REVIEW

• What are the different layers of

the Earth?
• Which layer of the earth is a pure
liquid?
• What are the thick layer of Earth?
 REVIEW
• What are the two types of crust?
• What two metals make up
Earth’s core?
 REVIEW
• An egg shell is a good model of the crust because
A) It's solid
B) it can be cracked into pieces like plates
C) it covers the outer surface of the egg
D) All of the choices
How this mountain, ridges, valley,
and volcanic arc formed?
Did the layer of the Earth move?

What is your basis?

What are the different types of faults?

What are the different types of

plate boundaries?
The Theory of Plate Tectonics -
Boundaries,
Stresses,
and Faults
1. What is the theory of plate tectonics?
2. What are the three types of plate boundaries?
 OBJECTIVES
• Identify the three types of plate movements from a short
excerpt.
• Expound three types of plate movement based on plate
tectonics theory using an illustration.
• Cite specific examples of landform as outcomes of plate
movement.
 ACTIVITY
• Read and analyze the paragraph. Identify the
three indicated types of plate movement.
Illustrate it on the box provided. 15 points
 Studying plate boundaries is important
because along these boundaries, the deformation
of the lithosphere is happening. Divergent plate
movement occurs when plates pull apart from
each other. When two (2) plates diverge, pieces
from such plates sink towards the Earth's mantle.
On the other hand, convergent movement occurs
when plates crush into each other and land
crumples, forming trenches and mountains.
Lateral or transform fault movement occurs when
plates move alongside each other in different
directions.
 What are Plates?
• The Earth’s crust and
upper mantle
(Lithosphere) are
broken into sections
called plates

Plates move around on top of the mantle like rafts

A section of the lithosphere that slowly

moves over the asthenosphere, carrying
pieces of continental and oceanic crust.
 What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics?
The theory that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in
constant motion, driven by convection currents in the
mantle.
• Plates move
slowly in
different
directions
 Cause different
geologic events
(like
earthquake,
volcano, etc.)
 What makes the plates move?

Convection Currents in the mantle move the plates as the core heats
the slowly-flowing asthenosphere (the elastic/plastic-like part of the
mantle).
The edges of Earth’s plates
meet at plate boundaries.

Extended deep into the

lithosphere

FAULT – Breaks in Earth’s crust where rocks have

slipped past each other.
 What are the three types of
boundaries?
• Divergent Boundaries
• Convergent Boundaries
• Transform Boundaries
 Divergent Boundaries
A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other.


RIFTING
causes
SEAFLOOR SPREADING
How is the rock pulled at Divergent
Boundaries?

Rock gets THIN in the middle as it is

pulled apart.

This STRESS is called

What happens when the rock SNAPS
from the Stress of Tension?

A Normal Fault (fault is a break in Earth’s

crust)
Rock drops down as it breaks
 What happens next at Divergent Boundaries?

• A geologic feature
or event…
May form RIFT
VALLEYS on
continents

SEA-FLOOR SPREADING
in the ocean
 Helpful Hints…
• Divergent is like “dissecting” or “dividing”

• If you pull warm bubble gum or silly putty, it will

thin in the middle until it is stressed so much that it
breaks.

• Happens on land
& under H2O
 Features of Divergent Boundaries
• Mid-ocean ridges
• rift valleys
• fissure volcanoes
 How is the rock pushed at convergent
boundaries?
A plate boundary where two plates move
towards each other.
Boundaries between two
plates that are colliding

 

This stress is called COMPRESSION

Convergent Boundaries

• Places
where
plates crash
(or crunch)
together or
subduct
(one sinks
under)
 There are 3 types of Convergent
Boundaries…

Ocean plate colliding with a less dense

continental plate

Subduction Zone: The process by which

oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean
trench and back into the mantle at a
convergent plate boundary.
There are 3 types of Convergent
Boundaries…
What else happens at Convergent Boundaries?

VOLCANOES
occur at
subduction
zones
Andes Mountains, South America
• Ocean plate colliding with another ocean plate

• The less dense plate slides under the more dense

plate creating a subduction zone called a TRENCH
Aleutian Islands, Alaska
• A continental plate colliding with another
continental plate
• Have Collision Zones:
– A place where folded and thrust faulted
mountains form.
• May form Mountain Ranges.
These are Folded Mountains, like the Himalayas or
the Rockies.
 What happens when the rock is
squeezed from the Stress of
Compression?
• A REVERSE FAULT
• Rock is forced upward as it is squeezed.
 Helpful Hints…
• Convergent = “Connecting” boundaries
• May work like a trash compactor smashing
rock.
– Rock goes crunches up to make folded mountains.
– Rock goes down “under” @ subduction zone.
 Transform Boundaries
A plate boundary where two plates move past each
other in opposite direction.
How is the rock broken at Transform
Boundaries?
• Rock is pushed in
two opposite
directions (or
sideways, but no
rock is lost)

• This stress is
called SHEARING
 What happens next at Transform Boundaries?

• May cause
Earthquakes
when the rock
snaps from the
pressure.
• A famous fault @
a Transform
Boundary is the
San Andreas Fault
in California.
San Andreas Fault, CA
 What happens when the rock is
sheared (or “cut”) from the Stress of
Shearing?
• A STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
• Rocks on each side of the fault slip past
each other as they break.
 Helpful Hints…
• Shearing means cutting (“Shears” are like
scissors)
• Transform boundaries run like trains going
past each other in different directions & they
shake the ground!
 TYPES OF FAULTS
1. Normal fault - if the hanging wall slips
downward relative to the footwall
2. Strike slip fault - produced by shear forces,
where one block slips horizontally past the other
3. Reverse fault - Compressional forces typically
push the hanging wall upward relative to the
footwall
4. Oblique fault - compressional forces typically
push the hanging wall upward the relative to the
footwall
Have you seen an example of plate
boundaries/faults?

Where did you see it?

 It’s a plate tectonic important?

What is the role of plate tectonics

in ecosystem?

What would happen if the crust of

the Earth didn’t move?
 SUMMARY
• What are the three type of plate boundaries?
• What the difference between the three
boundaries?
• What are formed during the movement of the
three boundaries?
• What are the three faults?
• What the difference between the three
boundaries?
 ASSESSMENT
What the difference between convergent,
divergent, and transform boundaries?
Divergent Convergent Transform

Illustration

Description