LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

Interpersonal
Function IDEOLOGY

CULTURE (genre)
 Textual
SITUATION
Function
Tenor
Ideational
Function
Field (Discourse) Mode
Semantics
Negotiation
Ideation/ Identification
Conjunction
Lexicogrammar
Mood Theme/
Transitivity/ Rheme
phonology
Ergativity
Phonology/
Graphology/
Sign
 Metafunction and Realizations
Metafunction Lexicogrammar

1. Ideational
a. Experiential Transitivity: Process, Participant,
Circumstance (Ergativity)
02/14/24 2
Parataxis/Hypotaxis
 METAPHOR
Coding or interpreting meaning from two
different perspectives.

meta—’half, not fully’, phora, phoric—’pointing

to, referring to’

Implications: 1. comparison
2. two ways of coding namely
a. congruent /literal/normal/common coding, and
b. incongruent/metaphorical/not
normal/uncommon coding
 Lexical Metaphor
Metaphor divides into
1. Lexical Metaphor
2. Grammatical Metaphor
3. Contextual Metaphor

Literal : The snake is crawling on the grass.

Ular merayap di rumput itu.

Metaphorical: Suzanne is a snake; do not trust her.

Si Suzanne ular; jangan percaya
padanya.
Suzanne is compared with a snake.
 Snake Suzanne
+ scale - scale
+ coil + coil
+ venomous + venomous
+ crawl - crawl

Comparison
1. Noun—Noun
the door of his heart, pintu hatinya
an island of hope, pulau harapan
the foot of the hill, kaki bukit
the root of the matter, akar masalah
…
2. Noun—Verb
curb his passion, mengekang amarah,
warm up the situation, memanaskan situasi
a new idea sparks, ide baru menyala
memanjatkan doa, mencairkan dana, memanaskan situasi, mengangkangi
peraturan…

3. Noun—Adjective
golden age, zaman keemasan
dark age, zaman jahiliyah
masa depan suram
bright future

4. Sounds
hus, hus…

5. Ideology
Gate: Buloggate, Bruneigate; Banana Republic; My people can do no wrong!
The idea was adopted from the corruption/bribery case of Watergate prior to
R. Nixon’s administration in the USA.
 CONGRUENT CODING IN GRAMMAR
Meaning Function and Grammar Examples
thing Participant/noun The lady is reading a book.
activity Process/verb The cat ran.
quality Attribute/adjective Ben is handsome.
relation Parataxis—hypotaxis/ He did not come because it
conjunction rained heavily.

location Circumstance/adverb She slept soundly in the

manner room.
comment, modality He may come soon.
judgment

position preposition He is in the room.

 Grammatical Metaphor
N Class Metaphor Function Metaphor Examples
o
1 adjective →noun quality → thing unstable → instability
probable → probability
2 verb → noun process → thing transform → transformation
a succeed → success
2 tense/phase verb aspect of process → going to/try → prospect/attempt
b (adverb) → noun thing have completed → solution
2 modality verb modality of process → can, could → possibility, potential
c (adverb) → noun thing is required to → duty
2 verb + adverb/prep. process + circumstance move in circle → revolution
d phr → noun → thing behave badly → misconduct
3
preposition → noun minor process → thing with → accompaniment

so → effect
No Class Metaphor Function Metaphor Examples
4
conjunction → relator → thing so → cause
noun
if → condition

5a
noun head → thing → class (of thing) engine [fails] → engine
noun premodifier [failure]

5b
noun head → thing → possessor glass [fracture] → [the
prep. phrase post fracture] of glass
modifier
village [develop] → [the
development] of village

5c
noun head → thing → possessor (of government [decided] →
possessive thing) government’s [decision]
determiner

6a
verb → adjective process → quality [poverty] is increasing →
increasing [poverty]
No Class Metaphor Function Examples
Metaphor

6b tense/phase verb aspect of process

was absent → being absent
(adverb) → → quality
adjective begin → initial

6c modality verb Modality of process

always → constant
(adverb)→ → quality
(adjective will → probable

7a manner
adverb → adjective [acted] brilliantly →brilliant [acting]
circumstance →
quality

7b prepositional phrase circumstance [argued] for a long time → lengthy

→adjective →quality [argument]
[describe] in details → detailed
[description]
No Class Metaphor Function Metaphor Examples

7c prepositional phrase circumstance class (of

[cracks] on the surface →
thing)
→ noun modifier surface [cracks]

