Cen 304 Module 6 Beam Column

CEN 304-BEAM-COLUMNS
• 6.1 BEAM COLUMNS DEFINITION

• Beam Columns- structures that are subjected to significant amount
of both bending and axial loads.
• 1. Rigid frame
• 2. Roof trusses
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• 2. INTERACTION FORMULAS
• 2.1 The relationship required and available strengths may be expressed
• as :
• 2.2 For compression members, strengths are axial forces:
• LRFD:
• ASD:
• 2.3 These expressions can be written in general form:
• where:
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• 2.4 If more than one type of resistance is involved : bending and axial
compression:
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• where
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• 2.5 For axial and bi-axial bending, two moment ratios:
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• AISC requirements
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• 2.5 For axial and bi-axial bending, two moment ratios:
• AISC requirements
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• These requirements may be expressed in either LRFD or ASD form
• For axial and bi-axial bending, two moment ratios:
• 2.6 LRFD Interaction Equations
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• 2.6.2
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• INTERACTION FORMULAS
• For axial and bi-axial bending, two moment ratios:
• ASD Interaction Equations:
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• The beam–column shown in Figure 6.2 is pinned at both ends and is
subjected to the loads shown. Bending is about the strong axis.
Determine whether this member satisfies the appropriate AISC
Specification interaction equation.
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• 3. MOMENT AMPLIFICATION
• 3.1 The presence of axial load produces secondary moments and unless the
axial load is relatively small, these additional moments must be accounted
for.
• 3.2 Given a beam-column with an axial load and a transverse uniform load,
at an arbitrary point O, the bending moment is due to:
• 3.2.1. Moment M due to uniform load
• 3.2.2. Additional ( secondary) moment Py, caused by the axial load acting at
an eccentricity y from the longitudinal axis. This secondary moment is
largest where the deflection is largest. The largest moment will occur at the
centerline where total moment is Mt = wl2/8 + Pδ.
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• 3.3 The additional moment causes an additional deflection over and
above that resulting from the transverse load.
• 3.4 The total deflection cannot be found directly and this problem is
non-linear, and without knowing the deflection , we cannot compute
the moment.
• 3.5 Ordinary structural analysis method that do not take into account
the displaced geometry are referred to as first-order methods.
• 3.6 Iterative numerical techniques called second-order methods can
be used to find deflection and secondary moments.
• 3.MOMENT AMPLIFICATION
• 3.7 Most current design codes and specifications including AISC
Specification, permit the use of either second order analysis or the
moment amplification method.
• 3.8 The Moment Amplification Method:
• 3.8.1. Computing the maximum bending moment resulting from
flexural loading ( transverse loads or member end moments) by a first
order analysis.
• 3.8.2. Multiplying the maximum moment in 1. by a moment
amplification factor to account for the secondary moment.
• 3.9 Moment Amplification Factor:
• Given the simply supported member with axial load and an initial
out-of-straightness.
• The initial crookedness is approximated by:
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• The moment curvature relationship is
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• 3.9 Moment Amplification Factor
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• 3.9 Moment Amplification Factor
• Maximum moment occurs at x=L/2
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• 3.9 Moment Amplification Factor:
• Member deflection corresponds to a buckled shape
• The axial load corresponds to a failure load( load corresponding to an
LRFD formulation). The amplification factor should be written:
• LRFD:
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• 4. BRACED VS. UNBRACED FRAMES
• 4.1 AISC two moment amplification factors are used:
• 4.1.1 To account for amplification resulting from member
deflection
• 4.1.2. To account for the effect of sway when the member is
part of an unbraced frame.
• 4.2 If the member is restrained against side-sway, the maximum
secondary moment is Pδ which is added to the moment within the
member.
• 4.3 If the frame is actually unbraced, the secondary moment has a
maximum value PΔ, which represent an amplification of the end
moment.
• 4.4 To approximate these two effects, two amplification factors B1 and B2
are used for the two types of moments.
• 4.5 The amplified moment to be used in design is computed from the
loads and moments as follows: (for each axis about which there are
moments)
• ,
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• 5. MEMBERS IN BRACED FRAMES
• 5.1 Single Curvature Bending :
• 5.1.1 Maximum moment amplification occurs at the center
where deflection is largest.
• 5.1.2 For equal end moments, moment is constant throughout
the length of the member , maximum primary moment also occurs
at the center. The maximum primary moment and secondary
moment are additive
