Theoretical Framework:

Concepts and Hypothesis

Development

(EM301- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR

BUSINESS)

(Dr. Yosef Budi Susanto, M.M.)

DAFTAR PEMINATAN KELAS H
NO MARKETING HRM FINANCIAL OPERATIONS ENTERPRENEUR
I. JANJI JIWA I. Gen Z I I. SPBU I. SPAREPART
1 Glend Syahrillo Osmon M. Fabio
2 Evelyn K. Raditya Sherly Christian
3 De Sartika Melvin Efrata
4 Angelina Narendra Vito
5 Christy Holly Setyawan Ernando Kevin
Mathew
Nelsen
II II. GOTO II II II. BOIKOT THD
EKONOMI
1 Luhur Bijak Eka Nurlaela
2 Abdul Djaky Najwa Putri
3 Dea Natali
4 Adinda Ratu
5
DAFTAR PEMINATAN KELAS H
NO MARKETING HRM FINANCIAL OPERATIONS ENTERPRENEUR
III III III III III. Coca Cola
1 Shaferya
2 Daniel Cahyadi
3 Patrick J.
4 Janu Solagratia
5 Michael
IV IV IV IV IV. Supplemen
Gym
1 M. Dzaki
Ridwansyah
2 Mario Susanto
3 Claudio .
4
5
DAFTAR PEMINATAN KELAS C
NO MARKETING HRM FINANCIAL OPERATIONS ENTERPRENEUR
I I I I I
1 Michelle Lee Kenny Hadisasmita Randi Alief Syahputra
2 Richard Choonelius Callista Ayudya Suci Aulia
3 Jaka Pramudita Mantioga Azra Aulia
4 Gebrilla Joice Hizran Khairani Deva Juan
5 Juliana Angel Devarindra Azimar
Arly Azhari
II II II II II
1 Viero Prawira Mussyafa Faqih Ferdinand Dwidiantra
2 Irhan Arizky Novena Ricy Henderson Dalima
3 Rizky Alpasha Sylvi Laurensia Fathir Zaidan
4 Putra Arbiansyah Julies Susanti Raikhan Mahendra
5 Raihan Winata
DAFTAR PEMINATAN KELAS C
NO MARKETING HRM FINANCIAL OPERATIONS ENTERPRENEUR
III III III III III
1 Ika Wahyu Hilary Sugihmulyo
2 Daniel Winata Athirah Alliyah
3 Cindy Irawan Alda Fatwa Raidah
4 Nabillah Azzahra
5 Aurelia Valencia
IV IV IV IV Sharon Anastasia
1
2
3
4
5
 DAFTAR PEMINATAN KELAS D
NO MARKETING HRM FINANCIAL OPERATIONS ENTERPRENEUR
I I I I I
1 Agnes Marsha Adriano Wijaya Sammuel Limpat Pio Magallanes Sabrina Aurelia
2 Sharon Maria Joydie Classico Fernanda Coa Nata Vanessa Riyadi Zidane Bintang
3 Temiang Ibnu Sahdam Nurhidayat Dania Oey
4 Kay Irene Arkhena Gani O’Briant Kenneth Wilbert
5 Yustina Sari Theodoric Adam Rendy Kurniawan Djaya
6 Alexandro Alvin
II II II II II
1 Kennyta Aulia Elga Alrifky
2 Andita Azzahra Ritra Ardha
3 Tharadiva Enzo Maisio
4 Putri Permatasari Mutia Azzahra
5 Alexander Jason Fajar Riyani
6 Reinhart Manuel
7 Ardelia Vania
DAFTAR PEMINATAN KELAS D
NO MARKETING HRM FINANCIAL OPERATIONS ENTERPRENEUR
III III III III III
1
2
3
4
5
IV IV IV IV
1
2
3
4
5
 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
DEVELOPMENT
Step 1. Develop Literature/Theoretical Review and Framework
Step 2. Develop Previous Researches
Step 3. Develop Conceptual Framework (Research Model)
Step 4. Develop Hypothesis

Holistic and Contextual Learning www.umn.ac.id

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
• A theoretical framework represents your beliefs on how certain
phenomena (or variables or concepts) are related to each other (a
model) and an explanation on why you believe that these variables
are associated to each other (a theory).

© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran 9
Theoretical Framework
• Basic steps:
1. Identify and label the concept/variables correctly
2. Explain the definition and scope of the concept
3. State the relationships among the variables, build the research model
4. Formulate hypotheses, explain how or why you expect these
relationships
Step 1. Identify and label the
concept/variables correctly
• Concept : A generalized idea about a class of objects, attributes,
occurrences, or processes that has been given a name

Resource: Zikmund, William G., Babin, Barry J., Carr, Jon C., & Griffin, Mitch (2013) Business Research Methods (9 th ed). South Western: Cencage Learning.
 Sistematika Skripsi: Bab 2. Kerangka Penelitian
• Tinjauan Literatur (Literature Review)
– Tinjauan Teori dasar, dan teori (grand theory) yang melandasi/memayungi setiap variabel
– Tinjauan Konsep-konsep penelitian: Definisi konsep-konsep yang selanjutnya akan menjadi variabel penelitian

• Penelitian Terdahulu
– Tinjauan terhadap Penelitian terdahulu yg relevan dengan masalah penelitian
– Tujuan: mencari rujukan teori, konsep, kerangka (model) penelitian yang tepat untuk diadopsi pada penelitian
kita.
– Pelajari masalah, teori, metode, dan temuan dari minimal 10 penelitian terdahulu yang relevan
– Buat uraian 1-3 penelitian terdahulu yang paling relevan, yang selanjutnya menjadi jurnal rujukan utama, dimana
peneliti mengadopsi teori, konsep, model, dan pemvgukuran, penelitian dari situ.

• Model Penelitian (Kerangka Konseptual, Kerangka Teoritis)

– Berdasarkan model dari jurnal utama, buatlah Gambar visual yang menunjukkan hubungan pengaruh antar
variable, sesuai topik penelitian, disusun mengacu pada penelitian terdahulu dan logika hubungan antar variabel
penelitian

• Hipotesis Penelitian
– Hipotesis merupakan temuan sementara dengan argumen yang logis dan kuat tentang bubungan dua variabel
(atau lebih)
– Buat rumusan hipotesis dengan dimulai dari judul sub bab hubungan antara satu variable bebas dan variable
terkait.
– Buat uraian berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu, hasil pengamatan, dan logika peneliti, yang menjelaskan
hubungan pengaruh yang ada, diakhiri dengan membuat rumusan hipotesis.
– Hipotesis tidak bisa muncul tiba-tiba, bukan dugaan yang bersifat common sense, namun harus terkait/didukung
temuan riset terdahulu, temuan investigasi lapangan (eksploratori: wawancara, FGD, pengamatan), dan
pemikiran kritis (logika) peneliti

“everyone is a researcher” Dr. Yosef Budi Susanto. M.M.

 Step 1. Developing Literature /
Theoretical Review

(Preparing 2.1. Literature Review)

–Tinjauan Teori dasar, dan teori (grand theory) yang melandasi/memayungi setiap
variabel
–Tinjauan Konsep-konsep penelitian: Definisi konsep-konsep yang selanjutnya akan
menjadi variabel penelitian

Holistic and Contextual Learning www.umn.ac.id

 Apa itu
Literature
Review?

Literatur Review adalah

Kegiatan mengkaji informasi literature
dalam bidang subjek tertentu
dalam jangka waktu tertentu.
PT. Metiri Aromata Tifa Nusantara - Social Researcher
Academy (ESER ACADEMY)
 Apa tujuan
Literature Review?
Untuk…

1. Mengidentifikasi informasi (teori dan konsep) yang relevan terkait garis

besar pengetahuan yang ada
2. Menemukan network/hubungan antar teori yang memayungi
konsep/variable penelitian
3. Menghasilkan alasan atau justifikasi untuk studi Anda.
4. Mengidentifikasi kesenjangan dalam literatur
5. Menghindari pengulangan penelitian yang sama
6. Menindaklanjuti saran penelitian terdahulu untuk kesinambungan ilmu
7. Membangun platform pengetahuan yang ada dan ide-ide yang sama
8. Meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang luas wilayah subjek Anda
What is a Theory?
• Theory
• A formal, logical explanation of some events that includes predictions or how
things relate to one another.

• Goals of Theory
• Understanding
• Predicting

• Theory development is essentially a process of describing phenomena (reality) at

increasingly higher level of abstraction.

© 2010 South-/Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be

scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publically accessible website, 3–16
in whole or in part.
 EXPLAIN

PREDICTION
FUNGSI TEORI

CONTROL
 Examples of Management Theories
• Marketing Theories  Operation Management Theories
• Service Quality – Optimization Theories: Shortest Route, Site selection, Linear
• Service Dominant Logic Programming
• Marketing Mix (4P) – Project Management Theories
– Inventory Theories
• TAM (Technology Acceptance Model)
– Layout Theories
• UTAUT
– etc
• Marketing Funneling

 Enterpreneurship Theories
• Financial Theories – Innovation theories
• Agency Costs Theory. – Economical theories
• Arbitrage Pricing Theory. – Sociological theories
• Efficient Market Theory – Psychological theories
• Equilibrium Theory – etc
• Expectations Theory of Exchange Rates
• Etc.