[tea] in the morning →

morning [tea]

8
conjunction → relator → quality before → previous
adjective
and → additional

9 be/go + preposition
Circumstance → process be about → concern
→ verb
be instead of → replace

10
conjunction → verb relator → process and → complement

then → follow

so → lead to
No Class Metaphor Function Metaphor Examples

11
conjunction → relator → so → as a result
prepositional circumstance
phrase therefore → as a consequence

12a
Φ → verb [in Φ → process [impact] → have [an impact]
env. 1—4]
[press] → apply [pressure]

12b causative verb

agency → process make [conform] → impose
→ verb [in env1 [conformity on]
—4]
let [release] → allow [departure]

13
Φ → noun [in Φ → Thing [her success] → the fact of [her
env. projection] success

[my apology] → the act of [my

apology]
 Grammatical Intricacy and
Lexical Density
GI: number and depth of clause in a complex
LD: number of lexical items per clause
Lexical Items:
1. noun
2. verb
3. adjective
4. adverb

1a. Ben was absent because he was ill.

1b. Ben’s absence was caused by his illness.

2a. My uncle left for Bosnia to serve in the army, which worries us
2b. My uncle’s army service in Bosnia leaves us a worry.
 DIPLOMACY
rankshift BUREAUCRACY
downgrade POLITICS

1. CLAUSE
2. GROUP/PHRASE
TECHNOLOGY

3. WORD
ACADEMICS
SCIENCE

4. MORPHEME
upgrade
IDEATIONAL METAPHOR INTERPERSONAL METAPHOR

Ideational and Interpersonal Metaphor

 CC

 x
Ben was absent because he was ill
 Ben was absent because he was ill

Ben was absent because he was ill

Ben’s being absent his being ill

Ben’s absence his illness

Ben’s absence was caused by his illness

Ben’s absence was caused by his ilness

VALUE PROCESS: RELATIONAL
TOKEN
NOMINALIZATION
 Relocation

Congruent Mataphorical
Ben (prop.noun) Ben’s (poss.adjective)
he (pronoun) his (poss. adjective)
was (verb) being (noun)
absent (adjective) absence (noun)
ill (adjective) illness (noun)
because (conjunction) was caused by (verb)
 1.the doctor advised 3. in order to alleviate her mental stress
2. that the patient should take a rest 4.by which her ailment could be easily cured

1.the doctor’s advice 3. her mental stress alleviation

2.the patient’s rest taking 4.easy ailment cure

The doctor’s advice for the IS (MEANT) FOR her mental stress alleviation for
patient’s rest taking easy ailment cure

X IS (MEANT) FOR
Z
1. Translating a scientific journal which studies
metaphorical coding produces a rare
understanding about its uses that enhances
knowledge for those who want to know
English better since the indicator of someone
who comprehends Englsish is by having the
capability or mastery of the metaphor.
2. An earthquake devastated Taiwan in 6
February 2016, caused many victims, high
buldings were broken and brought about
sorrowness to the world.
John came to my house and then we went to the beach.

John came to my house and then we went to the beach.

John’s coming to my house our going to the beach

John ‘s visit to my house is followed by our departure to the

beach.
The teacher’s prohibition of cellular phone into the classroom is
followed by the studetnts’ obedience.

The teacher prohibited the students to use their cellular phones

in the classroom and they obeyed the teacher’s order.

The teacher asked the students not to use their cellular phones
in the classroom and the students obeyed the order.
The teacher asked the students not to use their cellular phones
in the classroom and the students obeyed the order.

1.the teacher asked the students

2.not to use their cellular phones in the classroom
3.and the students obeyed the order.

The teacher’s prohibition of cellular phone use in the

classroom is followed by the studetnts’ obedience of the order.
1. an earthquake devastated Taiwan on 6 February 2016,
2. caused many victims,
3. high buldings were broken
4. and brought about sorrowness to the world.

a. Taiwan earthquake devastation on 6 February 2016

b. many victim effect
c. damage of high building
d. bringing about world sorrowness

Taiwan earthquake devastation on 6 February 2016 with

many human victims and damages to high buildings brought
about world sorrowness.

