1

FIRE FIGHTING COURSE

Prepared by Eng/ Magid elithy
revised by Eng / Sayed Abd el Hamied

2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Overview of Firefighting
 Single Line Diagram
 Pumps & Pump Room
 Sprinklers Systems

3
OVERVIEW OF FIREFIGHTING

Fire Triangle parameters :-

1. Air ( Oxygen )
2. Fuel ( Flammable Material )
3. Heat ( sufficient heat to raise
the material to its ignition
temperature )

4
OVERVIEW OF FIREFIGHTING

 Fire Fighting methods :-

 , by creating a barrier using foam
for instance and prevent oxygen getting to
the fire
 By applying water you can lower the
temperature below the ignition
temperature

5
OVERVIEW OF FIREFIGHTING

Fire Fighting
Systems

Manual Automatic

Manual Siamese
Cabinet Fire hydrant
extinguisher connection
Sprinklers
SYS

6
OVERVIEW OF FIREFIGHTING

Materials ( Manual &

Automatic )

Water FM200 Co2 Halon Dry Foam

Chemical
powder

7
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

Single Line Digram 2.dwg

Second
Water
First Water source
source Manual
Cabinet
Systems

Pump
Tank Siamese
Room
connection

Automatic
Sprinklers
systems

8
Pump
Room

9
PUMP ROOM
 Delivered water from tank to firefighting
systems
Cabinet

Tank
Pump
Room

Sprinklers

10
PUMP ROOM

Centrifugal
Horizontal &
Vertical
Types of
Pumps
Horizontal &
Positive Vertical
displacement

11
PUMP ROOM
 Horizontal Centrifugal Pump
 Vertical centrifugal pump

12
 Centrifugal pump

Impeller
Overhung between
bearing

13
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Working mechanism of centrifugal pump

The main purpose is to convert energy of a mover

(Electric motor ) first to velocity (kinetic energy ) and
then into pressure energy ( Static energy )

Energy chance occur by two main parts

1-Impeller ( Rotating part that convert driver energy
into kinetic energy )
2-The Volute or Diffuser ( Stationary part that convert
the kinetic energy to static energy (Pressure energy))

14
GENERATION OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

As liquid leaves the eye of the

impeller a low –pressure area is
created causing more liquid to
flow towards the inlet

First
The liquid Step
enter :
the suction
nozzle and then into
Conversion eye of
Motor
impeller
Energy Into
Kinetic
When the Energy
impeller rotates it
spins the liquid sitting in the
cavities between the vanes
outward and provides centrifugal
acceleration

15
GENERATION OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

Resistance to the flow : the first

resistance to the flow is created
by the pump casing ( Volute )
that catches the liquid and slow
it down
Second ……….. Step :
Its velocity converted to
Conversion
pressure
Kineticaccording
Energy to
Bernoulli's equation
Into Pressure
Energy

16
FORMULA :-

This head can also be calculated from the

readings on the pressure gauges
attached to the suction and discharge lines

17
FACT
One fact that must always be
remembered: A pump does
not create pressure, it only
provides flow. Pressure is a
just an indication of the
amount of resistance to flow.
18
 1-Rotating components comprised of an
impeller and the shaft

Centrifugal pump has two main

component

2-Stationary components comprised of a

casing and bearing
19
STATIONARY COMPONENTS
CASING

Volute casing Circular casing

Volute casing increase the area to the discharge

port , as the area of the cross section increase
Have
the a
volute
stationary
reduce diffusions
the speedvanes
of thesurroundings
liquid and
the impellerincrease
peripherythethat
pressure
convert velocity
Volute energy
casing :into
build
pressure
HIGH head
energy
, Circular
casing are used for LOW head and HIGH
capacity
 casing

Solid Casing Spilt casing

Two or more parts are fastened together. When the

A design
casing partsinare
which the entire
divided casing plane, the
by horizontal
including
casing the discharge
is described nozzle issplit or axially split
as horizontally
all contained
casing. When the insplit
one casting or
is in a vertical plane
fabricated piece
perpendicular to the rotation axis, the casing is
described as vertically split or radially split casing. 21
 SUCTION AND DISCHARGE
NOZZLE