• Human Capital Management Theories

• Behavior Theories: Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Theory of
Planned Behavior (TPB), UTAUT
• Motivation Theories: Maslow Needs Theory,
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
• Leadership theories
• Etc.
“ There is nothing so practical as good as theory“
Kurt Lewin
 TEORI 1

DESKRIPSI
TEORI 2 TEORI TIAP
TEORI 6 VARIABEL

VARIABEL
PENELITIAN
TEORI 5
TEORI 3

TEORI 4

DEFINISI INDIKATOR BUTIR

SINTESA TEORI
OPERASIONAL VARIABEL INSTRUMEN
Explain the definition and scope of the theory (grand – middle – application – conceptual)

Menjelaskan berbagai definisi dan cakupan teori-teori yang terkait dan memayungi
konsep/variable yang sesuai dengan rumusan masalah penelitian

Menjadi bagian awal dari Bab 2 Skripsi, misal:

Marketing
Marketing adalah …. (Kotler, 2012), definisi menurut AMA (American Marketing Association) dst.
Technology Acceptance Model
TAM adalah ……(…….) dst.
Intention to Purchase
Intention to purchase adalah …… (…)
 IDENTIFY AND LABEL THE CONCEPT/VARIABLES CORRECTLY

Concept: A generalized idea about a class of objects, attributes, occurrences, or

processes that has been given a name

Concept is generally accepted collection of meaning or characteristics associated with certain

events, objects, condition, situations, and behaviors.

A willingness to repurchase anytime

The result of doing business
someone needs something

A concept of Loyalty A concept of Business Performance

Resource: Zikmund, William G., Babin, Barry J., Carr, Jon C., & Griffin, Mitch (2013) Business Research Methods (9 th ed). South Western: Cencage Learning.
RESEARCH CONCEPTS

CONCEPT (OR CONSTRUCT)

• A generalized idea about a class of objects, attributes, occurrences or process that has been given a name.

Examples:
• leadership
• Service time
• gross domestic product
• Stock price
• customer satisfaction
• market share
• ROI
• Number of defects
• Quality

Di dalam penelitian, konsep atau konstruk semacam inilah yang dijadikan sebagai variabel

3–24
LADDER OF ABSTRACTION

• Ladder of Abstraction
• Organization of concepts in sequence from the most concrete and individual to the most general.
• Abstract Level
• The level of knowledge expressing a concept that exists only as an idea or a quality apart from an
object.
• Empirical Level
• The level of knowledge that is verifiable by experience or observation.
• Latent Construct
• A concept that is not directly observable or measurable, but can be estimated through proxy measures.

© 2010 South-/Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be scanned,

3–25
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publically accessible website, in whole or in part.
A LADDER OF ABSTRACTION FOR CONCEPT

© 2010 South-/Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be

scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publically accessible website, 3–26
in whole or in part.
CONCEPTS ARE ABSTRACTIONS OF REALITY

Beri contoh abstraksi yang lebih tinggi (Salesperson

performance)

© 2010 South-/Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be

scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publically accessible website, 3–27
in whole or in part.
 VARIABLE

Any concept or construct that varies or changes in value

© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran 28
TYPES OF VARIABLES

Latent Measured

6–29
TYPES OF VARIABLES

LATENT VARIABLE MEASURED VARIABLE

A variable that doesn’t have its A variable that has its own measure,
own measure, so that it needs and representing its latent variable
indicators to represent its measure

6–30
LATENT AND MEASURED VARIABLE

NO KONSEP/VARIABEL LATEN MEASURED

Measured 1 Suhu badan V

variable 2 Semangat kerja V
Measured 3 ROI V
variable 4 Profitabilitas V
Latent
Variable 5 Loyalitas V
Measured 6 Gaji V
variable 7 IPK V
8 Kepemimpinan V
Measured 9 Inventory Turnover V
variable
10 Audit Opinion V

6–31
 Contoh Literature Review
Wednesday, Sept 29th 2021

Thesis

Investigating the Moderating Role of Age in Determining

Behavioral Intention of Video Learning Standard Operating
Maya Anggraini
Procedures Implementation in PT. MNO using UTAUT Model 00000052661
 Literature Review
Millennials/ Y Generation/ Peter Pan Generation/ Net Generation/ Boomerang Generation/
Generation WE: born between 1980 and 2000 (Prasasti & Prakoso, 2017)

60 millions workforce in Indonesia – Millennials (Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia, 2018)

Declining interest in conventional readings for millennials and they prefer to read from smartphones; social
media is requisite for millennials as communication tools and centre of information; favouring smartphones over
televisions; and making consideration and decision by putting their family in the centre (Prasasti & Prakoso, 2017)

Banks are business institutions; therefore, banks can’t lose money (UU Perbankan 29 : 3)
Risk management is a series of methodologies and procedures to identify, assess, observe,
and manage risks arising from all bank’s business activities (POJK No. 18/POJK.03/2016)

GCG implementation is to ensure that risk management in organization has been

implemented (KNKG, 2006)
Company policies are better made in written form: more transparent manner and trust for
the company (Violita & Mustamu, 2016).
Video instructions provide two benefits: combining audio and visual features dual
modality and students may set their own learning pace (Luke & Hogarth, 2011)
The utilization of video as teaching communication, language skills, and cultural
competence in medical student proved that the student can achieve new knowledge
easier rather than using traditional learning styles (Diab et al., 2016).