X brought about Y
 CC

I
 =

II

 x

my uncle left for Bosnia to serve in the army which worries us

my uncle’s army service in Bosnia leaves us a worry

 GI and LD

a.
1. my uncle left for Bosnia
2. to serve in the army
3. which worries us
b. my uncle’s army service in Bosnia leaves us a worry

Written Spoken
GI 1/1 L 3/2 H
LD 6H 2L
 They inform the police that our neighbour always quarrel
late at night, which troubles us but pleases the other
neighbour, who has just moved to the new area.

1. they inform the police: the police information
2. that our neighbour always quarrel late at night: our
neighbours‘ frequent quarrel late at night
3. which troubles us : our trouble
4. but pleases the other neighbour: the other neighbour’s
pleasure
5. who has just moved to the new area: presently
movement to the new area

the police information on our neighbour frequent

quarrel late at night our trouble the other
neighbour’s pleasure presently movement to the new
area
 THE BURIAL OF PROCESSES IN NOMINALIZATION

1. the lecturer asked the students

2. to submit their assignments, 4. in order to allow them
3. which deals with vowel and consonant 5. to sit for the examination
perception

1.the lecturer’s order 4.for their

to the students allowance/permis
2. their assignement sions
suibmissions 5.examination
3. on vowel and attendance
consonant
perceptions

NOMINALIZATION
NOMINALIZATION

the lecturer’s order to the students for

submissions of their assignement on their examinattion attendance
is meant for
vowel and consonant perceptions permisssion
1. the police information on our neighbour frequent
quarrel late at night leaves us a trouble but a
pleasure to the other neighbour with presently
movement to the new area
2. our trouble and the other neighbour’s pleasure
with presently movement to the new area were a
consequence of the police’s information on our
neighbour frequent quarrel late at night
3. our trouble and the other neighbour’s pleasure
with presently movement to the new area were
resulted from the police’s information on our
neighbour frequent quarrel late at night
 Unpacking Metaphorical
Representation
1. Comparing congruent/literal and
metaphorical representation
2. Deriving the motivation

He left because he was disappointed.

His leave was caused by his disappointment

 Literal and Metaphorical Coding

1a. We were informed that the suspect had been severely

interrogated and tortured by the police, which gave a
shock to the government.

1b our information of the suspect’s severe interrogation and

torture by the police resulted in the shock to the
government

2a You may leave now if you have completed the work but
you must return if I call you when I need you to count the
fund, that we have spent on the program.

2b. Your present leave on completion of work is followed by

an obligatory return upon my call on need for fund count
over the program spending
 Literal and Metaphorical Coding

- we were informed…our information

- that the suspect had been severely
interrogated…the suspect’s severe interrogation
- and tortured by the police,…the torture by the
police
- which gave a shock to the government…the
shock to the government

our information of the suspect’s severe

interrogation and torture by the police resulted in
the shock to the government
Experiential Metaphor (Science
and Technology)
The use of experiential metaphor in
science and technology is associated to
1. objectivity
2. impersonality
3. technicality
4. practicality
5. written language
Lexicogrammatical Realizations

1. dominant use relational process

2. passive voice
3. low grammatical intricacy
4. high lexical density
5. logical relations (such as x  buried in
process as metaphorical
representation
1. The doctor advised
2. that the patient should take a rest
3. in order to alleviate her mental stress
4. by which her ailment can be easily cured.

a. the doctor’s advice

b. the patient’s rest taking
c. her mental stress alleviation
d. her potentially easy ailment cure

The doctor’s advice for the patient’s rest taking is

meant for her mental stress alleviation for the
potentially easy ailment cure.
X is meant for Y
1. We have a class today,
2. which is about applied linguistics,
3. which is very complicated
4. that confuses almost all students.

1. our today class

2. on applied linguistics
3. with high complication
4. confusion for almost all students
Our today class on applied linguistics has high
complication and confusion for almost all students.

Our today applied linguistics class has high complication

and confusion for almost all students
1. I am dizzy
2. because my students got bad scores
3. so I decided
4. to hold a remedial class.

1. This is my new bag

2. which I got from my mother
3. which she had bought
4. when she visited Medan
1. I am dizzy
2. because my students got bad scores
3. so I decided
4. to hold a remedial class.

1. my dizziness
2. my students’ bad score acquisition
3. my decision
4. remedial class holding

My dizziness due to my students’ bad score

acquisition results in my decision on remedial
class holding.
1. This is my new bag
2. which I got from my mother
3. which she had bought
4. when she visited Medan

1. my new bag
2. my mother’s gift
3. her purchase
4. her Medan visit

My new bag as my mother’s gift is her purchase on

her Medan visit.
 Ben memukul Toni
 Ben, yang memarkirkan keretanya di
sana, memukul Toni, yang memakai baju
hijau.
1. I have bought a new computer
2. which is made in Japan
3. which can be used to edit photos.

