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Chapter -5 : Real Time Communications
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Topics
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 Introduction to RTC
 Key Components of RTC
 Real-Time Protocols
 Security in Real-Time Communications
 Quality of Service (QoS) in (RTC)
 Future Trends in RTC
2
Real Time Communications
 Real-Time Communications (RTC) refers to the technology that
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enables instant communication and exchange of information in real

time.
 It allows users to interact with each other without significant delays,
providing a seamless and immediate communication experience.
 Unlike traditional forms of communication that may involve delays,
 Real-time communication ensures that information is transmitted and
received immediately, allowing for dynamic and interactive
exchanges.
Key Characteristics of Real-Time Communications:
Instantaneous Interaction:
• RTC is characterized by its immediacy.
• It allows users to communicate in real-time, making it suitable for
applications where timely information exchange ©is2011
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using
critical.
Pearson Higher Education,
3
Key Characteristics of Real-Time
Communications
Low Latency:
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Low latency is a key requirement for RTC.

Delays in transmission can result in degraded user experience,
especially in applications like video conferencing or online gaming.
Media Integration:
RTC involves the integration of various media types, such as
audio, video, and sometimes additional data streams.
This integration allows for rich, multi-modal communication
experiences.
Dynamic Scalability:
RTC systems must be scalable to accommodate varying numbers
of users and adapt to network conditions.
 Scalability is crucial for applications ranging© 2011
from one-on-one
4
Examples of Real-Time Communications Applications:
Voice and Video Calls:
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Platforms like Skype, Zoom, and Microsoft Teams facilitate real-time

voice and video calls, connecting people across the globe.
Instant Messaging:
Messaging apps like WhatsApp, Slack, and Telegram provide instant
text-based communication with real-time message delivery.
Live Streaming:
Platforms such as YouTube Live and Twitch enable real-time video
streaming, allowing content creators to engage with their audience in
real-time.
Web Conferencing:
Services like WebEx and GoToMeeting facilitate real-time
collaboration through features like screen sharing, document
collaboration, and live discussions.
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5 © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights
Importance of Real-Time Communications
Business Collaboration: BIHE university
Real-time communication is essential for collaborative work

environments, enabling teams to communicate and coordinate
effectively, regardless of geographical locations.
Customer Engagement:
In customer service and support, real-time communication
ensures prompt responses to inquiries, enhancing customer
satisfaction.
Emergency Services:
RTC plays a critical role in emergency response systems,
allowing for quick and effective communication during crises.
Entertainment and Social Interaction:
Online gaming, social media platforms, and live events leverage RTC
to provide users with immersive and interactive
Assembly and C Upperexperiences.
© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
6
Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights
Key Components of Real-Time Communications
 Real-Time Communications (RTC) involve several key
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components that work together to enable seamless and

immediate communication.
 These components ensure that data, whether in the form of
voice, video, or other media, can be transmitted and
received in real-time.
 Here are the key components of Real-Time Communications:
Media Streams:
 "media streams" generally refers to the continuous flow of
digital data, particularly audio or video content, that is
delivered over the internet or a network
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 Media streams enable users to consume audio or video

content in real-time without the need for downloading the
entire file before playback. Instead, the data is sent and
played back as it is received.
 Audio Codecs: Algorithms that compress and decompress
audio data, ensuring efficient transmission.
 Video Codecs: Similar to audio codecs but designed for
video data.
 Quality of Service (QoS): Mechanisms to prioritize and
manage the quality of media streams, addressing issues
such as latency and packet loss.
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Signaling:
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Session Initiation Protocol (SIP): A signaling protocol that initiates,

modifies, and terminates communication sessions.
 It plays a crucial role in call setup, management, and teardown.
WebRTC Signaling: In web-based real-time communication,
signaling is often facilitated by protocols like WebSocket and HTTP.
Transport Protocols:
User Datagram Protocol (UDP): Provides low-latency
communication suitable for real-time applications.
 It is often used for transmitting media streams.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): Ensures reliable and ordered
delivery of data, commonly used for signaling and control messages.
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Session Description Protocol (SDP):

