normas. fuladi
resursebis moTxovna-miwodebas, Tavis mxriv, sabazro ekonomikis
pirobebSi ramdenime faqtori gansazRvravs (arsebuli riskebi,
ekonomikis cikluroba, sakanonmdeblo baza da a.S.). ekonomi-
kuri recesiebisa da krizisebis dros, rogorc wesi, moTxovna
sakredito resursebze mcirdeba, xolo aRmavlobis dros iz-
rdeba da Tuki am dros ar xdeba Sesabamisi miwodeba, saprocento
ganakveTebi izrdeba;
• konkurenciis donis, rogorc sabanko procentis ganakveTze mo-
qmedi faqtoris gavlena, damokidebulia konkretuli qveynis sa-
banko sistemis specifikaze, masSi ZalTa ganlagebaze. im qveynebSi
an regionSi, sadac romelime banki aris monopolisti fulad ba-
zarze an romelime sakredito produqtze, igi flobs upirateso-
bas, gavlena moaxdinos misTvis xelsayrel pirobebze, maT Soris,
sabanko procentze;
• ucxouri sabanko kapitalis monawileobis xarisxi metad mniS-
vnelovania gamomdinare iqidan, rom igi zdis konkurencias sa-
banko bazarze da resursebis deficitis operatiul aRmofxvras
uwyobs xels.
zemoT aRniSnuli faqtorebi gavlenas axdenen zogadad qveyanaSi
arsebul sabanko saprocento ganakveTebis doneze. rac Seexeba konkre-
tul SemTxvevebs, yovelive zemoaRniSnulTan erTad, sabanko kreditis
doneze gavlenas axdens calkeuli komerciuli bankis faqtorebi, ker-
Zod, misi strategiuli miznebi, adgili da roli sabanko sistemaSi, mene-
jmentis xarisxi da a.S.
amasTan, sabanko procentis odenoba konkretul SemTxvevebSi
gansxva­vebulia rogorc pasiuri, ise aqtiuri operaciebis mixedviT. pa-
siuri operaciebis dros igi damokidebulia iseT faqtorebze, rogore-
bicaa: resursis vada da pirobebi, bankis kreditoris tipi, bankis finan­
suri mdgradoba, misi kapitalis moculoba da imiji. sabanko procentebi
aqtiuri operaciebis konkretul SemTxvevebSi damokidebulia iseT faq-
torebze, rogorebicaa: ganTavsebis vadebi da pirobebi, msesxeblis tipi,
kreditis uzrunvelyofa, dabrunebis pirobebi, miznobrioba da a.S.
Tu movaxdenT garkveul klasifikacias, TiToeuli konkretuli
garigebisas komerciuli bankis mier procentis normis gaangariSebis
dros mxedvelobaSi miiReba Semdegi faqtorebi:

322
 Tavi 13 - sabanko dakreditebis Tanamedrove sistema

• sabazo saprocento ganakveTi, romelic gaiangariSeba moziduli

resursebis realuri fasis safuZvelze;
• bankis sxva sakuTari xarjebi;
• sakredito operaciebis mixedviT momgebianobis gegmuri norma;
• riskis faqtori, romelSic Sedis:
− msesxeblis kreditunarianoba;
− uzrunvelyofis moculoba da xarisxi;
− kreditis vada;
− msesxeblisa da bankis TanamSromlobis istoria da xarisxi.
swored aRniSnuli garemoeba ganapirobebs imas, rom bankebis mier
calkeul sakredito produqtebze fasi cxaddeba ara erTi niSnuliT,
magaliTad, 17%-iT, aramed garkveuli daipazoniT, vTqvaT „15%-dan“
an „15%-24%“. es imas niSnavs, rom banki Tavisi sakredito produqtebis
gayidvas apirebs ara principiT _ „yvelas erTnair fasad“, aramed indi-
vidualuri midgomiT. am individualuri midgomis safuZvels warmoad-
gens is riskebi, romelTa aRebasac apirebs banki sakuTar Tavze konkre-
tuli kreditis gacemisas. kreditis gacemis yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi
sxvadasxvaa am kreditis ardafarvis riski, Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia
maTi fasic, romelic maTTan dakavSirebuli riskebis adekvaturia.