My buying of a new computer

a. my new computer purchase
b. a Japanese brand computer
c. potential photo edit use

1) My new purchased Japanese computer is

potential for photo edit use
2) My newly purchased Japanese computer is
potential for photo edit use.
1. he looks tired
2. as he has been working since early in the morning
3. and I really think
4. he should have some rest

a. his tiring look/appearnce

b. since continuous early morning work
c. my sincere thought
d. suggestion for a rest taking

His tiring appearence as a consequence of continous work since early

morning leads to my sincere thought of sugggestion for a rest taking.

X leads to Y
NOMINALIZATION
Benny loves the girl because she is beautiful.

1.Benny loves the girl

2.because she is beautiful.

a.Benny’s love to the girl

b.her beauty

because
Benny’s love to the girl was caused by her beauty.
Benny’s love to the girl was a consequence of her beauty.
Benny’s love to the girl was resulted from her beauty.
 Clause Complex
Analyze the clause complexes logically by using tree
diagram. Then, condense the clause complex into a
single clause.
 The doctor advised the patient to take a rest for one
week
 The doctor advised the patient to take a rest for one
week in order to alleviate her mental stress
 The doctor advised the patient to take a rest for one
week in order to alleviate her mental stress, by which
her mental ailments could be cured.
 The doctor advised the patient to take a rest for one
week in order to alleviate her mental stress, which was
a common practice for mental ailment cure.
1. The doctor advised the patient
2. to take a rest for one week
3. in order to alleviate her mental stress,
4. by which her mental ailments could be
cured.

The doctor’s advice for the patient’s one-

week rest taking for her mental stress
alleviation was meant for a probability of
her mental ailment cure.
Ali was born in Medan, educated in Britain and works in
Singapore, which surprises us.

Ali’s Medan birth with his British education and

Singaporean work leads us to a surprise

The man, who sits near my brother, is an infamous singer, who sold
his album more than 250 thousand copies in one week .

She came to me to tell that she frequently thinks hard if she is about
to sit for the examination and now she has been my best friend in a
school, who is always with me.

The old lady has a Persian cat, of which the leg was
broken, because a car crushed it, who was driven by a
drunken man.
She always tries to get rid of her illness
that has made her miserable for years
and spent a lot of money although she
thinks that it is impossible to be cured

The man, who was standing next to the

telephone, told the new secretary to
come early next morning because she
was needed in the meeting, which was
held at 6.30 am.
 1. dokter menasihatkan
2. agar pasien beristrahat satu minggu
3. supaya beban pikirannya turun

nasihat dokter
instrahat satu munggiu
penurunan beban pikiran pasien

Nasihat dokter untuk istrahat pasien satu

minggu dimaksudkan untuk penurunan beban
pikirannya.
 Metaphorizing Experience
1. The teacher asked the students not to bring their
moblie phones into the classroom because the
equipments cause noises in the room, which
disturbes learning atmosphere.
2. Traffic jam in the morning absolutely makes
everybody anggry or upset because the jam wastes
time and fuel and the situation make people arrive
late at their offices , which was troublesome .
3. I wanted to go a city, which is located in central Java
namely Yogyakarta to visit my brother, who lives
there with his family.
4. Donny went to the store and he bought some bread
that he needed and then he went home carefully.
 Metaphorizing Experience
1. the teacher asked the students
2. not to bring their moblie phones into the classroom
3. because the equipments cause noises in the room,
4. which disturbes learning atmosphere

1. the teacher’s order for the students

2. prohibition of mobile phones existence in the classroom
3. noises of the equipments in the room
4. disturbance of learning atmosphere

The teacher’s order for prohibition of mobile phone existence

in the classrom is caused by noises of the equipments in the
room as disturbance of learning atmosphere.
X is caused by Y
 The Burial of Processes in Nominalization
1. the teacher asked the students 3. because the equipments cause
2. not to bring their moblie phones noises in the room
into the classroom 4. which disturbes learning
atmosphere

1. the teacher’s 3. noises of the

order for the equipments in
students the room
2. prohibition of 4. disturbance of
mobile phones learning
existence in the atmosphere
classroom