End suction Top suction Side suction

Top Discharge Top Discharge Side Discharge

The suction andnozzle

discharge
is located
nozzles
at theare
endlocated
of, andat
the
concentric
sides
top ofof
the
to,
thecase
the
case
shaft
perpendicular
perpendicular
while the to
discharge
to
the
theshaft
shaft.
nozzle
This
is located
alwayspump
a radially
at
can
thehave
top
split
of
either
case
the case
an
pump
axially
perpendicular
or radially
to
split
the shaft
case type.
22
ROTATING COMPONENTS

Impeller
direction of mechanical
suction type construction
flow

Radial
Mixed
Axial Double-
Single-
Closed
Open
flow suction
23
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PARAMETERS
 Capacity :-
D e fi n i t i o n : -
C a p a c i t y m e a n s t h e fl o w r a t e w i t h w h i c h l i q u i d
is moved or pushed by the pump to the desired
point in the process.
It is commonly measured in either gallons per
minute (gpm) or cubic meters per hour
(m3/hr). The capacity usually changes with the
changes in operation of the process.

1 ( m3/Hr ) = 3.66 (GPM)

24
 T h e ca p a c i t y d e p e n d s o n a n u m b e r o f
fa c to r s l i ke :

 1 - P ro c e s s l i q u i d ch a ra c te r i s t i c s i . e .
d e n s i t y, v i s c o s i t y
 2 - S i ze o f th e p u m p a n d i t s i n l e t a n d
o u tl e t s e c t i o n s
 3 - Im p e l l e r s i ze
 4 - Im p e l l e r ro ta t i o n a l s p e e d R P M
 5 - S i ze a n d s h a p e o f ca v i t i e s b e t we e n th e
va n e s
 6 - P u m p s u c t i o n a n d d i s ch a rg e
te m p e ra t u re a n d p re s s u re c o n d i t i o n s
25
FORMULA :-

26
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PARAMETERS (HEAD)
 HEAD:-
 S i g n i fi c a n c e o f u s i n g t h e “ h e a d ” t e r m
i n s t e a d o f t h e “ p r e s s u r e” t e r m

The pressure at any point in a liquid can be

thought of as being caused by a vertical
column of the liquid due to its weight.
T h e h e i g h t o f t h i s c o l u m n i s c a l l e d t h e s ta t i c
head and is expressed in terms of feet of
liquid.

27
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PARAMETERS (HEAD)
The same head term is used to measure the
k i n e t i c e n e r g y c r e a t e d b y t h e p u m p.
In other words, head is a measurement of the
height of a liquid column that the pump
could create from the kinetic energy imparted
to the liquid

28
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PARAMETERS (HEAD)
The main reason for using head instead of
pressure to measure a centrifugal pump's
energy is that the pressure from a pump will
c h a n g e i f t h e s p e c i fi c g r a v i t y ( w e i g h t ) o f t h e
liquid changes, but the head will not change.
Since any given centrifugal pump can move a
l o t o f d i ff e r e n t fl u i d s , w i t h d i ff e r e n t s p e c i fi c
gravities, it is simpler to discuss the pump's
head and forget about the pressure.

29
FACT
 A given pump with a given
impeller diameter and
speed will raise a liquid to a
certain height regardless of
the weight of the liquid.

30
FORMULA :-

 liquids have specific gravities typically ranging from

0.5 (light) to 1.8 (heavy).
 Water is a benchmark, having a
specific gravity of 1.0.
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 DEFINITION :-
 1-Static Suction Head, hS
 2-Static Discharge Head, hd
 Total Static Head
 3-Friction Head, hf
 4-Vapor pressure Head, hvp
 5-Velocity Head, hv
 6-pressure head hp
 7-Total Suction Head HS
 8-Total Discharge Head Hd
 9-Total Differential Head HT
 10-Net Positive Suction Head Required NPSHr
 11-Net Positive Suction Head Available NPSHa

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 DEFINITION :-
 1-STATIC SUC TION HEAD, HS

 Head resulting from elevation of the liquid

relative to the pump center line. If the liquid
level is above pump centerline, hS is
positive. If the liquid level is below pump
centerline, hS is negative
 . Negative hS condition is commonly denoted
as a “suction lift” condition

33
 DEFINITION :-
 2-STATIC DISCHARGE HEAD, HD

 the vertical distance between the pump

centerline and the surface of the liquid in
the destination tank .