The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of the Technology Model (UTAUT) is acquired as derivation of eight
previous technology acceptance models (Venkatesh et al., 2003): TRA, TPB, TAM, C-TAM-TPB, IDT, SCT,
MM, and MPCU
Four core determinants that determine users’ behavioural intention (BI) to use a technology, including:
a. Performance Expectancy (PE) – believe technology positively impact performance
b. Effort Expectancy (EE) – believe technology will influence user to use continually
c. Social Influence (SI) – convincing user to use technology continually
d. Facilitating Condition (FC) – infrastructure supporting the use of technology

Instructional effectiveness of media will increase align with higher interactivity

Indirectly, media richness also aligned with interactivity which influenced by users’ perceived interactivity (Shin et al.,
2016)
Perceived interactivity (PI) – impact from digital technology that will impact behavioural intention (Shin et al., 2016)
 CHAPTER 2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW

Theory Hierarchy Theoretical Framework

Scientific Discipline Discipline 1 Discipline 2 Discipline 3

Grand Theory Grand Theory of D1 Grand Theory of D2 Grand Theory of D3

Middle Theory Middle Theory GT1 Middle Theory GT2 Middle Theory GT3

Application Theory Application Theory

Conceptional Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3 Concept 4 Concept 5

(Variable 1) (Variable 2) (Variable 3) (Variable 4) (Variable 5)
 CHAPTER 2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW

Theoretical Framework

Scientific Discipline Management Computer Science Psychology

Grand Theory Marketing Informatics Behavior

Middle Theory Consumer Behavior Business Application

Application Theory UTAUT

Conceptional Performance Effort Perceived Social Behavior

Expectance Expectance Interactivity Influence Intention
 Step 2. Develop Previous Researches

(Preparing 2.2. Previous Researches)

Holistic and Contextual Learning www.umn.ac.id

 Sistematika Skripsi: Bab 2. Pengembangan Hipotesis
• Tinjauan Literatur (Literature Review)
– Tinjauan Teori dasar, dan teori (grand theory) yang melandasi/memayungi setiap variabel
– Tinjauan Konsep-konsep penelitian: Definisi konsep-konsep yang selanjutnya akan menjadi variabel penelitian

• Penelitian Terdahulu
– Tinjauan terhadap Penelitian terdahulu yg relevan dengan masalah penelitian
– Tujuan: mencari rujukan teori, konsep, kerangka (model) penelitian yang tepat untuk diadopsi pada penelitian kita.
– Pelajari masalah, teori, metode, dan temuan dari minimal 10 penelitian terdahulu yang relevan
– Buat uraian 1-3 penelitian terdahulu yang paling relevan, yang selanjutnya menjadi jurnal rujukan utama, dimana
peneliti mengadopsi teori, konsep, model, dan pemvgukuran, penelitian dari situ.

• Kerangka konseptual (Model Penelitian)

– Berdasarkan model dari jurnal utama, buatlah Gambar visual yang menunjukkan hubungan pengaruh antar variable,
sesuai topik penelitian, disusun mengacu pada penelitian terdahulu dan logika hubungan antar variabel penelitian

• Hipotesis Penelitian
– Hipotesis merupakan temuan sementara dengan argumen yang logis dan kuat tentang bubungan dua variabel (atau
lebih)
– Buat rumusan hipotesis dengan dimulai dari judul sub bab hubungan antara satu variable bebas dan variable terkait.
– Buat uraian berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu, hasil pengamatan, dan logika peneliti, yang menjelaskan hubungan
pengaruh yang ada, diakhiri dengan membuat rumusan hipotesis.
– Hipotesis tidak bisa muncul tiba-tiba, bukan dugaan yang bersifat common sense, namun harus terkait/didukung
temuan riset terdahulu, temuan investigasi lapangan (eksploratori: wawancara, FGD, pengamatan), dan pemikiran
kritis (logika) peneliti

“everyone is a researcher” Dr. Yosef Budi Susanto. M.M., CFP, CIQaR

Penelitian Terdahulu (Previous Research)
– Tinjauan terhadap Penelitian terdahulu yg relevan dengan masalah penelitian

– Tujuan: mencari rujukan teori, konsep, kerangka (model) penelitian yang tepat
untuk diadopsi pada penelitian kita.