•A format for describing multimedia communication sessions,
including information about the media type, codec, and other
session parameters.
Web Real-Time Communications (WebRTC):
•getUserMedia API: Allows web applications to access a
user's camera and microphone.
•RTCPeerConnection: Manages the connection between
peers, enabling the transmission of audio, video, and data.
•RTCDataChannel: Enables peer-to-peer communication of
arbitrary data.
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Codecs and Compression Algorithms:

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Audio Codecs: Algorithms for compressing and

decompressing audio data to reduce bandwidth requirements.
Video Codecs: Algorithms for compressing and
decompressing video data while maintaining acceptable
quality.
Network Protocols:
Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP): Used to transmit real-
time data, especially audio and video streams, over the
network.
Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP): Provides control and
feedback on the quality of the media stream.
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Adaptive Bitrate Streaming:
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A technique that adjusts the quality of media streams in real-time

based on the viewer's network conditions, ensuring a smoother viewing
experience.
Security Mechanisms:
Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol (SRTP): A secure version of
RTP that provides encryption, authentication, and integrity for media
streams.
Transport Layer Security (TLS): Ensures secure signaling and data
transmission.
Jitter Buffer:
A buffer that smoothens variations in packet arrival times, reducing
jitter and ensuring a more consistent playback experience for audio and
video.
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Technologies in Real-Time Communications
 Real-Time Communications (RTC) encompasses various
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technologies that enable instant communication and interaction

between users or systems.
 Here are some key technologies in Real-Time
Communications:
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP):
 VoIP enables the transmission of voice over the internet or
other IP-based networks.
 Key Components: Codec (compression/decompression), SIP
(Session Initiation Protocol), RTP (Real-Time Transport
Protocol).
 Advantages: Cost-effective, flexible, and often includes
additional features like video conferencing.
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Video Conferencing:
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Video conferencing is a technology that allows individuals or groups

in different locations to hold face-to-face meetings without having to
move to a single location physically.
It has become an integral part of communication in various fields,
enabling real-time collaboration, remote work, and efficient
information sharing.
Here are key aspects of video conferencing:
Components: Cameras, microphones, codecs, and multipoint control
units (MCUs).
Platforms: Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Cisco Webex.
Advancements: High-definition video, screen sharing, and virtual
backgrounds.
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Instant Messaging and Presence

Instant Messaging (IM) is a form of real-time communication that
allows users to exchange text messages with one another instantly
over the internet or a network.
Unlike email, which may have a delay in message delivery, IM
provides immediate communication and is well-suited for short,
quick exchanges.
IM has evolved over the years to include additional features such as
multimedia sharing, voice and video calling, and collaboration tools.
•Features: Real-time text, file sharing, and presence indicators.
•Popular examples of instant messaging platforms include
WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, Slack, Microsoft Teams, and
Telegram.
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 Presence in the context of communication refers to the ability to
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detect and display the current availability status of a user.

 Presence information includes whether a user is online, offline,
away, busy, or idle.
 It provides valuable context for deciding the most appropriate
mode of communication and helps users avoid unnecessary
disruptions.
 Presence is a crucial element in modern communication systems,
ensuring that users can make informed decisions about the best
time and method to reach out to their contacts.
 It enhances communication efficiency and helps in maintaining
respectful and non-intrusive interactions.
 protocols: XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol),
SIP (SessionandInitiation
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Assembly and C
Protocol)
Embedded System Using are applied © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
16
Real-Time Communication Protocols
 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP): Is a signaling protocol
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widely used for initiating, modifying, and terminating real-time

sessions that involve video, voice, messaging, and other
communications applications and services between two or more
endpoints on IP networks.
 SIP plays a key role in enabling communication services such as
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Unified Communications
(UC).
 SIP follows a client-server architecture where the initiating
device is the SIP client, and the server handles the call control
and routing functions.
 Purpose: Initiates, modifies, and terminates sessions involving
video, voice, messaging, and other communications.
 Components: INVITE, REGISTER, ACK, BYE © 2011
messages.
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using 17
Web Real-Time Communication (WebRTC):
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• Web Real-Time Communication (WebRTC) is a free, open-source

