CHEMISTRY 2

Heating and Cooling Curve

Heating curve Cooling curve

■ Endothermic ■ Exothermic
■ Shows how the ■ shows how the
temperature changes as temperature changes as
a substance is heated a substance is cooled
up down
■ From solid to liquid ■ From liquid to solid
 Learning Competency

Use different ways of expressing concentration of

solutions STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-111
Subtopic: Computing percent by mass, percent by
volume, percent mass
 PERCENT BY MASS

It is referred as the mass of solute, in grams(g), present in 100 g

of solution.
Formula:
 PERCENT BY MASS

Example No. 1:
A sample of 0.446 g sodium chloride (NaCl) is
dissolved
in 27.3 g water (H2O). What is the percent by mass of
NaCl?
PERCENT BY MASS
 PERCENT BY MASS

Example No. 2:
11 grams of NaCl is dissolved in 80 grams of
solution. Compute for the percent by mass.
 PERCENT BY MASS

Example No. 3:
How many grams of NaCl are present in a 250 ml salt
solution containing 9% NaCl?
 PERCENT BY VOLUME

It is referred as the volume of solute present in 100 mL of

solution.
Formula:
 PERCENT BY VOLUME

Example No. 1:
A 1.75-L bottle wine contains 560 mL of ethanol.
What is the v/v percent concentration of ethanol?
PERCENT BY VOLUME
 PERCENT BY VOLUME

Example No. 2:
A solution contains 50 ml of ethanol in 300 ml
alcohol of solution. What is the percent by volume
concentration of the solution?
 PERCENT BY VOLUME

Example No. 3:
A bottle of hydrogen peroxide is labeled 3% by
volume. How many ml of H2O2 are in a 500 ml bottle of
this solution?
 PERCENT MASS BY VOLUME

It is referred as the mass of solute, in g, present in 100 mL

of solution.
Formula:
 PERCENT MASS BY VOLUME

Example No. 1:
If 30.0 g calcium chloride, CaCl2, is present in
0.5000 L of aqueous solution, what is its concentration in
terms of mass/volume percent?
PERCENT MASS BY VOLUME
 PERCENT MASS BY VOLUME

Example No. 2:
What is the percent mass by volume of 12.4 grams of
NaCl dissolved into water to make 125 ml of solution?
 PARTS PER MILLION

This unit of concentration is referred as the parts of a

component per million parts (1,000,000) of the solution
and is usually used if the quantity of solute present in a
solution is very small.
 PARTS PER MILLION

Formula:
 PARTS PER MILLION

Example No. 1:
There are 0.0015 grams of NaCl in 2,500 grams of
solution. Compute for the ppm.
 PARTS PER MILLION

Example No. 2:
How many grams of NaCl are there in a 35,000 grams
of solution concentrated at 210 ppm?
Solve the following problems and show your
complete solution.
1. A 60-mL solution contains 8.6 g of ethanol and
0.042 g of antiseptic. Calculate the concentration of
each component in mass/volume percent.
2. An aqueous solution has 0.0400 g of NaCl in 2.00
kg H2O . What is the concentration of the solution
in parts per million?
3. 25 grams of sodium sulfate is dissolved in 225
grams of water. Compute for the percent by mass.
 MOLARITY

It is another unit of concentration defined as moles of

solute per liter of solution.
Formula:

(mol)
(L)
 MOLARITY

Example No. 1:
Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by
dissolving 9.8 moles of solid NaOH in enough water to
make 3.62 L of solution.
 MOLARITY

Example No. 2:
You dissolve 152.5 g of CuCl2 in water to make a
solution with a final volume of 2.25 L. What is its
molarity?
 MOLARITY

Example No. 3:
A solution has a volume of 375 mL and contains 42.5
g of NaCl. What is its molarity?
 MOLALITY

It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram

of solvent.
Formula:

(mol)
(kg)
 MOLALITY

Example No. 1:
Calculate the molality of a sulfuric acid solution
containing 48.8 g of sulfuric acid in 396 g of water.
Given: mass of sulfuric acid, H2SO4 = 48.8 g
mass of water(solvent) = 396 g
molality = ?
MOLALITY
molality
 MOLE FRACTION

It is a unitless quantity that expresses the ratio of the

number of moles of one component to the total number of
moles of the solution.
Formula:
 MOLE FRACTION

Example No. 1:
A vessel contains 0.4 moles of Hydrogen, 2.0 moles of
Nitrogen, 1.7 moles of Fluorine. What is the mole fraction of
Fluorine?
Solve the following problems and show your
complete solution.
1. What is the molarity of the solution made from 40.0
g NaOH in 500.0 mL of solution?
2. Calculate the molality of phosphoric acid, H3PO4,
in a solution of 29.0 g H3PO4 in 250.0 g H2O.
3. A vessel contains 33 g Hydrogen, 53 g Nitrogen,
and 28 g Fluorine. What is the mole fraction of
Nitrogen?