komerciuli bankebi aweseben saprocento ganakveTebs TavianTi

qveynebis centraluri bankis refinansirebis ganakveTze orientaciiT.
msgavsi praqtika pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ukve saqarTveloSic dainerga
saSualo da grZelvadian kreditebze (magaliTad, ipoTekur sesxebze).
aseTi saprocento ganakveTis struqturaSi mniSvnelovan rols Ta-
maSobs anabrebis procentebi, anu yvelaze Zviriani moziduli resursis
fasi. procentebi, romelTac bankebi uxdian TavianT meanabreebs, yovel­
Tvis mniSvnelovnad naklebia gacemuli kreditebis fasze. am sxvaobis
safuZvelze formirdeba sabanko mogebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
maCvenebeli da wyaro _ saprocento marJa. saprocento marJa (spredi)
_ esaa sxvaoba Semosavlebis momtani aqtivebisa da xarjiani pasivebis sa-
Sualo Sewonil saprocento ganakveTebs Soris. rogorc gvaxsovs, aRniS-
nuli koeficienti ukve ganvixileT gasul masalaSi (formula 10.7). rac
metia saprocento marJa, miT metia bankis mogeba da rentabeloba.
aseve arsebobs saprocento marJis ganmartebisa da gaangariSebis
sxva alternativebic. xSirad saprocento marJa, ufro sworad _ wmin-
da saprocento marJa, ganimarteba, rogorc sxvaoba procentul Semo-
savalsa da procentul xarjebs Soris (wminda saprocento Semosavali),
Sefardebuli Semosavlebis momtani aqtivebis an mTliani aqtivebis sa-
Sualo moculobasTan, gamosaxuli procentebiT. aRniSnuli koefici-
enti aseve ganxilul iqna gasul masalaSi (formula 10.4).
rogorc aRiniSna, saprocento marJa aris bankis warmatebuli saqmi-
anobis, misi rentabelobis suraTis amsaxveli mniSvnelovani maCvenebe-
li. SeiZleba arsebobdes saprocento marJis gazrdis ori gza:
• saprocento Semosavlebis zrda, romelTa Soris aris sakredi-
to dabandebis moculobisa da struqturis cvlileba. struq-
turuli cvlilebebi SeiZleba Seexebodes vadianobas, valutebs,
sakredito produqtebs, qveynis regionebsa da a.S.;

323
 ირაკლი კოვზანაძე, გოგი კონტრიძე - თანამედროვე საბანკო საქმე: თეორია და პრაქტიკა

• saprocento xarjebis Semcireba, rac gulisxmobs moziduli

resursebis marTvas, axali, ufro iafi wyaroebis moZiebas, rac
aseve gulisxmobs moziduli saxsrebis portfelis struqturul
cvlilebebs.
rogorc cnobilia, maRali saprocento ganakveTebiT xasiaTdeba
ufro riskiani sabanko sakredito produqtebi, amitom komerciuli
bankis saprocento politikis zemoaRniSnuli amocanebis realizacia
ar niSnavs, rom wminda saprocento marJis gazrda moxdes bankis mier
dadgenili riskis parametrebis ugulebelyofis xarjze. komerciuli
bankis aqtivebTan da pasivebTan dakavSirebuli saprocento ganakveTe-
bi da riskis xarisxi cvladi sidideebia, romlebic gare zemoqmedebis
didi gavlenis qveS arian. rogorc wesi, calkeul banks, Tuki, ra Tqma
unda, igi araa bazris monopolisti, ar ZaluZs am gare faqtorebze raime
mniSvnelovani gavlenis moxdena. aqedan gamomdinare, saprocento mar-
Jis marTva moiTxovs mTlianad ekonomikasa da sabanko seqtorSi, maT
Soris, sabanko operaciebis bazarze mimdinare cvlilebebis mudmiv da
dawvrilebiT monitoringsa da analizs. yovelive aRniSnuls arTulebs
inflaciuri molodini, romlis pirobebSic saprocento ganakveTebis
prognozireba da marTva gansakuTrebiT Znelia.
komerciuli bankis mier sakuTari saprocento politikisa da sap-
rocento ganakveTebis gansazRvrisas sasurveli saprocento marJis
misaRwevad gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos Semdegi faqtorebi:
• riskebi (sakredito, saprocento, savaluto da a.S.);
• agresiuloba (apirebs Tu ara igi Tavisi poziciebis, sabazro
wilis zrdas);
• samizne konkurencia (romeli produqtebis mixedviT apirebs igi
sxva bankebTan konkurencias);
• prioritetebi (ra aris misTvis ufro mniSvnelovani, moklevadi-
ani mizani _ miiRos meti mogeba, Tu grZelvadiani mizani _ ganavi-
Taros klientebTan partnioruli urTierTobebi);
• saerTo momgebianoba (saprocento marJa SeiZleba Semcirebul
iqnes, Tuki klientebi an maTi romelime segmenti arian sxva Semo-
savlebis mniSvnelovani wyaro);
• resursis fasi (ra aris bankis mier moziduli moklevadiani da
grZelvadiani resursebis fasi);
• saprocento ganakveTebis zeda zRvari (SeiZleba qveynis cen-
traluri bankis an bankebis kavSiris mier dawesebuli iyos
garkveuli zeda zRvari).
komerciuli bankis mier saprocento marJis donis Sefasebis
yvelaze martiv xerxs warmoadgens misi dinamikis monitoringi. aseve
gamoiyeneba misi Sedareba konkurentebis an mTlianad sabanko siste-
mis analogiur maCvenebelTan, agreTve saprocento marJis sakmariso-
bis koeficientTan. saprocento marJis sakmarisobis koeficienti
gviCvenebs bankisaTvis minimalur dones da gamomdinareobs saprocento
marJis mTavari daniSnulebidan _ mozidul resursebze gaweuli dana­
xarjebis dafarva. sakmarisi saprocento marJa SeiZleba gaangariSebul
iqnes moziduli resursebis gasuli periodis faqtobrivi da momavali,

