Intec MT-1

Magnetic Particle Testing
Part 1
INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
Course Layout
 Duration : 5 Days (Mon – Fri)
 Start : 8:30 am
 Coffee Break : 10:00 – 10:30 am
 Lunch : 12:30 – 1:30 pm
 Tea Break : 3:00 – 3:30 pm
 Day End : 5:00 pm
 Course Objective: To train and prepare participants to
obtain required skills and knowledge in Magnetic Particle
Testing and to meet the examination schemes requirements.

SDN BHD
NDT
Most common NDT methods:
Penetrant Testing (PT)
Mainly used for
Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) surface testing
Eddy Current Testing (ET)
Radiographic Testing (RT)

Mainly used for
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) Internal Testing

SDN BHD
NDT
 Which NDT method is
the best ?
Depends on many
factors and conditions

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Magnetism
The phenomenon of certain materials which attract
certain other materials e.g.. pieces of iron to themselves
e t
g n
a
m
S N S N

SDN BHD
Magnetism
Phenomenon discovered in the ancient Greek city of
Magnesia
Magnets utilised in navigation
Oersted discovered the link between electricity and

magnetism
Faraday revealed that electrical and magnetic energy could

be interchanged

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 Test method for the detection of surface and
sub-surface indications in ferromagnetic
materials

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CANNOT BE
MT MT DETECTED BY
Magnetic Particle
Testing
Surface Defect Subsurface Internal
Ferromagnetic Material
SDN BHD
 Magnetic field induced
in component
 Defects disrupt the
magnetic flux
 Defects revealed by
applying ferromagnetic
particles

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Magnets
External
N N S
S
Internal
Lines of force / Lines of flux
Magnetograph
SDN BHD
Lines of force
 By convention they flow from North to South
outside and South to North inside
 Form closed loops
 Never cross
 Field is strongest where most numerous
 Follow path of least resistance

SDN BHD
Definitions
 Magnetic field : Region in which
magnetic
forces exist
N S

SDN BHD
Definitions
 Flux : line of magnetic force existing in
a magnetic circuit

SDN BHD
Definitions
 Flux Density : Magnetic flux per unit
cross-section area (measured in Teslas)
Low Flux Density: Less

Flux per unit area
High Flux Density:

More Flux per unit
area

SDN BHD
Definitions
1 cm
1 line of force per 1

cm²
= 1 Gauss
1 cm
1 cm
3 line of force per 1 cm²

= 3 Gauss
1 cm

SDN BHD
Definitions
1 Tesla = 10 000 gauss
How many line of force are there in an 1 cm² area with a
Flux Density of 1 Tesla?
1 cm
10 000 = 10 lines

1 cm

SDN BHD
BS 6072
 The FLUX DENSITY on the surface of the
component must be at lease 0.72 T
 Below that the indication will be too weak
Below 0.72 TESLA Above 0.72 TESLA

SDN BHD
Definitions
Magnetising Force: The force applied to
produce magnetic field to the material or component
Measured in Ampere per meter ( A/m)

In General:
Increasing the Magnetising Force will increase the Magnetic Field

SDN BHD
In General:
Increasing the Magnetising Force will

increase the Magnetic Field
0000
0500
0100 Measured in Ampere per meter ( A/m)
AMMETER

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Permeability
The ease with which a material can be magnetised
 Opposite of reluctance (difficulty with which a
material can be magnetised)
 Represented by the symbol µ
µ=B/H
B: Flux Density
H: Magnetising force
 Measured in Henries / metre

SDN BHD
Permeability
Magnetised using 100 amps Magnetised using 100 amps
Ф
Ф
A B
High Permeability: Low Permeability:
Easy to be magnetised Difficult to be magnetised

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Materials Behaviours in Magnetic
Field
Diamagnetic: Slightly repelled by magnetic
field
Examples Gold, Copper, Water and
most non-metal
Ф
DIAMAGNETIC
Unable to be Magnetically tested

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Materials Behaviours in
Magnetic Field
Paramagnetic: Weakly attracted by magnetic field
Examples Aluminium, Tungsten and
most metals
Ф
PARAMAGNETIC
Unable to be Magnetically tested

SDN BHD
Materials Behaviours in
Magnetic Field
Ferromagnetic: Strongly attracted by magnetic
field
Examples Iron, Cobalt, Nickel and
their alloys Ф
FERROMAGNETIC
Suitable to be Magnetically tested

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Permeability
 A unit of comparison: compared to free space
Examples:
 Air 1
 Iron 560
 Steel 1000
 Mu Metal 80 000
 Paramagnetics Slightly > 1
 Diamagnetics Slightly < 1
 Ferromagnetics 240 +