– Pelajari masalah, teori, metode, dan temuan dari minimal 10 penelitian terdahulu
yang relevan

– Buat uraian 1-3 penelitian terdahulu yang paling relevan, yang selanjutnya menjadi
jurnal rujukan utama, dimana peneliti mengadopsi teori, konsep, model, dan
pemvgukuran, penelitian dari situ.
 Previous Research
No Author(s) Article’s Title Journal’s Name Research Findings
Perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, subjective norms, perceived
Abdekhoda et al. A conceptual model of flipped classroom Emerald Insight: Interactive Technology
1 enjoyment, and self-efficacy significantly impacting the intention to adopt
(2020) adoption in medical higher education and Smart Education
flipped classroom.
An analysis on the unified theory of
acceptance and use of technology
Ayaz & Yanartaş Elsevier: Computers in Human Behavior Performance expectancy and social influence significantly impacting
2 theory (UTAUT): Acceptance of electronic
(2020) Reports behavioral intention of the implementation of EDMS.
document management
system (EDMS)
Consumers’ adoption of AR-based Emerald Insight: Journal of Fashion
virtual fitting rooms: from the Marketing and Perceived interactivity indirectly affecting adoption intention of AR-based
3 Lee et al. (2020)
perspective of theory of interactive Management: An International virtual fitting rooms.
media effects Journal (1361-2026)
Turan & Cetintas Investigating university students’ adoption Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Perceived relative advantage significantly influence intention to use the
4
(2019) of video lessons Distance and eLearning adoption of video lessons.
Video use in lecture classes: current Students prefer the videos are not too long, although they will attend longer
Alpert &
5 practices, student perceptions and Emerald Insight: Education + Training videos if it’s justified, and well-integrated into the course and lectures’ the
Hodkinson (2019)
preferences flow.
The behavioral intention to use video
Emerald Insight: Asian Association of Learners have a positive perception of video lectures and positive perception
6 Chiam et al. (2017) lecture in an ODL institution: Insights from
Open Universities Journal of ease of use and usefulness of it.
learners’ perspective
Interaction, engagement, and
Emerald Insight: Internet Research Perceived Interactivity significantly impacting behavioral intention of single-
7 Shin et al. (2016) perceived interactivity in
Vol. 26 No. 5, 2016 (p. 1134-1157) handed interaction to operate mobile devices.
single-handed interaction

Emerald Insight: The International Effort expectancy and social influence significantly impacting performance
Patrick Mikalef & An integrative adoption model of video-
8 Journal of Information and Learning expectancy but not behavioral intention of video-based learning. Performance
Giannakos (2016) based learning
Technology expectancy significantly increase behavioral intention of video-based learning.
 Step 3. Develop Conceptual Framework
(Research Model)

(Preparing 2.3. Conceptual Framework)

Model Penelitian (Research Model, Research Framework)

Holistic and Contextual Learning www.umn.ac.id

 Sistematika Skripsi: Bab 2. Pengembangan Hipotesis
• Tinjauan Literatur (Literature Review)
– Tinjauan Teori dasar, dan teori (grand theory) yang melandasi/memayungi setiap variabel
– Tinjauan Konsep-konsep penelitian: Definisi konsep-konsep yang selanjutnya akan menjadi variabel penelitian

• Penelitian Terdahulu
– Tinjauan terhadap Penelitian terdahulu yg relevan dengan masalah penelitian
– Tujuan: mencari rujukan teori, konsep, kerangka (model) penelitian yang tepat untuk diadopsi pada penelitian kita.
– Pelajari masalah, teori, metode, dan temuan dari minimal 10 penelitian terdahulu yang relevan
– Buat uraian 1-3 penelitian terdahulu yang paling relevan, yang selanjutnya menjadi jurnal rujukan utama, dimana
peneliti mengadopsi teori, konsep, model, dan pemvgukuran, penelitian dari situ.

• Kerangka konseptual (Model Penelitian)

– Berdasarkan model dari jurnal utama, buatlah Gambar visual yang menunjukkan hubungan pengaruh antar variable,
sesuai topik penelitian, disusun mengacu pada penelitian terdahulu dan logika hubungan antar variabel penelitian

• Hipotesis Penelitian
– Hipotesis merupakan temuan sementara dengan argumen yang logis dan kuat tentang bubungan dua variabel (atau
lebih)
– Buat rumusan hipotesis dengan dimulai dari judul sub bab hubungan antara satu variable bebas dan variable terkait.
– Buat uraian berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu, hasil pengamatan, dan logika peneliti, yang menjelaskan hubungan
pengaruh yang ada, diakhiri dengan membuat rumusan hipotesis.
– Hipotesis tidak bisa muncul tiba-tiba, bukan dugaan yang bersifat common sense, namun harus terkait/didukung
temuan riset terdahulu, temuan investigasi lapangan (eksploratori: wawancara, FGD, pengamatan), dan pemikiran
kritis (logika) peneliti

“everyone is a researcher” Dr. Yosef Budi Susanto. M.M., CFP, CIQaR

Apa itu MODEL PENELITIAN?