324
 Tavi 13 - sabanko dakreditebis Tanamedrove sistema

saprognozo maCveneblebidan gamomdinare. sakmarisi saprocento marJis

gaangariSeba aucilebelia bankis momavali strategiuli dagegmvisa da
mimdinare portfelebis formirebisaTvis.
sakmarisi saprocento marJis, resursebis realuri fasisa da in-
flaciis gaTvaliswinebiT formirdeba komerciuli bankis saprocento
marJis minimaluri, anu saorientacio done. esaa maCvenebeli, romlis
uzrunvelyofa aucilebelia aqcionerebisaTvis damakmayofilebeli
rentabelobis donisa da wminda mogebis misaRebad. saprocento mar-
Jis sakmarisobis koeficienti, aseve misi minimaluri (saorientacio)
aucilebeli done SeiZleba gamoiTvlebodes rogorc mTlianad bankis,
ise misi calkeuli operaciebisa da mimarTulebebis mixedviT. aqtiuri
operaciebis calkeuli saxeobebis mixedviT aRniSnuli maCveneblebis
faqtobrivi da saprognozo doneebis Sedareba saSualebas iZleva, Se-
fasebul iqnes bankis biznesmimarTulebebis, saqmnianobis calkeuli
saxeobebis realuri rentabeloba da Semosavlianoba.

13.5. saprocento ganakveTis saxeobebi da

daricxvis meTodebi

saprocento ganakveTi kreditze SefardebiTi sididea, romelic

gamoxatavs msesxeblis mier kreditorisadmi dasabrunebeli kredi-
tis fass. rogorc wesi, praqtikaSi miRebulia wliuri saprocento ga-
nakveTebis gamoyeneba. saprocento ganakveTi, anu kreditis fasi, kaco-
briobis erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli da saintereso gamogonebaa. igi gaCnda
sakredito urTierTobebis warmoSobisTanave, jer kidev naturaluri
meurneobis dros, magaliTad, erTi glexi marcvleulis sesxebis sana­
cvlod ukan abrunebda ufro met marcvleuls. es „meti“ marcvleuli
iyo swored am sesxis fasi.
sabanko sistemaSi gamoyenebuli saprocento ganakveTebi metad mra-
valferovania da maTi klasifikacia sxvadasxva niSniT SeiZleba. gamo­
yenebis miznidan gamomdinare, saprocento ganakveTebi SeiZleba sam
saxe­obad davajgufoT:
• sabanko saqmianobis regulirebisaTvis gankuTvnili procen-
tebi, romlebSic, rogorc wesi, Sedis centraluri bankebis re-
finansirebis, saaRricxvo, minimaluri sarezervo moTxovnebisa
da sxva saprocento ganakveTebi;
• saauqciono sabanko saprocento ganakveTebs miekuTvneba de-
pozitebisa da kreditebis ganakveTebi, romelTa dadgena xdeba
bankTaSoris auqcionebze vaWrobis gziT;
• sabanko saprocento ganakveTebi, romelTac miekuTvneba
bankebis mier uSualod klientebTan urTierTobis dros dadge-
nili procentebi depozitebsa da kreditebze.

325