project that provides web browsers and mobile applications with
real-time communication via simple application programming
interfaces (APIs).
• WebRTC enables peer-to-peer communication for voice and video
chat, as well as file sharing and other forms of real-time data
exchange.
• MediaStream API: Captures audio and video from devices like
cameras and microphones.
• RTCPeerConnection: Establishes and manages peer-to-peer
connections for real-time communication.
• RTCDataChannel: Enables bidirectional data transfer between
peers.
• Applications: Video chat on websites, online collaboration
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011
tools.18
The Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)
 The Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) is a network protocol
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specifically designed for the delivery of real-time media, such as

audio and video, over IP networks.
 RTP is commonly used in conjunction with the Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP) for voice over IP (VoIP) applications, video
conferencing, streaming media, and other interactive
communication services.
Purpose and Functionality:
 RTP is designed to transport time-sensitive media, providing
mechanisms for the efficient transmission of audio and video
streams over IP networks.
 Operates at the transport layer of the Internet Protocol (IP) suite and
is often used in combination with the User Datagram Protocol
(UDP).
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Key Components:
Sequence Numbering:
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RTP assigns a sequence number to each packet to facilitate the

reconstruction of the correct order at the receiving end.
Timestamps:
Includes timestamp information to synchronize media streams
and assist in the reconstruction of the timing at the receiver.
Payload Type:
Specifies the type of media payload carried by the RTP packet,
indicating whether it contains audio, video, or other data.
SSRC (Synchronization Source Identifier):
Identifies the source of the RTP stream, helping to distinguish
between different sources in a multi-stream environment.
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Quality of Service (QoS) in (RTC)
 Quality of Service (QoS) in Real-Time Communications (RTC) refers to
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the set of technologies and strategies that aim to ensure a consistent and
high-quality user experience during real-time interactions,
 such as voice and video calls, online meetings, and live streaming.
 QoS in RTC addresses various challenges, including network congestion,
latency, packet loss, and jitter, to deliver optimal performance.
Here are key aspects of QoS in RTC:
Bandwidth Management:
 Bandwidth management in the context of Real-Time Communication
(RTC) involves optimizing and controlling network resources to ensure
the efficient transmission of real-time audio and video data.
 Prioritization: Prioritize real-time traffic, such as voice and video
streams, over non-real-time traffic to ensure timely delivery.
 Dynamic Allocation: Dynamically allocate bandwidth based on the
requirements of different media types and the current network conditions.
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Packet Prioritization:
• Packet prioritization is a key aspect of Quality of Service (QoS), a set of
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techniques and technologies designed to manage network resources and

ensure a certain level of performance for specific types of traffic.
• In packet prioritization, different packets within a network are assigned
varying levels of priority based on the type of data they carry or the
requirements of the applications generating them.
Traffic Shaping:
• Traffic shaping is a Quality of Service (QoS) technique used in computer
networks to control the flow of network traffic, smoothing out bursts of
data and ensuring a more even transmission rate.
• The goal of traffic shaping is to optimize network performance, reduce
congestion, and improve the overall user experience.
• This technique is particularly useful in situations where the available
bandwidth is limited, and network resources need to be managed
efficiently.
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Network Optimization:
 Network optimization in the context of Quality of Service

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(QoS) refers to the process of fine-tuning and enhancing a

computer network to improve its overall performance,
efficiency, and responsiveness.
 QoS mechanisms and techniques are employed to ensure that
different types of network traffic receive appropriate levels of
service based on their characteristics and priority.
 The goal of network optimization in QoS is to meet the
specific requirements of diverse applications and users while
maximizing the utilization of available resources.
 It includes Traffic Prioritization, Quality of Service (QoS)
Policies, Bandwidth Management, Packet Classification,
Traffic Shaping, Error Handling and Resilience , Routing and
Load Balancing:
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23© 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Packet Loss Mitigation:
• Packet loss occurs when data packets transmitted over a
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network do not reach their intended destination.