34
 DEFINITION :-
 What is Static Head?
 In a pumping system, this head represents
the energy required to raise the liquid from
the pump centerline to the point in the pipe
that the liquid needs to be raised

35
 DEFINITION :-
 3-FRICTION HEAD, HF

 This is the loss needed to overcome that is

c a u s e d b y t h e r e s i s t a n c e t o fl o w i n t h e p i p e
a n d fi t t i n g s . I t i s d e p e n d e n t o n s i z e ,
condition and type of pipe, number and type
o f p i p e fi t t i n g s , fl o w r a t e , a n d n a t u r e o f t h e
liquid.

36
37
 DEFINITION :-

 4-VAPOR PRESSURE HEAD, HVP

38
 DEFINITION :-
 5-VELOCITY HEAD, HV

 It i s th e e q u i va l e n t h e a d i n f e e t th ro u g h
wh i ch th e wa te r wo u l d h a ve to fa l l to
a c q u i re th e s a m e ve l o c i t y,

39
 DEFINITION :-
 6-PRESSURE HEAD HP

S uct i o n P re ss ure He a d e x i s t s
b e ca u s e th e s uct i o n ta n k i s u nd e r
a p ress u re o th er th a n a t m o s ph er i c.
It i s th e pre ss ure a c t i ng o n th e s ur fa ce
o f th e l i qui d i n th e s u ct i o n ta n k .
T h i s press ure ca n b e po s i t i ve ( a b ove
a t m o s ph e r i c) o r ne g a t i ve ( va c uu m ) .
40
 DEFINITION :-
 7-TOTAL SUCTION HEAD HS
 T h i s i s c a l l e d To t a l S y s t e m S u c t i o n H e a d . T h i s i s
a l s o s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d To t a l D y n a m i c S u c t i o n
Head.
 The equation to calculate this head requirement
 .Suction static head is positive when there is a
fl o o d e d s u c t i o n a n d n e g a t i v e w h e n t h e r e i s a
suction lift.
 Pressure head is zero if the tank is atmospheric.
It is added when above zero gauge pressure and
subtracted when under vacuum.
 Ve l o c i t y h e a d t h e o r e t i c a l l y i s p a r t o f t h e S y s t e m
Suction Head equation. In practical application,
it is rarely considered as its value is minimal
41
DEFINITION
 8-TOTAL DISCHARGE HEAD HD

42
 DEFINITION :-
 9-TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL HEAD HT
TOTAL HEAD SYSTEM
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD

 HT=HD-HS

43
PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE
Total dynamic Head

Increasing capacity
decreasing Head

Capacity 44
10-NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD REQUIRED (NPSHR)

 As liquid enters the pump, there is a reduction of

pressure and subsequent head. This head reduction is a
function of the specific pump and is determined by
laboratory testing to be stated by the pump
manufacturer on a pump curve.
 Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR) is the
measurement of this head reduction to determine the
minimum suction head condition required to prevent
the liquid from vaporizing in the pump.
45
10-NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD REQUIRED (NPSHR)

 Notice on the NPSHR curve below, as the pump

capacity increases and head decreases, more NPSHR
is required to prevent cavitation from occurring.

46
DEFINITION
 Efficiency

 Efficiency is power output of a mechanical

device, such as a pump, divided by power
input to the device. Pump efficiency is the
ratio of liquid power (also known as water
power) divided by the power input to the
pump shaft,(also known as brake power

47
DEFINITION Best Efficiency point

48
DEFINITION
 Power Requirements

49
50
 PUMP SELECTION

 pss.jnlp

51
PUMP OPERATIONS
 Pumps operates by : -

Electric Engines

Diesel Engines

52
PUMP ROOM CONTENTS

Pump Room

Electric Jockey Diesel

pump Pump pump
53
PUMP ROOM OPERATIONS

54
PUMP ROOM SPECIFICATIONS
Any pump can be used to be Firefighting pumps as
long as matching :-
1. NFPA (National Fire Protection Association)
2.LPC (Loss Prevention Council )
Manufacturing of pumps should be according to
1. American specs ANSI (American National Standards
Institute )
2. British specs BS (British Standard )
3. Germany specs DIN (Diameter Nominal )
55
PUMP ROOM SPECIFICATIONS
 It should delivered with pumps test
certification from manufacturer states about
testing the pumps with its control panels