NOMINALIZATION NOMINALIZATION

The teacher’s order for prohibition of is caused noises of the equipments in the room as
mobile phone existence in the disturbance of learning atmosphere
by
classrom Y
X is caused by
1. I know the man
2. who taught us the lesson last week
3. which is the most diffucult subject in the
faculty.

a. Joe waited for the train

b. which arrived late
c. because he wanted to go to campus
d. to study the subject
1. I know the man
2. who taught us the lesson last week
3. which is the most difficult subject in the
faculty.
(1) my knowledge of the man
(2) his last week lesson teaching
(3) the most difficult subject in the faculty
My knowledge of the man is (based on/ by)
his last week lesson teaching as the
most difficult subject in the faculty.
A is (based on/by) B
a. Joe waited for the train
b. which arrived late
c. because he wanted to go to campus
d. to study the subject

Joe’s waiting for the late train is caused by

his departute plan to campus for subject
study.
Unpacking Scientific Experience into Common Sense

1.the government team informed

2.that the middle-east refugees had been tortured,
3.detained
4.and interrogated inhumanly,
5.which shocked the government psychologically.

Information of the goverment team about inhuman tortures,

detains and interrogations of the middle-east refugees has
resulted in a psychological shock to the goverment. hum

.
1. Prerequisites for the subjects in the next semester
should be completed by the students and
submitted to the registrar office, the liability of
which will be considered by the authoriy at the end
of October, which is only one week from now.
2. Today I have just finished my presentation on the
subject matter, which attracted questions from the
audience and resulted in difficulties for me to
answer; despite the fact that I prepared the
presentation two weeks before.
3. The data were taken by applying relevant method
in order to get the evidence for this thesis and by
which the researcher used limited time to verify the
findings appropriately.
1. today I have just finished my presentation on the subject matter,
2. which attracted questions from the audience
3. and resulted in difficulties
4. for me to answer;
5. despite the fact that I prepared the presentation two weeks before

1. my today completion of presentation on the subject matter

2. questtion attraction from the audience
3. result dificulties
4. my answer
5. my two weeks’ preparation of presentation

my today completion of presentation on the subject matter with

question attraction from the audience and difficulties for answer
disregards my two weeks’ preperation of presentation.

X disregards Y
 The Burial of Processes in Nominalization
1. today I have just finished my
presentation on the subject 5. despite the fact that I prepared
matter, the presentation two weeks
2. which attracted questions from before
the audience
3. and resulted in difficulties
4. for me to answer

5 my two weeks’
preparation of
1. my today completion of presentation
presentation on the
subject matter
2. questtion attraction from
the audience
3. result dificulties
4. my answer

NOMINALIZATION NOMINALIZATION
my today completion of presentation . my two weeks’ preperation of
on the subject matter with question attraction presentation. .
from the audience and difficulties for answer disregards
Information of the goverment team on the
inhuman tortures, detentions and
interrogations of the middle-east refugees has
resulted in a psychological shock to the
government.

1.The government team informed

2.that the middle-east refugees had been tortured,
3.detained
4.and interrogated inhumanly,
5.which shocked the goverment psychologically.
Metaphorizing Common-Sense Experience
1.Ispoke to the man, who loves the song and have just
moved to this suburb because the government will
build a new reactor plant in his old territory.
2.My husband has got a new watch, which was a gift
from his student and a token of appreciationn after she
passed her thesis examination.
3.Linda and Budi are friends and usually go to the mall
but now they are going to their home town to visit their
relatives who are suffering from diseases and need
more money to support their medication.
1. Linda and Budi are friends
2. and usually go to the mall
3. but now they are going to their home town
4. to visit their relatives,
5. who are suffering from diseases
6. and need more money
7. to support their medication.

1. Linda and Budi’s friendship

2. their usual leave for mall
3. their present home town return
4. intention for relative visit
5. the present disease suffer
6. money need
7. medical suport
Linda and Budi’s friendship with their usual leave for mall is followed by their
home town return for realtive visit with disease suffer and money need for
medical support.

X is followed by Y
 THE BURIAL OF PROCESSES IN NOMINALIZATION

1. Linda and Budi are friends 3. but now they are going to their home
2. and usually go to the mall town
4. to visit their relatives,
5. who are suffering from diseases
6. and need more money
7. to support their medication.