• 5.1.3 Even if end moment are not equal, as long as they are of
opposite sense, there will be single curvature bending and
maximum primary and secondary moments will be near each other
• 5.2 Reverse Curvature Bending:
• 5.2.1 Applied end moments produce reverse curvature bending
( both end moments are with the same sense)
• 5.2.2 Maximum primary moment is at one of the ends
• 5.2.3 Maximum moment amplification occurs between the
ends.
• 5.2.4 Depending on the value of axial load P, the amplified
moment can be either larger or smaller than the end moment.
• 5.2 Reverse Curvature Bending:
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• 5.3 The maximum moment in a beam-column therefore depends on
the distribution of the moment within the member.
• 5.4 This distribution is accounted for by the factor applied to the
amplification factor
• 5.5 The amplification factor was derived for worst case so will never
be greater than 1.0
• 5.6 The final form of amplification factor is :
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• 5.6 The final form of moment amplification:
• The required compressive strength has a contribution from P-∆
effect and is given by
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• where
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• 5.7 The moment of inertia I and effective length factor K1 are for axis
of bending and K1 =1.0 unless a more accurate value is computed
• 5.8 Evaluation of Cm
• 5.8.1 The factor Cm applies only to the braced condition
• 5.8.2 There are two categories of members:
• 5.8.2.1. Those with no transverse loads applied
between the ends
• 5.8.2.2 Those with transverse loads
• 5.8.2.1. Those with no transverse loads applied between the
ends
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• 5.8.2.2 Those with transverse loads
• For transversely loaded members , Cm can be taken as
1.0
• The member shown in Figure 6.10 is part of a braced frame. Service
loads are shown and bending is about the strong axis. If A572 Grade
50 steel is used, is this member adequate? Kx = Ky = 1.0.
• The member shown is a W 12 x 65 of a242 steel and must support
the service loads and moments shown. One end is pinned and the
other is subjected to moments about both the strong and weak axes.
Use Kx = Ky =1.0 and investigate for compliance with AISC
Specifications.
• The member shown is a W 12 x 65 of a242 steel and must support
the service loads and moments shown. One end is pinned and the
other is subjected to moments about both the strong and weak axes.
Use Kx = Ky =1.0 and investigate for compliance with AISC
Specifications.
• 6. MEMBERS IN UNBRACED FRAMES
• 6.1 In beam columns whose ends are free to translate, the maximum
primary moment resulting from side sway almost always at the end.
• 6.2 Maximum secondary moment from side sway is always at the end.
• 6.3 The maximum primary and secondary moments are usually additive,
with no need for factor Cm, Cm =1.0
• 6.4 Even when there is a reduction, it will be slight and can be neglected
• 6.5 Equal end moments are caused by side sway (from horizontal load).
• 6.6 Axial load, which partly result from loads not causing side sway, is
carried along and amplifies the end moment.
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• 6.7 The amplification factor for side sway moments B2 is given by:
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• 6.8 There are two forms of given as follows:
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• 6.9 Either form of maybe used, choice is a matter of convenience
• 6.10 The rationale for using summation is that B2 applies to unbraced
frames and if side sway is going to occur, all columns in the story must
sway simultaneously
• 6.11 In situations where and act at two different points on the
member, the equation will produce conservative results.
• 6.12 Superposition Concept:
• 6.12.1. Unbraced frame subjected to both gravity load and
lateral loads. Fig 6.16
• in member AB is computed by using only the gravity
loads. Because of symmetry, no bracing is needed to
prevent sidesway from these loads. This moment is
amplified by factor to account for effect.
• moment corresponding to sway (caused by horizontal;
loads) will be amplified by to account for effect.
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• 6. Members in Unbraced Frames
• Superposition Concept
• 6.12.2. Unbraced frame supporting only vertical loads
• Because of unsymmetrical placement of the load, there will be a
small amount of side sway.
• is computed considering the frame to be braced, by a fictitious
horizontal support and corresponding reaction called an
• is computed by removing the fictitious support and a force equal to
AJR but opposite in direction is applied to the frame. The secondary
moment will be very small and is usually neglected
• Superposition Concept
• 6.12.3. Unbraced frames subjected to both unsymmetrical gravity
loads and lateral loads.
• The AJR force should be added to actual lateral loads in computing
• 6.12.3. Unbraced frames subjected to both unsymmetrical gravity
loads and lateral loads. ( Superposition concept)
• 6.12.3. Unbraced frames subjected to both unsymmetrical
gravity loads and lateral loads. (Alternative approach)
• As an alternative approach, two structural analysis can be
performed
• First, assume frame is braced against side sway, resulting in
moments
• Second analysis, the frame is assumed to be unbraced, the
results of the first analysis are subtracted from the second to
obtain the moments
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C E N 3 0 4 -B E A M -C O L U M N S
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• 1. Set up interaction Formula for beam column
• 1. Determine factored load combination
• 2. Determine critical axis for compressive strength
• DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMNS
• Because of the many variables in the interaction formulas,
design of beam column is essentially a trial and error
process.
• If we initially assume that equation for
• or
• or
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• If use:
• or
• For LRFD:
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• ASD:
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• Select a W 10 shape of A992 steel for the beam–column of Figure
6.22. This member is part of a braced frame and is subjected to the
service-load axial force and bending moments shown (the end shears
are not shown). Bending is about the strong axis, and Kx=Ky=1.0.
Lateral support is provided only at the ends. Assume that B1=1.0.
• DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
• Design of Bracing
• A frame can be braced to resist directly applied lateral forces
or to provide stability( stability bracing).
• The stiffness and strength requirements for stability can be
added directly to the requirements for directly applied loads.
• Bracing can be classified as nodal or relative.
• Nodal Bracing- lateral support is provided at discrete
location and does not depend on the support from other
parts of the frame.
• Relative Bracing- is connected to both point of bracing and
and to other parts of the frame. ( Ex. Diagonal or x-bracing )
• If a Lateral cut through the frame not only cuts the column
to be braced but also the brace itself, bracing is relative.
• Bracing must be designed for both strength and stiffness.
• Relative Bracing:
• 1. Required Strength: , where:
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• .
• In a frame with more than one column, will be stabilized by a brace.
• Therefore will be the total load to be stabilized and will be the total
column load acting above the brace.
• If more than one frame is to be stabilized by the brace , then the
columns in all those frames must be included
• 2. Required Stiffness: for LRFD
• for ASD
• where:
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• Based on limit state of tension yielding
• If F = total tension force on bracing ,
• F = Pbr/cosθ
• F = φFyAg LRFd
• F = FyAg/Ω ASD
• 1. Required Strength
• Axial Stiffness of brace = F/δ
• δ ≈ Δcosθ, ∆ = lateral displacement
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• Design of Unbraced Beam-Columns
• For beam columns subject to side sway, the amplification factor B2 is
based on several quantities that may not be known until all the
column in the frame have been selected.
• METHOD 1: Assume B2 = 1
• 1. Select trial shape
• 2. Compute Pe2 from trial shape
• 3. Compute B2 based on Pe2 from 2
• 4. Assume ΣPnt/ΣPe2 = Pnt/Pe2
• Given a single story unbraced frame subjected to dead load , roof live
load and wind load. The service gravity loads are shown in fig 1 and
the service wind load including uplift or suction on the roof are shown
in fig 2. Use A 992 steel and a W12 shape for the columns(vertical
members) . Bending is about the strong axis, and each column is
laterally braced at the top and bottom. Use LRFD.
• The frame is statically indeterminate to the first degree. The result of
an approximate analysis is shown in fig 3.
• Load Combinations:
• 1. 1.4 (D+F)
• 2. 1.2(D+F+T) + ( 1.6(L+H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
• 3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.8W)
• 4. 1.2D+1.6W+0.5L+0.5(Lr or S or R)
• 5. 1.2D+1.0E+0.5L+0.2S
• 6. 0.9D+1.6W+1.6H
• 7. 0.9D+1.0E+ 1.6H
• MOMENT AMPLIFICATION: Braced vs. Unbraced Frames
• Evaluation of B1 and B2 – Members in Unbraced Frames
• Given a beam column ( Figure)
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• TRUSSES WITH TOP-CHORD LOADS BETWEEN JOINTS
• If compression members of a truss must support transverse
loads between its ends , it will be subjected to bending as
well as axial compression and therefore is a beam column.
• Cases:
• 1. Top chord of roof truss with purlins in between joints
• 2. Top chord of open web joists supporting uniformly
distributed gravity loads.
• The truss can be modeled as assembly of continuous top
chord members and pin-connected web members.
• TRUSSES WITH TOP-CHORD LOADS BETWEEN JOINTS
• Approximate Analysis
• 1. Consider each member of the top chord to be a fixed end
beam. Use the fixed-end moments as the maximum bending
moment in the member. The top chord is actually one
continuous member rather than a series of individual pin
connected member.
• 2. Add reactions from this fixed end beams to the actual
joint loads to obtain total joint loads.
• 3. Analyze the truss with these total joint loads acting. The
resulting axial load in the top chord member is the axial
compressive load to be used in design.
• TRUSSES WITH TO-CHORD LOADS BETWEEN JOINTS

Cen 304 Module 6 Beam Column

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Cen 304 Module 6 Beam Column

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CEN 304-BEAM-COLUMNS

• 6.1 BEAM COLUMNS DEFINITION

• 5. MEMBERS IN BRACED FRAMES

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