 If the pump according American specs it

should be UL or FM certification states about
testing the pump according American specs

56
NFPA (NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION )

 NFPA 20 (Installation of Stationary

Pumps for Fire Protection )

 1.3.1 This standard shall apply to centrifugal

single-stage and multistage pumps of the
horizontal or vertical shaft design and
positive displacement pumps of the
horizontal or vertical shaft design.
57
NFPA (NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION
ASSOCIATION )

 5.1.2 Other Pumps shall be limited to

capacities of less than 1892 L/min (500 gpm).

The meaning of (SHALL) in

nfpa code : Indicates a
mandatory requirement

58
NFPA 20
 The pump is required to demonstrate its
ability to achieve 65% of rated pressure when
flowing at 150% of rated capacity

 Shut-off head will range from a minimum of

101% to a maximum of 140% of head

59
60
NFPA20
 Gallon per minute according to NFPA20

61
INSTALLATION OF PUMP

Pump Room Components

62
INSTALLATION OF PUMP ROOM

 1-Pump & Engine

63
INSTALLATION OF PUMP ROOM

 Suction Line
 Discharge Line
 Check Line

64
INSTALLATION OF PUMP ROOM

Pump Room Connection

65
66
67
INSTALLATION OF PUMP ROOM

 pump room.dwg
 Pump Room 2.dwg
 AutoCAD Drawings
 Pump Room (Electric ).dwg
 pump Room (Diesel ).dwg
 Pump Room 3d.dwg

68
GALLERY

Gallery

69
Concentric reducer

70
Check Valve

71
Diesel pump fuel tank

72
Air Vent on discharge line

73
Concentric & eccentric reducers

74
 Sprinklers

Systems

75
 There are 4 main types of systems :-

 Wet Pipe
 Dry Pipe
 Pre-Action
 Deluge

76
WET PIPES SYSTEM
 Wet pipe sprinkler systems contain water in the
riser and piping at all times. As soon as a
sprinkler head activates due to the heat of a fire,
water is immediately discharged through the
open head .

77
78
WET PIPE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
 MAIN CONTROL VALVE

Butterfly Valve
OBJECTIVE :-
Shut down
system for
service
79
WET PIPE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
 CONTROL VALVE

80
When the fire
protection system is
initially being
pressurized, water
will flow
into the system until
the water supply and
system pressure
become equalized,
and the torsion
Spring closes the
Clapper in the Alarm
Check Valve. Once
the pressures have
stabilized
81
 2
Leakage in
System
Restriction
INLET
Assembly

OUTLET
Flow Inlet < Flow Outlet
(1)
Flow Inlet > Flow Outlet
1 (2)

82
 FIRE,FIRE
ALARM

83
84
 CHECK VALVE SYMBOL
 CHECK VALVE

 CHECK VALVE BLOCK

 Check Valve Block.dwg

85
WET PIPE SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Friction Loss Chart ( Check Valve )

86
87
88
89
90
91
92
DRY PIPES SYSTEM
 Dry pipe sprinkler systems contain air (or
sometimes nitrogen) in the riser and piping at
all times. The air (or nitrogen) is under pressure
and this pressure maintains a "differential dry
pipe valve" in the closed position

93
DRY PIPES SYSTEM

 . When a sprinkler head activates, the air (or

nitrogen) is exhausted through the open head,
thus allowing the differential dry pipe valve to
open and water to be admitted to the riser and
piping.

94
DRY PIPES SYSTEM

 Some dry pipe systems are equipped with quick

opening devices (QOD's) which assist in
exhausting the air or nitrogen from the system
thus allowing water to reach the open head more
quickly. Dry pipe systems are installed where
there is a danger of freezing.