1.Linda and
Budi’s 3. their present home town
friendship return
2.their usual 4. intention for relative visit
leave for 5. the present disease suffer
mall 6. money need
7. medical suport

NOMINALIZATION
NOMINALIZATION
. their home town return for realtive visit with
.Linda and Budi’s friendship with
disease suffer and money need for medical
their usual leave for mall . is following
support
Grammatical Metaphor
1.she is in a hurry
2.because her mother called her
3.as her house was on fire
4.and her mother had called the firebrigade (spoken)

a.her hurry
b.due to her mother’s call
c.as a consequence of house fire
d.her mother’s previous call to firebrigade

(1)Her hurry due to her mother’s call as a consequence of the house fire was preceded
by her mother’s previous call to the firebrigade (written)

X was preceded by Y
METAPHORIZING COMMON-SENSE EXPERIENCE
1. I went to my office while I felt so sleepy and thought of
dismissal hour at five o’ clock, which makes me free.
2. The lecturer asked the students to submit their
assignments, which deals with vowel and consonant
perception in order to allow them to sit for the examination.
3. My mother told me that she was much more better after
having sufficient exercises and she visited the doctor that
she knew from her new neighbour.
1. the lecturer asked the students
2. to submit their assignments,
3. which deals with vowel and consonant perception
4. in order to allow them
5. to sit for the examination

1. the lecturer’s order to the students

2. their assignement suibmissions
3. on vowel and consonant perceptions
4. for their allowance/permissions
5. examination attendance

the lecturer’s order to the students for submissions of their assignement

on vowel and consonant perceptions is meant/is intended for their
examinattion attendance permisssion.
 THE BURIAL OF PROCESSES IN NOMINALIZATION

1. the lecturer asked the students

2. to submit their assignments, 1. in order to allow them
3. which deals with vowel and consonant 2. to sit for the examination
perception

1.the lecturer’s order 4.for their

to the students allowance/permis
2. their assignement sions
suibmissions 5.examination
3. on vowel and attendance
consonant
perceptions

NOMINALIZATION
NOMINALIZATION

the lecturer’s order to the students for

submissions of their assignement on their examinattion attendance
is meant for
vowel and consonant perceptions permisssion
 Metaphorizing Common Sense
1. Tony left the house because he had a quarrell with
his father and it really shocked his friends at school
since he was known as a good boy.
2. It was raining heavily, which caused flood and
traffic jam everywhere so that she got trapped on
her way and arrived late at school, which
eventually compensated her in a punishment by
her teacher.
3. Budi was absent but her sister arrived much earlier
at the meeting because she had been asked to
deliver a speech who replaced her brother.
 Metaphorizing Common Sense
1. it was raining heavily,
2. which caused flood and traffic jam everywhere
3. so that she got trapped on her way
4. and arrived late at school,
5. which eventually compensated her in a
punishment by her teacher.

1. a heavy rain
2. flood and traffic jam cause everywhere
3. a trap on her way
4. late school arrival
5. compensation of punishment by the teacher
 1. it was raining heavily, 2. which caused flood and traffic jam everywhere
3. so that she got trapped on her way
4. and arrived late at school,
5. which eventually compensated her in a
punishment by her teacher.
,

1. a heavy 2. flood and traffic jam cause

rain everywhere
3. a trap on her way
4. late school arrival
5. compensation of punishment by
the teacher

flood and traffic jam everywhere as a cause

causes of trap on her way and late school arrival
A heavy rain leads with a compensattion of punishment by the
teacher
 Metaphorizing Experience
1. My friend suggested that I should consume mutton curry to
increase my blood pressure, which is assumed a naturally
effective medicine instead of taking drugs on doctor’s
prescription.
2. Asians especially those who live in the countries, which
have never been exposed to English speaking country
colonialism, believe that introducing English to their children
will determine their success in the future.
3. Clara closed the door, which is made of wood logged from
North America when I called her using my new cellular
phone which I had bought two days before while I was
windowshopping with my brother, who is a police officer.
 Metaphorizing Experience
1. my friend suggested
2. that I should consume mutton curry
3. to increase my blood pressure,
4. which is assumed a naturally effective medicine
5. instead of taking drugs on doctor’s prescription.

a. my friend’s suggestion
b. suggestion on mutton curry consumption
c. my blood pressure increase
d. assumption as a naturally effective medicine
e. despite drug intake on doctor’s prescription