• In Quality of Service (QoS) management, minimizing
packet loss is crucial, especially in applications where data
integrity and real-time communication are essential.
• strategies for mitigating packet loss in QoS:
• Error Detection and Retransmission, Forward Error
Correction (FEC):Quality of Service (QoS) Prioritization,
Traffic Engineering, Buffer Management, Packet Loss
Concealment (PLC),dynamic Rate Adjustment, Redundancy
and Diversity, Network Monitoring and Analysis:
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Jitter control
• Jitter control is an essential aspect of Quality of Service
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(QoS) management, particularly in real-time

communication applications such as Voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP) and video conferencing.
• Jitter refers to the variation in the delay of received packets
in a network, leading to uneven packet arrival times.
• In the context of QoS, controlling jitter is crucial for
maintaining consistent and low-latency communication
• strategies for jitter control in QoS includes
• Jitter Buffers, Dynamic Jitter Buffer Adjustment, Quality
of Service (QoS) Policies, Packet Loss Mitigation and
Packet Loss Mitigation:
25
End-to-End Monitoring:
 End-to-end monitoring in Quality of Service (QoS) refers to the
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comprehensive observation and analysis of network performance from the

source to the destination.
 This approach involves monitoring and measuring various aspects of the
network, including latency, packet loss, jitter, and other parameters that
directly impact the quality of service provided to users.
 End-to-end monitoring is essential for ensuring that network performance
meets the specified standards and user expectations.
Quality of Experience (QoE):
 Quality of Experience (QoE) is a metric that evaluates the overall
satisfaction and perception of end-users based on their interaction with a
service, application, or system.
 While Quality of Service (QoS) focuses on technical parameters such as
latency, bandwidth, and packet loss, QoE takes a more holistic approach by
considering the user's subjective experience.
 QoE reflects the user's satisfaction with the actual© service
or application
26
performance, including aspects beyond raw technical metrics.
Security in Real-Time Communications
 Security in real-time communications (RTC) is crucial to
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protect sensitive information, ensure the privacy of users,

and maintain the integrity of communication channels.
 for security in real-time communications:
End-to-End Encryption:
• Purpose : Encrypts communication from the sender to the
recipient, ensuring that only the intended parties can
decrypt and access the content.
 Implementation: Technologies such as Secure Real-Time
Transport Protocol (SRTP) for media
 and Transport Layer Security (TLS) for signaling can be
used to achieve end-to-end encryption. © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Authentication and Authorization:
 User Authentication: Verify the identity of users

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participating in real-time communication sessions to prevent

unauthorized access.
 Access Control: Implement role-based access control
(RBAC) to define and manage user privileges based on their
roles within the communication system.
Secure Protocols:
 Transport Security: Use secure transport protocols such as
HTTPS for web-based real-time communication applications
and secure variants of protocols like SIP (e.g., SIPS).
 Media Security: Implement secure media protocols, such as
SRTP, to protect the confidentiality and integrity of audio and
video streams. AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using
Assembly and C
Firewall and Network Security:
• Firewall Configuration: Ensure that firewalls are
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configured to allow necessary real-time communication

traffic while blocking unauthorized access.
 Intrusion Detection and Prevention: Employ intrusion
detection and prevention systems to identify and mitigate
potential security threats.
Secure Signaling:
• SIP Security: Secure the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
using mechanisms like SIP over TLS and ensuring secure
SIP proxy configurations.
• Message Integrity: Implement message integrity checks
to prevent tampering with signaling messages.
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Vulnerability Management
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 Regular Audits: Conduct regular security audits to

identify and address vulnerabilities in the real-time
communication system.
 Patch Management: Keep software and systems up to
date with the latest security patches to address known
vulnerabilities.
Denial-of-Service (DoS) Protection:
 Rate Limiting: Implement rate limiting to mitigate the
impact of DoS attacks by restricting the number of
requests from a single source.
 Traffic Filtering: Employ traffic filtering mechanisms to
identify and block malicious traffic patterns associated
30
with DoS attacks.
Secure User Identity:
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 Secure Login Mechanisms: Implement strong

authentication methods, such as two-factor authentication
(2FA), to secure user accounts.
 User Privacy: Protect user privacy by minimizing the
collection and storage of personal information and
ensuring compliance with privacy regulations.
 Security Awareness and Training:
 User Education: Educate users about security best
practices, including the use of strong passwords,
awareness of phishing attacks, and the importance of
secure communication practices.
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Emergency Services Considerations:
 Location-Based Services: For emergency services, comply
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with regulations related to location-based information to

ensure accurate routing of emergency calls.
 Regulatory Compliance: Adhere to legal and regulatory
requirements for emergency service access and
information.
 Security in real-time communications requires a holistic
approach that addresses the various components of the
communication stack, from the application layer to the
network infrastructure.
 Continuous monitoring, regular updates, and user
education are essential elements of a comprehensive
security strategy in RTC.
Assembly and C
Future Trends in RTC BIHE university
• Real-Time Communications (RTC) continue to evolve with

