THE CELL

WHAT IS CELL?

• The Cell is a smallest unit of a living

organism, that cannot be viewed
through naked eyes
• The basic building blocks of all
living things
• The human body is composed of
trillions of cells. They provide structure
for the body, take in nutrients from
food, convert those nutrients into
energy, and carry out specialized
functions.
WHAT IS CELL?
 CELLULAR FUNCTION

Cell membrane
• Sort and organize the contents of the
cell into compartments called
organelles.
• Cell membrane regulates the
transportation of the molecules in
and out of the cells. The cell
membrane is often called as
the plasma membrane, because it is
the boundary of the cytoplasm.
 CELLULAR FUNCTION

Plasma
Membrane
 CELLULAR FUNCTION
Nucleus
• Is a very important component, that controls all the
activities of the cell. It stores DNA, the instruction
manual for how to run a cell function.

• In the center of the nucleus is nucleolus, which is

responsible in making ribosomal protections and
rRNA.
CELLULAR FUNCTION
Nucleus
.
 CELLULAR FUNCTION

Ribosomes
mainly prepare proteins. These are attached to the rough
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and also found floating inside the
cytoplasm.
 CELLULAR FUNCTION

Ribosomes
CELLULAR FUNCTION

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

transport proteins that are built by the ribosomes
and further transferred to Golgi apparatus.

There are 2 types of ER

Rough ER and smooth ER. Rough ER and smooth

ER are connected to each other
 CELLULAR FUNCTION

Rough ER
contains ribosomes on the surfaces.
Here the proteins produced by the
ribosomes gets modified and is
transported.
 CELLULAR FUNCTION
Rough ER
CELLULAR FUNCTION
Rough ER
CELLULAR FUNCTION
Smooth ER

Smooth ER has little or no

ribosomes on the surface.
Smooth ER is responsible to make
new membranes for the cell or
neutralize the toxins.
CELLULAR FUNCTION
Smooth ER
 CELLULAR FUNCTION

Golgi apparatus

is an organelle that modifies, sorts,

packages and distributes proteins that
are received from the ER. Golgi
apparatus also prepares materials that
are exported outside the cell. The
packages prepared by the Golgi
apparatus are called vesicles.
 CELLULAR FUNCTION
Golgi apparatus
 CELLULAR FUNCTION
Peroxisome

are the catalyst enzyme filled

membrane packages that can
neutralize the toxins
 CELLULAR FUNCTION
Peroxisome
 CELLULAR FUNCTION
Lysosomes

are the digestive enzyme filled

membrane packages, that are
capable of digesting food, virus,
bacteria, etc.
 CELLULAR FUNCTION
Lysosomes
 CELLULAR FUNCTION
Mitochondria

are another supremely important organelle

inside the cell. This dose not have any role in
protein production. This is responsible for energy
production, metabolism and cell respiration,
hence called as a power house. Mitochondria
has its own DNA and its own dedicated set of
ribosomes within it. So it can be said as a cell
within a cell.
Cell structure also contains cytoskeleton, that
functions like supporting materials inside the
cell. It maintains the shape of the cell and keep
organelles intact.
CELLULAR FUNCTION
Mitochondria
 CELLULAR FUNCTION
Microtubules

• are polymers of tubulin that form part of

the cytoskeleton and provide structure and
shape to eukaryotic cells.

• There is some extracellular matrix called

collagen, that are responsible for holding
the cells together. Without this, the skin
becomes wrinkled.
 CELLULAR FUNCTION
Microtubules