Gambar visual yang menunjukkan hubungan antar variabel:

• Jenis2 Model Penelitian

• Model Struktural: Model yang menggambarkan Hubungan pengaruh / structural antara variable bebas
(independent variable, IV, antecedent) dengan variable terikat (dependent variable, DV, outcome), variable antara
(mediating variable), dan variable moderator (moderating variable)
• Hubungan pengukuran: model yang menggambarkan bagaimana sebuah variable laten diukur dengan variable
empiric (indicator, item, measured variable)

• Berdasarkan model dari jurnal utama, buatlah Gambar visual yang menunjukkan
hubungan pengaruh antar variable, sesuai topik penelitian, disusun mengacu pada
penelitian terdahulu dan logika hubungan antar variabel penelitian
 MODEL PENGUKURAN dan MODEL STRUKTURAL

Indikator
Indikator

Indikator
Construct Construct Indikator
(Concept) (Concept)
Indikator

MODEL STRUKTURAL
Indikator
Indikator

MODEL PENGUKURAN MODEL PENGUKURAN

3–46
MODEL PENELITIAN

Variabel Independen

Training
H1
Variabel Dependen

H2
Sistem Reward Motivasi

H3
Karakter Supervisor
TYPES OF VARIABLES (in a structural relationship)

Independent Dependent Moderating

Mediating Control

6–48
TYPES OF VARIABLES

Independent Dependent Moderating

Mediating Control

6–49
INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES

4 working
Productivity
days program

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV) DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV)

DEPENDENT VARIABLE
The variable that depends on other factors that are measured. These variables are
expected to change as a result of the change in independent variable or variables. It is the
presumed effect.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
The variable that is stable and unaffected by the other variables you are trying to measure
TYPES OF VARIABLES

Independent Dependent Moderating

Mediating Control

6–51
MODERATING VARIABLES

4 working
Productivity
days program

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV) DEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV)

Age

MODERATING VARIABLE (MDV)

Moderating variable is the variable which affects the strength of the relationship between a
dependent and independent variable
TYPES OF VARIABLES

Independent Dependent Moderating

Mediating Control

6–53
MEDIATING/INTERVENING VARIABLE

4 working
Satisfaction Productivity
days program

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV) MEDIATING VARIABLE (MV) DEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV)

Mediator variable is the middle variable / "middleman" between an

independent variable (IV) and a dependent variable (DV).
TYPES OF VARIABLES

Independent Dependent Moderating

Mediating Control

6–55
VARIABEL KONTROL

4 Working DEPENDENT
Productivity
days program VARIABLE (DV)

INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE (IV)

Woman CONTROL
Employee VARIABLE (CV)

A control variable is any factor that is controlled or held constant during an experiment/study
 INVESTIGATING THE MODERATING ROLE OF AGE IN
DETERMINING BEHAVIOURAL INTENTION OF VIDEO
LEARNING STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
IMPLEMENTATION IN PT. MNO USING UTAUT MODEL
(Maya Anggraini, 2021)
THE EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY READINESS, SERVICE QUALITY, PERCEIVED RISK ON RELATIONSHIP
QUALITY, AND ITS IMPLICATIONS TO CONTINUANCE INTENTION
(STUDY ON USER OF BCA MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS)

Service
Quality
H1(+) H4(+)

H2(+) Relationship H6(+) Continuance

Technology
Readiness Quality Intention

H3(-) H5(+)
Perceived
Risk
 Step 4. Developing Hypothesis

(Preparing 2.4. Hypothesis

Development)

Holistic and Contextual Learning www.umn.ac.id

 Sistematika Skripsi: Bab 2. Pengembangan Hipotesis
• Tinjauan Literatur (Literature Review)
– Tinjauan Teori dasar, dan teori (grand theory) yang melandasi/memayungi setiap variabel
– Tinjauan Konsep-konsep penelitian: Definisi konsep-konsep yang selanjutnya akan menjadi variabel penelitian

• Penelitian Terdahulu
– Tinjauan terhadap Penelitian terdahulu yg relevan dengan masalah penelitian
– Tujuan: mencari rujukan teori, konsep, kerangka (model) penelitian yang tepat untuk diadopsi pada penelitian kita.
– Pelajari masalah, teori, metode, dan temuan dari minimal 10 penelitian terdahulu yang relevan
– Buat uraian 1-3 penelitian terdahulu yang paling relevan, yang selanjutnya menjadi jurnal rujukan utama, dimana
peneliti mengadopsi teori, konsep, model, dan pemvgukuran, penelitian dari situ.

• Kerangka konseptual (Model Penelitian)

– Berdasarkan model dari jurnal utama, buatlah Gambar visual yang menunjukkan hubungan pengaruh antar variable,
sesuai topik penelitian, disusun mengacu pada penelitian terdahulu dan logika hubungan antar variabel penelitian

• Hipotesis Penelitian
– Hipotesis merupakan temuan sementara dengan argumen yang logis dan kuat tentang bubungan dua variabel (atau
lebih)
– Buat rumusan hipotesis dengan dimulai dari judul sub bab hubungan antara satu variable bebas dan variable terkait.
– Buat uraian berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu, hasil pengamatan, dan logika peneliti, yang menjelaskan hubungan
pengaruh yang ada, diakhiri dengan membuat rumusan hipotesis.
– Hipotesis tidak bisa muncul tiba-tiba, bukan dugaan yang bersifat common sense, namun harus terkait/didukung
temuan riset terdahulu, temuan investigasi lapangan (eksploratori: wawancara, FGD, pengamatan), dan pemikiran
kritis (logika) peneliti

“everyone is a researcher” Dr. Yosef Budi Susanto. M.M., CFP, CIQaR

 X Y

Deskrisis Teori dan Jurnal, Deskrisis Teori dan Jurnal,

pemikiran baru Variabe X pemikiran baru Variabe Y

SINTESA VARIABEL X SINTESA VARIABEL Y

KERANGKA BERFIKIR
HUB X DG Y

HIPOTESIS
State the relationship among the variables

Buatlah uraian hubungan antar konsep (variabel) berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu , hasil
eksplorasi, dan penalaran Anda.