My friend’s suggestion on mutton curry consumption is meant for

my blood pressure increase as a natrurally effective medicine
despite of drug intake on doctor’s prescription .
A is meant for B
 Metaphorizing Experience
1. Asians [[especially those who live in the countries]], believe
2. which have never been exposed to English speaking
country colonialism,
3. that introducing English to their children will determine their
success in the future.

a.
 Metaphorizing Experience
1.Most of Achenese students do not like English
because it is a difficult subject although it is one of the
state examination sujects, which they should pass.
2.Doing exercices is very good to keep our body fit
and there are some inexpensive exercises which can
be done at home to keep our life healthy.
3.Flood occured on the second day of Idul Adha along
the river bank of Imarah, which devastated all
properties, resulting in billions of rupiah loss and
deploying army supports to assisst the victims.
 Metaphorizing Experience
1.most of Achenese students do not like English
2.because it is a difficult subject ;
3.however, they should pass the subject
4.as it is one of the required items in the state examination

a.Achenese students’ dislikes of English

b.due to its difficulty
c.dispite its obligatory subject status
d.requirement of the state examination

Achenese students’ dislikes its obligatory

of English due to its difficulty overcomes subject status as
the
requrement
NOMINALIZATION of the state
examination.
NOMINALIZATION
X overcomes Y
1. Information of the goverment team on the inhuman
tortures, detentions and interrogations of the
middle-east refugees has resulted in a
psychological shock to the government.
2. The doctor’s advice for the patient’s one-week rest
taking for her mental stress alleviation was meant
for a probability of her mental ailment cure.
3. The lecturer’s order to the students for
submissions of their assignement on vowel and
consonant perceptions is meant/is intended for
their examinattion attendance permisssion.
1. The young lady, who is sitting over there, is
my friend whose house is next to mine and
likes me very much.
2. I sent message to my friend, who I veru much
confide on to keep my story because I do not
trust anybody else that I do not know well.
3. Tuti is a beatiful girl, whose mother works in
the hospital sitting exacly in front of the poor
beggar who feel cheerfully.
1. the young lady is my friend
2. who is sitting over there
3. whose house is next to mine
4. and likes me very much

a. my young lady colleague

b. with a seat over there
c. a vicinity house to mine
d. high degree of fondness

My young lady colleague with a seat over there and

a vicinity house to mine shows a high degree of
fondness to me
1. Cigarette is dangerous
2. as it contains nocotine and tar
3. which potentially poisonize several parts of human body
4. the poison of which is integrated within the cigarete. .

1. Yesterday I got headache

2. after having brunch;
3. possibly that occured
4. because I was too fast to drink
5. after spending my food.

1 Milk is good
2 as it has function for bone;
3 a baby needs milk
4 when they are crying
5 a mother can give milk
6 so that they are not crying any more.
1. kemarin hujan turun
2. dan badai,
3. yang mengakibatkan banyak pohon tumbang
4. dan rumah rusak,
5. sehingga kegiatan perekonomin terganggu.

a. turunnnya hujan kemarin

b. dan badai
c. dengan akibat tumbangnya banyak pohn
d. rusaknya rumah
e. tergangunya kegiatan perekonomia.

turunnya hujan dan badai dengan akibat banyaknnya pohon

tumbang dan rusaknya rumah telah menganggu kegiatan
perekonomian
1. Kuliah dalam semester ini sangat berat
dengan beban 19 SKS
2. sehingga mahasiswa PBI khususnya Kelas
B1 Eksekutif, yang seharusnya masuk setiap
Jumat dan Sabtu, terpaksa masuk Kamis
sampai Sabtu dan membuat mahasiswa
pusing tujuh keliling serta dosen pembimbing
yang dijanjikan dari Februari belum
diumumkan juga hingga akhir Mei.
1. Kuliah dalam semester ini sangat berat dengan beban 19
SKS
2. sehingga mahasiswa PBI khususnya Kelas B1 Eksekutif
<<...>>>terpaksa masuk Kamis sampai Sabtu
3. <<yang seharusnya masuk setiap Jumat dan Sabtu >>
4. dan membuat mahasiswa pusing tujuh keliling
5. serta dosen pembimbing <<...>>belum diumumkan juga
hingga akhir Mei.
6. << yang dijanjikan dari Februari >>
a. beratnya kuliah dalam semester ini dengan beban 19 SKS
b. keterpaksaan masuk Kamis sampai Sabtu
c. keharusan masuk setiap Jumat dan Sabtu
d. dengan akibat pusing tujuh keliling
e. belum adanya pengumuman pembimbing hingga akhir Mei
f. janji dari Februari
 Beratnya kuliah dalam semester ini dengan beban 19 SKS
mengakibatkan keterpaksaan masuk Kamis sampai Sabtu
yang sebelumnya dengan kewajiban masuk Jumat dan
Sabtu dan pusing tujuh keliling dengan belum adanya
pengumuman pembimbing hingga akhir Mei yang
sebelumnya dengan janji dalam Februari.

