CHAPTER – 3

LIGHT
If light, fall on a surface (mirror) normally then
reflected light will follow own previous path
•a
Normal:-
• A straight line which is perpendicular on the mirror.
• Angle of incident: -
• Angle between incident ray and normal.
• Angle of reflection: -
• Angle between reflected ray and normal.
• Improve your concept here:
• Mark angle of incident, reflection
and normal in the given diagram.
IMAGE FORMATION BY A PLANE
MIRROR: -
Complete ray diagrams and write properties
of image.
LATERALLY INVERTED: -
• The phenomenon where your left-side appears as the right-side
and vice versa in a mirror is referred to as Lateral Inversion
and formed image is known as LATERALLY INVERTED.
REAL IMAGE: -
• An image that can be formed on a screen.
• For example: Image formed by projector.
• VIRTUAL IMAGE: - An image that can not be formed on a
screen.
• For example: Image formed by plane mirror.
RAY DIAGRAME OF REFRACTION Try by yourself
OF LIGHT: -
Refraction through rectangular glass slab:
-
Define the following:- (Try by yourself)
• Normal:-

• Angle of incident: -

• Angle of reflection: -
Calculation of
refractive index: -

• Refractive index = Speed of light

in vacuum / Speed of light in
material

•
OR

n=c/v
Question - In an experiment the angle of incidence was
measured as 30 and the angle of refraction as 19. Calculate the
refractive index of the glass block. Sin30 = 0.5 and Sin19 =
0.33
• Ans.
Question - If a ray is refracted at an angle of 14° and the
refractive index is 1.2, compute the angle of incidence.
• Ans.
Question - A beam of flashlight traveling in air incident on a surface of a
thin glass at an angle of 38∘ with the normal. The index of refraction of
the glass is 1.56. What is the angle of refraction?
• Ans.
 USE OF TIR IN
TELECOMMUNICATION: -
 n = 1 /sinc
Recall and use the Where - n = refractive index
equation n = 1 /sinc c = critical angle
:-
LENS: - lens is a transparent material bounded by two
surfaces.

• Types of lens: -
• 1. Convex lens or Converging lens
• (Thin at edge & thick at middle)
• 2. Concave lens or Diverging lens
• (Thick at edge & thin at middle)
Converging action of a thin convex
lens:-
.
Principal axis: - It is straight line which passes from
optic centre of the lens and perpendicular on its axis.
• Principal Focus or Focal Point: - It is a point on
principal axis where all refracted ray of light concentrated
together. It is represented by “F”.

• Focus-Length: - The distance from the centre of the lens

to principal focus is called focus-length. It is represented by
“f”.
• SI unit of focus-length is “ meter”.
.
FORMING A REAL IMAGE BY
CONVEX LENS: -
• If the size of an image is smaller
• than that of the object then the
• image is called a diminished image.
• Try by yourself.
Write properties of image formed by convex
lens.
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
Diverging action of a thin concave lens:-
•.
MAGNIFYING GLASS: -

• Convex lens or converging lens

RAY DIAGRAM: -
• IMAGE FORMATION BY CONCAVE LENS:
• AB = Object
• A’B’ = Image
• Characteristics:
• Virtual
• Diminished
• Erect
Long-sightedness: -
•a
Corrected Long-sightedness or
Hypermetropia: -
• To correct Long-sightedness, we use convex lens.
Short-sightedness OR MYOPIA: -
•D
Corrected Short-sightedness : - To correct Short-
sightedness, we use concave lens.
DISPERSION OF LIGHT: -
• When white light is passed through a glass prism it splits into its
spectrum of colours (violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and
red). This process of white light splitting into its constituent seven
colours is known as dispersion.
Wave-length of different colours of light: -
.
 • wavelength is inversely proportional to the frequency of the wave.

WAVE-LENGTH • waves with higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths, and lower
frequencies have longer wavelengths.
& Frequency: - • Example: Red colour has lower frequency and longer wavelength.
• Violet colour has shorter wavelength and higher frequencies.
Monochromatic Light: - Monochromatic light
is light of a single frequency. (Example- Laser light)
**********END***********