REAL ANALYSIS-II

Course Cord: Math3117 Credit Hours:3

Dr Muhammad Idrees
Assistant Professor & Coordinator
Department of Mathematics
University of Education Lahore
 Outlines
Semester-VI
Course Title: Real Analysis-II Course Code: MATH3117
Credit Hours: 3
Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
• Get firm grip on basic ideas of Riemann integral and their basic uses with examples.
• Apply and use the concepts of Riemann Stieljes (R-S) Integrals.
• Know concretely about function of bounded variation and properties.
• Understand ideas of improper integrals.

Course Outline:
The Riemann Integral: Riemann Integrals, Partitions, Refinement, Upper and lower sums, Related Lemmas, Cauchy’s theorem
and its applications, Continuity theorems, Integral as a limits Fundamental Theorems of Calculus: First, Second Fundamental
Theorems and other related Lemmas
Function of Bounded Variation: Monotonic theorem, Bounded theorem, Property related theorems, Bounded variation of
division, Continuity base theorems
Uniform convergence: Point wise convergence and related theorems and application, Test for convergence Cauchy’s test,
Weierstrass M-Test, Uniform convergence and continuity, Uniform convergence and integration, Uniform convergence and
differentiation
Improper integrals: Convergence and Divergence and its application, (Convergence theorem) Cauchy’s General Principle of
Convergence, Comparison tests, Limit comparison test, Integral test
Recommended Books:
Bartle. R. (2008). Introduction to Real Analysis by Robert G. John Wiley & Sons.
Ruddin, W. (1976). Principles of Mathematical Analysis. McGraw-Hill.
• f(x) = , [0, 2]
• M = sup f(x)= 4-1 = 3
• m= inf f(x) = -1

• f(x) = + 6, [0, 4]
• M= 6

• m= + 6= -1/4
• F(x) = x+1, [2, 4]
• [2, 3], [3, 4]
• On [2, 4], Inf f(x) = 3 [2, 3] inf=3, [3, 4], inf=4

• =()+………+(
= ()+………+(
=()+………+(
L()
Therefore
• On [2, 4], sup f(x) = 5 [2, 3] sup =4, [3, 4], sup =5
• and

• U(p, f)==()+………+(

= ()+………+(
But and
=()+………+(
= U()

U
Proof of theorem 7.4.5

Since L(f)=sup L(p, f)= then L(p, f) sup L(p, f)=

U(f)=inf U(p, f)= , then inf U(p, f)= U(p, f).
But sup L(p, f) is a lower bound for U(p, f)
L(p, f) sup L(p, f)= inf U(p, f)= U(p, f).
(a) f(x)=c,
• P={x0=a, x1, x2, ………, xn=b}. Intervals are [x0, x1], [x1, x2],……, [xn-1,
xn].
• Mi = sup f(x) = c, mi= inf f(x)=c
• L(P, f)=
• U(P, f)=
• Lower integral = L(f)= sup L(P, f)= c(b-a)
• Upper integral = U(f)= inf U(P, f)= c(b-a)
• The function f is Riemann integrable
(b) Let g(x)defined [0; 3],
• g(x)= 2, 0
=3 1
• P= {0, 1, 1+}, Intervals are [0, 1], [1, 1+], [1+, 3]
• on [0, 1], M1= 2, m1= 2
on [1, 1+], M2= 3, m2= 2
on [1+], M3= 3, m3= 3
U(P, g) = M1(1-0)+ M2(1+-1)+ M3(3- 1-)= 2 + 3
L(P, g) = m1(1-0)+ m2(1+-1)+ m3(3- 1-)= 2 + 2
• Lower integral = L(g)= sup L(P, g)= sup () = 8
• Upper integral = U(g)= inf U(P, g)= inf (8) = 8
• The function f is Riemann integrable
(c) H(x)= x
• Intervals are [0, 1/n], [1/n, 2/n], [2/n, 3/n],………, [(n-1)/n, 1]
• m1=0, M1= 1/n
• m2=1/n, M2= 2/n
• m3=2/n, M3= 3/n
• L(p, h)=0.1/n + 1/n. 1/n + 2/n.1/n +……..+ (n-1)/n. 1/n
• =(1+2+3+………+n-1)/
• U(p, h)=1/n. 1/n+ 2/n.1/n + 3/n.1/n +……..+ n/n. 1/n
• =(1+2+3+………+n)/
• 1+2+3+………+m= m(m+1)/2 Sn = (a+l)
• L(p, h) = (n-1)n/2= ½.
• U(p, h) = n(n+1)/2= ½.
• Lower integral, L(h) = sup L(p,h)= sup ½. = 1/2
• Upper integral, U(h) = inf U(p,h)= inf ½. = 1/2