SDN BHD
Other Forms of Magnet
Horseshoe
Magnet
N S
Ring
Magnet

SDN BHD
Electromagnetism
 A current flows through a conductor and
sets up a magnetic field around it
 Field is at 90o to the direction of the
electrical current
Direction
of current
flow
Direction of magnetic field

SDN BHD
Electromagnetism
The Right Hand Rule
The thumb represent the current
The fingers represent the
magnetic flux
Current flow is from positive to

negative

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Electromagnetism
electron The Left Hand Rule
The thumb represent the electron
The fingers represent the
magnetic flux
Electron flow from negative to

positive

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Electromagnetism
It was thought that the
direction of current and
electron are opposite
each other
The direction of the

magnetic flux is the same
electron

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Coil Magnetisation
• Changes circular filed into longitudinal

• Increases the strength of the field
SDN BHD
Coil Magnetisation
• Longitudinal Magnetic Field

• Detect transverse defects
SDN BHD
Principle of MT : Flux Leakage
Ferromagnetic
Particles
Flux
N Leakage
S Attracted
at poles
Ring Magnet Ring Magnet

Magnetic field is Fully Flux Leakage occurs:
contained: No Poles Poles created

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Principle of MPI : Flux Leakage
No Defect Defect
Flux Leakage
N S N S
The change in permeability causes flux leakage

SDN BHD
N S
STEEL µ= 1000
No Flux Leakage because No change in permeability

SDN BHD
Flux Leakage
N AIR µ= 1 S
STEEL µ= 1000
The change in permeability causes flux leakage

SDN BHD
Factors Affecting Flux Leakage
 Depth of defect
 Orientation of defect shape of defect
 Size of defect
 Permeability of material
 Amount of flux available

SDN BHD
Depth below surface
N S N S

SDN BHD
Defect Orientation
Defect at 90 degrees to flux : maximum

indication
SDN BHD
Defect Orientation
>45 Degrees to Flux: Acceptable

indication
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Defect Orientation
<45 Degrees to Flux : Weak

indication
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Defect Orientation
Test 1 Test 2
Defects
FIELD Defects Defects
Defects
MPI requires minimum of 2 Directions of

Magnetic Fields at 90o to one another
SDN BHD
Defect Orientation
How to detect the ones missed?

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NB All surface defects form indications
But not all indications are
caused by defects
Non-relevant indications
Chisel
Due to flux leakage but arising
from design features or
geometry Splines Rough
Furring
Surface
Rivet
 Changes in section Keyway
 Changes in permeability Toe of welds
 Furring

SDN BHD
Furring
Caused by:
Sharp change of contour
Furring
Furring

SDN BHD
Furring
Caused by:
Excessive flux on the surface or ends of
component
Furring

SDN BHD
Magnetic Writing
Caused by:
Localised polarization when magnetised object
induced the magnetic field into another object

SDN BHD
Spurious / False Indications
Indications caused by operator errors
Not due to flux leakage
 Lint
 Dirt
 Hairs

SDN BHD
Relevant Indications
Indications caused by defects

SDN BHD
Cracks indications by Fluorescent Ink

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Hysterisis
 The relationship between flux density and
magnetising force which always lags behind

SDN BHD
Hysterisis

SDN BHD
Hysterisis

SDN BHD
Hysterisis

SDN BHD
Hysterisis

SDN BHD
Hysterisis

SDN BHD
Hysterisis

SDN BHD
Hysterisis

SDN BHD
Hysterisis

SDN BHD

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Magnetic Particle Testing

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

Radiographic Testing (RT)

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

Magnets utilised in navigation

Oersted discovered the link between electricity and

Faraday revealed that electrical and magnetic energy could

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

Lines of force / Lines of flux

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

Low Flux Density: Less

High Flux Density:

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

1 line of force per 1

3 line of force per 1 cm²

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

10 000 = 10 lines

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

 Below that the indication will be too weak

Below 0.72 TESLA Above 0.72 TESLA

Measured in Ampere per meter ( A/m)

Increasing the Magnetising Force will increase the Magnetic Field

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

Increasing the Magnetising Force will

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

Unable to be Magnetically tested

Unable to be Magnetically tested

Suitable to be Magnetically tested

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

Direction of magnetic field

Current flow is from positive to

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

Electron flow from negative to

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

The direction of the

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

• Changes circular filed into longitudinal

• Longitudinal Magnetic Field

Ring Magnet Ring Magnet

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

The change in permeability causes flux leakage

No Flux Leakage because No change in permeability

The change in permeability causes flux leakage

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

Defect at 90 degrees to flux : maximum

>45 Degrees to Flux: Acceptable

<45 Degrees to Flux : Weak

FIELD Defects Defects

MPI requires minimum of 2 Directions of

How to detect the ones missed?

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION