Unit One

THE RULES OF ADDING (S, ES)

TO THE NOUNS OR VERBS
 The Rules of adding (s, es) to the Nouns or Verbs

Note: - We add (s, es) to the NOUN when we want to make it plural.
Note: - We add (s, es) to the VERB when we have singular subject in present
simple tense.
#The Rules of adding: -
1. If the noun or the verb ends with one of these letters (s, ss, sh, ch, z, x,
o), we add (es) to the end of the noun or the verb.
Noun (singular) Noun Verb Verb (s,es)
(plural) (Infinitive)
1 Bus Buses 1 Gas Gasses
2 Boss Bosses 2 Pass Passes
3 Dish Dishes 3 Wash Washes
4 Leech Leeches 4 Fetch Fetches
5 Topaz Topazes 5 Buzz Buzzes
6 Box Boxes 6 Mix Mixes
7 Hero Heroes 7 Go Goes
Note: - We have some irregular words that do not follow the
rule above.
The Word Adding (s)

1 Photo Photos

2 Piano Pianos

3 Logo Logos

4 Radio Radios
2. If the noun or the verb ends with letter (Y) and preceded by a
consonant letter, when we add (s or es) just remove (y) and add (i) instead
of it then add (es) to end of the verb.
Noun Noun (plural) Verb (infinitive) Verb (ies)
(singular)
1 Country Countries 1 Study Studies
2 Baby Babies 2 Carry Carries

3 Dictionary Dictionaries 3 Cry Cries

3. We just add (s OR es) to the end of the word (Noun or Verb) if
that word ends with letter (Y) and preceded by a vowel letter.

Note: - Vowel letters are  (a, o, u, i, e)

Noun Noun (plural) Verb (infinitive) Verb (s rd person)
(singular)
1 Boy Boys 1 Play Plays

2 Key Keys 2 Obey Obeys

3 Toy Toys 3 Say Says

4. If the Noun ends with (f, fe) when we want to make it plural, we have
to change (f, fe) into (v) and adding (es) to the end of the noun.
Noun (singular) Noun (plural)

1 Knife Knives
2 Leaf Leaves
3 Half Halves
4 Thief Thieves
5. There are some un-standard nouns that we have just to write (s) to
the end of them if we want to change them to plural.

Noun (singular) Noun (plural)

1 Roof Roofs
2 Handkerchief ‫منديل‬ Handkerchiefs
3 Chief Chiefs
4 Reef ‫عقبة خطيرة‬ Reefs
5 Safe Safes
6 Chef ‫طاه‬ Chefs
6. There are some un-standard nouns: -

Noun (singular) Noun (plural) Noun (singular) Noun (plural)

1 Foot Feet 11 Is Are
2 Tooth Teeth 12 Was Were
3 Child Children 13 This These
4 Ox Oxen 14 That Those
5 Man Men 15 Deer Deer
6 Woman Women 16 Fish Fish
7 Person People 17 Sheep Sheep
8 Goose Geese 18 Trout Trout
9 Has Have 19 Tuna Tuna
10 Does Do 20
7. General Notes about some plural: -
a. We can not write or say the adjectives in plural. We just make the noun
in plural. Like: -
 (Wrong) They are happies. (X)
 (Correct) They are happy. (√)
a. Some nouns stay as they are in (singular and plural) like: -
 Japanese.
a. Some nouns have more than one shape when they changed into plural,
like: -
Brother  brothers ‫ أشقاء أو اخوة‬Brethren ‫أخوة يف جامعة معينة‬
b. Some nouns have no plural forms, like: -  hope / happiness/ love…
etc.
c. Some nouns have only plural form, like: -  contents / trousers ...etc.
d. Some nouns have (s) at the end of them but they still consider as
SINGULAR, like: -
News / mathematics / politics ….
e. Some nouns have different meaning when they come as singular or