Diuraikan dalam Bab 2, setelah uraian teori konsep-konsep penelitian.

Buat sub-bab2 sbb:
• Hubungan antara Brand Awareness dengan Perceived Quality
• Hubungan antara Advertising spend dengan perceived quality
Formulate hypotheses, explain how or why you expect these relationship

• Pada sub-bab uraian hubungan antar variabel, tambahkan uraian hasil

pengamatan dan logika penalaran Anda. Uraian logika penalaran bisa
dilakukan dengan menghubungkan indikator-indikator dari variabel yang
sedang diteliti hubungannya.

• Dituliskan pada sub-bab Hubungan antar variabel

RESEARCH PROPOSITIONS AND HYPOTHESES

Propositions
• Statements explaining the logical linkage among certain concepts by asserting a
universal connection between concepts.
Example: Treating employees better will make them more loyal employees.

Hypothesis
• Formal statement of an unproven proposition that is empirically testable.
Example: Giving employees one Friday off each month will result in lower employee turnover.

© 2010 South-/Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be

scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publically accessible website, 3–64
in whole or in part.
EXHIBIT 3.3 Hypotheses Are the Empirical Counterparts of Propositions

© 2010 South-/Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. May not be

scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publically accessible website, 3–65
in whole or in part.
WHAT IS HYPOTHESIS?

A TENTATIVE, YET TESTABLE, STATEMENT, WHICH PREDICTS WHAT YOU

EXPECT TO FIND IN YOUR EMPIRICAL DATA

The null hypothesis is the statement being tested. Usually the null hypothesis is a statement of "no
effect" or "no difference“

The alternative hypothesis is the statement you want to be able to conclude is true based on
evidence provided by the sample data.
 HYPOTHESIS

A proposition that is empirically testable. It is an empirical

statement concerned with the relationship among variables.

Good hypothesis:
• Must be adequate for its purpose
• Must be testable
• Must be better than its rivals

Can be:
• Directional
• Non-directional

© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. www.wileyeurope.com/college/sekaran 67

Types of Hypothesis
TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
Based on research objective, there are 4 types of research hypotheses

Descriptive Comparative

Associative Causal
 TYPES OF HYPOTHESES

Descriptive Comparative

Associative Causal

A descriptive hypothesis is a statement or conjecture about a single variable. This hypothesis is a description of the descriptive problem
formulation

H: The average test score of students in the research methodology class is 75

Pengujian dilakukan dengan Uji beda satu sample dibandingkan dengan konstanta
TYPES OF HYPOTHESES

Descriptive Comparative

Associative Causal

A comparative hypothesis is a hypothesis that compares 2 or more samples.

H: There is a difference in the average score of the research methodology test between class A students and class B students

Pengujian dilakukan dengan Uji Beda dua sample (t-test) atau lebih (ANOVA)
TYPES OF HYPOTHESES

Descriptive Comparative

Associative Causal

The associative hypothesis is a hypothesis which states the relationship between 2 or more variables.

H: There is a relationship between the length of study time and the test scores of the research methodology

Pengujian dilakukan dengan melihat adanya korelasi (termasuk regresi)

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES

Descriptive Comparative

Associative Causal

The causal hypothesis is a hypothesis which states the effect of one variable on other variables

H: The length study time affects the test scores of the research methodology
FORM OF HYPOTHESES

There are 2 basic forms of hypothesis, namely the Null Hypothesis (H0) and the Alternative
Hypothesis (HA)

The null hypothesis (H0) represents a status quo condition, or a condition where there is no
relationship, influence or difference between 2 or more variables.

The Alternative Hypothesis (HA) represents the assumption from the researcher, where it is
possible that the status quo does not apply, in other words there is a relationship, influence or
difference between 2 or more variables.
Types of hypothesis, data scale, statistic techniques

Bentuk Hipotesis
Komparatif Komparatif > 2
Macam
2 sampel sampel
Data Deskriptif Asosiatif
Related Independe Related Independe
n n

Nominal Binomial Mc Nemar Fisher Chohran Q Chii K Contingency

Chi satu Exact K samp Qoeffficient C
sampel Chi dua
Ordinal Run test Sign test Median Anova Anova Spearmen
test Korelasi
Kendal Tau
Interval/ t-test 1 t-tes t-test ind Anova Anova Korelasi,
ratio sampel hub regresi, PATh,
SEM
 H1: Performance Expectancy significantly relates to behavioral
intention of video learning SOPs implementation in PT MNO.