95
96
97
PROCEDURE
 When one or more automatic sprinklers operate in response
to a fire, air pressure within the system piping is relieved
through the open sprinklers.
 When the air pressure is sufficiently reduced, the water
pressure overcomes the differential holding the Clapper
Assembly closed and the Clapper Assembly swings clear of
the water seat,
 This action permits water flow into the system piping and
subsequently to be discharged from any open sprinklers. Also,
with the Clapper Assembly open, the intermediate chamber is
pressurized and water flows through the alarm port.

98
PROCEDURE
 After a valve actuation and upon subsequent closing of a
system main control valve to stop water flow, the Clapper
Assembly will latch open Latching open of the DPV-1 will
permit complete draining of the system through the main
drain port. During the valve resetting procedure and after
the system is completely drained, the external reset knob
can be easily depressed to externally unlatch the Clapper
Assembly
 . As such, the Clapper Assembly is returned to its normal
set position to facilitate setting of the dry pipe sprinkler
system, without having to remove the Hand hole Cover.

99
100
101
PREACTION PIPES SYSTEM
 A Preaction System is a sprinkler system
employing closed automatic sprinklers
connected to a piping system that contains air
or nitrogen that may or may not be
pressurized. A supplemental detection system
(release line) is installed in the same area as
the sprinklers

102
NFPA 13 DEFINES THREE BASIC TYPES OF
PREACTION SYSTEMS:
 Single Interlocked: Admits water to sprinkler
piping upon operation of detection devices
only.
 Double Interlocked: Admits water to
sprinkler piping upon operation of both the
detection devices and automatic sprinklers

103
PREACTION SYSTEMS:
 Non-Interlocked: Admits water to sprinkler
piping upon either operation of detection
devices or automatic sprinklers.

104
PREACTION SYSTEMS:

 The supplemental detection system is commonly

electric or pneumatic or a combination of both.
Detection systems used with electric release systems
are commonly actuated by manual pull stations, fixed-
temperature heat detectors, rate-of-rise heat detectors,
smoke detectors or other means determined

105
PREACTION SYSTEMS:
 In accordance with NFPA 13,
 the preaction sprinkler system piping and fire
detection devices shall be automatically supervised
where there are more than 20 sprinklers on the
systems. This is accomplished with air or nitrogen gas
under pressure within the sprinkler piping. If the
integrity of the sprinkler piping is compromised, the
pressure will be reduced activating a supervisory
pressure switch that transmits the signal to the release
control panel and/or fire alarm panel.

106
PREACTION SYSTEMS:
 Single Interlocked

107
PREACTION SYSTEMS:
 Double Interlocked

114
PREACTION SYSTEMS:
 . The double interlock preaction system
utilizes a detector system and pressurized air
or nitrogen in the sprinkler system piping.
This system is arranged so that the deluge
valve will open only when both pressure is
reduced in the sprinkler piping and the
detection system operates.

115
PREACTION SYSTEMS:
 If the detection system operates due to
damage or malfunction, the valve will not
open, but an alarm will sound. If the sprinkler
piping is damaged or sprinkler is broken, the
valve will not open but a supervisory alarm
will sound. The operation of both a sprinkler
and a detector (or release) is required before
the valve will open, allowing water to enter the
system piping.
116
DELUGE SYSTEMS:
 A deluge system is similar to a pre-action system except the
sprinkler heads are open and the pipe is not pressurized
with air. Deluge systems are connected to a water supply
through a deluge valve that is opened by the operation of a
smoke or heat detection system. The detection system is
installed in the same area as the sprinklers. When the
detection system is activated water discharges through all
of the sprinkler heads in the system. Deluge systems are
used in places that are considered high hazard areas such as
power plants, aircraft hangars and chemical storage or
processing facilities. Deluge systems are needed where high
velocity suppression is necessary to prevent fire spread

126
DELUGE SYSTEMS:
 Deluge System with Electric actuated

127
DELUGE SYSTEMS:
 Deluge System with wet pilot actuated

134
DELUGE SYSTEMS:
 Deluge System with Dry pilot actuated

141
ZONE CONTROL VALVE ( FLOOR C V )

148