advancements in technology and changing user demands.
• Several trends are shaping the future of RTC, contributing to
improved user experiences, enhanced collaboration, and the
integration of emerging technologies
5G Technology:
• The rollout of 5G networks promises significantly higher data
speeds, lower latency, and increased network capacity.
• This will enable more seamless and reliable real-time
communication experiences, especially for applications like
augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and high-
definition video conferencing.
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Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR):
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 AR and VR technologies are being integrated into real-time

communication applications, providing more immersive
and engaging experiences.
 This is particularly relevant for virtual meetings, remote
collaboration, and training scenarios.
AI and Machine Learning Integration:
 AI and machine learning are being applied to enhance
various aspects of RTC.
 This includes intelligent noise cancellation, automated
transcription services, sentiment analysis in
communication, and personalized user experiences.
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Multi-Cloud and Hybrid Deployments:
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 Organizations are increasingly adopting multi-cloud and

hybrid deployment models for RTC solutions. This allows
for greater flexibility, scalability, and resilience, ensuring
optimal performance across diverse environments.
Integration with Collaboration Tools:
 RTC platforms are integrating more seamlessly with
collaboration tools and productivity suites.
 This integration facilitates unified communication
experiences, enabling users to transition smoothly
between communication and collaboration activities.
35
Edge Computing for Low Latency:
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 Edge computing is being leveraged to reduce latency

in real-time communication.
 By processing data closer to the source, edge
computing helps minimize delays, making
communication more responsive and reliable.
Quantum-Secure Communication
• As quantum computing advances, there is a growing
focus on developing quantum-resistant encryption
algorithms to ensure the security of real-time
communication in the face of potential future quantum
threats.
36
Block chain for Security and Trust
 Block chain technology is being explored to enhance security and
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trust in RTC.
 It can be used for secure identity management, verifying the
integrity of communication logs, and ensuring the authenticity of
messages.
Smart Devices and IoT Integration:
 Real-time communication is extending to smart devices and the
Internet of Things (IoT).
 This includes applications in smart homes, healthcare monitoring,
and industrial IoT, where real-time data exchange is critical.
Context-Aware Communication
 RTC systems are becoming more context-aware, adapting
communication experiences based on user preferences, location, and
the specific context of the interaction. This enhances
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personalization
37
and user satisfaction.
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www. Micro Digital Ed.

Chapter -5 : Real Time Communications

enables instant communication and exchange of information in real

Low latency is a key requirement for RTC.

Platforms like Skype, Zoom, and Microsoft Teams facilitate real-time

Business Collaboration: BIHE university

Real-time communication is essential for collaborative work

components that work together to enable seamless and

 Media streams enable users to consume audio or video

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP): A signaling protocol that initiates,

Session Description Protocol (SDP):

Codecs and Compression Algorithms:

Audio Codecs: Algorithms for compressing and

A technique that adjusts the quality of media streams in real-time

technologies that enable instant communication and interaction

Video conferencing is a technology that allows individuals or groups

Instant Messaging and Presence

detect and display the current availability status of a user.

widely used for initiating, modifying, and terminating real-time

• Web Real-Time Communication (WebRTC) is a free, open-source

specifically designed for the delivery of real-time media, such as

RTP assigns a sequence number to each packet to facilitate the

techniques and technologies designed to manage network resources and

 Network optimization in the context of Quality of Service

(QoS) refers to the process of fine-tuning and enhancing a

network do not reach their intended destination.

(QoS) management, particularly in real-time

comprehensive observation and analysis of network performance from the

protect sensitive information, ensure the privacy of users,

 User Authentication: Verify the identity of users

participating in real-time communication sessions to prevent

configured to allow necessary real-time communication

 Regular Audits: Conduct regular security audits to

 Secure Login Mechanisms: Implement strong

with regulations related to location-based information to

• Real-Time Communications (RTC) continue to evolve with

 AR and VR technologies are being integrated into real-time

 Organizations are increasingly adopting multi-cloud and

 Edge computing is being leveraged to reduce latency

End of the chapter

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