Conceptual Framework H2: Effort Expectancy significantly relates to behavioral

intention of video learning SOPs implementation in PT MNO.
and Hypothesis H3: Social Influence significantly relates to behavioral intention
of video learning SOPs implementation in PT MNO.
H4: Perceived Interactivity significantly relates to behavioral
intention of video learning SOPs implementation in PT MNO.
H5: Age has a significant relation on moderating Performance
Expectancy in determining behavioral intention of video
learning SOPs implementation in PT MNO.
H6: Age has a significant relation on moderating Effort
Expectancy in determining behavioral intention of video
learning SOPs implementation in PT MNO.
H7: Age has a significant relation on moderating Social
Influence in determining behavioral intention of video learning
SOPs implementation in PT MNO.
H8: Age has a significant relation on moderating Perceived
Interactivity in determining behavioral intention of video
learning SOPs implementation in PT MNO.
Relationship between Effort Expectancy and Behaviour
Intention of Video Learning SOPs implementation in PT. MNO

• EE is defined as the ease of users in using new system/ technology. Prior study shows that EE was impacting
PE significantly that PE was significantly impacting BI in the implementation of video-based learning
(Mikalef et al., 2016). EE, which is identical to perceived ease of use (PEOU) also predicted to influence BI
because PEOU was significantly impacting BI in the adoption of video learning (Chiam et al., 2017) and
adoption of the flipped classroom (Abdekhoda et al., 2020). Thus, the hypothesis will be:

• H2: Effort Expectancy significantly relates to behavioural intention of Video Learning SOPs implementation
in PT. MNO.
Pengaruh Social Influence Terhadap Continuance
Intention (Eric Darson, 2020)
• Social influence atau pengaruh sosial dapat diartikan sebagai sejauh mana anggota jaringan sosial
seperti keluarga dan teman, saling mempengaruhi dalam penggunaan sebuah teknologi (Indrawati
& Putri, 2018). Sebuah penelitian terdahulu yang dikerjakan oleh Suyoto et al. (2020) menyimpulkan
bahwa, perilaku konsumen untuk berbelanja secara online bersifat sukarela, dan pengaruh sosial
memiliki pengaruh langsung terhadap keinginan pribadi untuk menggunakan teknologi karena
adanya keinginan untuk menjaga status sosial tetap tinggi. Menurut Kotler & Armstrong (2016:172)
perilaku membeli seseorang dapat dipengaruhi oleh anggota keluarganya. Selanjutnya keluarga juga
merupakan organisasi terdekat dan terpenting untuk pembeli yang terdapat di masyarakat,
selanjutnya hal ini juga telah diteliti secara ektensif.
• Penelitian Khatimah et al. (2019) menyatakan bahwa social influence secara signifikan
mempengeruhi kebiasaan seseorang dalam melakukan pembayaran dengan e-money, yang berarti
bahwa ketika seseorang mudah terpengaruh oleh lingkungan sosialnya maka hal ini akan
mempengaruhi kebiasaannya dalam menggunakan sebuah teknologi.
• Berlandaskan penjelasan yang dijabarkan di atas, selanjutnya peneliti menentukan hipotesis
penelitian yaitu:
• H2: Social influence memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap continuance intention.
Latihan Logika penarikan kesimpulan
• Logika matematika
• A=B
• B=C
• Maka A = C

• Logika Sederhana/Logika formal: Silogisme

• Premis 1 : Jika hari hujan, maka tanah basah
• Premis 2 : Tanah basah
• Kesimpulan: Hari hujan

Apakah BETUL kesimpulan ini?

Refferences
1. Bungin. Burhan. 2021. Bahan Ajar Sertifikasi CIQaR.
2. Eric Darson (2020), Analisis Faktor-Faktor Perilaku Konsumen yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Niat Meneruskan
Penggunaan Sakuku Berbasis Teori UTAUT2
3. Ghozali, Imam (2016). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan program SPSS 23, edisi 8, Badan Penerbit
Universitas Diponegoro
4. Malhotra, Naresh K. (2010). Marketing Research, An Applied Orientation Sixth Edition. Pearson Education
5. Maya Anggraini, (2021). Investigating the Moderating Role of Age in determining Behavioral Intention of Video
Learning Standard Operating Precedure Implementation in PT. MNO using UTAUT Model
6. Sugiyono (2013). Metode Penelitian Manajemen. Penerbit Alfabeta Bandung
7. R. Cooper, Donald dan Pamela S. Schindler (2011). Business Research Methods, 11th edition, McGraw Hill
8. Sekaran et al. 2010. Research Method for Business. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
9. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C., Griffin, M. (2013) Business Research Methods, 9th edition, Cengage
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