X mengakibatkan Y

Grammatical Intricacy (Kedalaman Tata Bahasa)

Lexical Density (Kepadatan Leksikal)
LISAN TULISAN
GI: 6 T 1R
LD: 6 R 27 T
1. kemarin hujan turun
2. dan badai,
3. yang mengakibatkan banyak pohon tumbang
4. dan rumah rusak,
5. sehingga kegiatan perekonomin terganggu.

a. turunnnya hujan kemarin

b. dan badai
c. dengan akibat tumbangnya banyak pohn
d. rusaknya rumah
e. tergangunya kegiatan perekonomia.

turunnya hujan dan badai dengan akibat banyaknnya pohon

tumbang dan rusaknya rumah telah menganggu kegiatan
perekonomian
Metaphorizing Common Experience
I came to a party, which was terrific where alot of
guests attended it that I could not forget it.

Today I am very happy because Mr XX comes

and teaches us a new topic, which is about
metaphor and it is intesting.

John is an artist from America with the most

popular song Baby I love you and his voice is
always on in the air; not only the young
generation but also different age groups liten to
the song
Metaphorizing Common Experience
1. I came to a party,
2. which was terrific
3. where alot of guests attended it
4. that I could not forget it.

a. my coming to the party

b. terrific
c. With lots of guest attendance
d. With a consequence of not forgetful
My visit to the terrific party with lots of guest
attendance resulted in my unforgetfullness
 Metaphorizing and Burying Common
Experience in Nominalization
The girl that I met in BA when I attended a seminar as my
boss aked me to attend it is my lovely friend who helped me
in finishing my assignment when I was in College four years
ago

1. the girl [[...]] is my lovely friend.

2. that I met in BA
3. when I attended a seminar
4. as my boss asked me to attend
5. who helped me
6. in finishing my aassignment
7. when I was in college four years ago
8. bemsalamsyah@rocketmail.com fukadaherman@gmail.com
 CONGRUENT CODING
1. The governor was unhappy with the poor condition of buses
2. operated
3. and he said
4. that he had instructed the management of TJ, under the leadership of
AK
5. to pay seroius attention to the poor condition of the bus.

a. the governor’s unhappines with the bus poor condition

b. operation
c. his statement
d. his previous instruction to the management of TJ under the leadership
of AK
e. serious attention to the bus poor condition
the governor’s unhappiness with the bus poor condition operation is
related to his statement of his previous instruction to the management
of TJ under the laedrship of AK for serious attention to the bus poor
condition (X is related to Y)
 CONGRUENT CODING

1. Rudy was buying a new Ungu’s album,

2. which was recently released,
3. when the bank was robbed by some masked persons
4. who kidnapped a school bus

a. Rudy’s purchace of Ungu’s new album

b. recent release
c. bank robbery by some masked persons
d. school bus kidnap

Rudy’s purchase of Ungu’s new album of recent release is simultaneous

with the bank robbery by some masked persons in a kidnapped school
bus.
A is simultenous with B
 CONGRUENT CODING VS METAPHORICAL
1. I attended my friend’s party CODING
2. because he is my best friend
3. and always help me
4. when I have a problem
5. in completing my assignment in campus

a. my attendance at a friend’s party

b. as a best friend
c. his frequent help for me
d. my problem
e. my campus assignment completion
.

My attendance at my was caused by his frequent help on my problem.

best friend’s party was due to of campus assignment completion .
was a consequence of
 CONGRUENT CODING VS METAPHORICAL CODING
1. I would attend a prom-night
2. that would be held in the school
3. but I had no dress
4. to wear
5. as I had spent much in the party

a. my intention for prom-night attendance

b. in school
c. absence of dress
d. wear
e. due to much expenses in the party

My intention for prom-night attendance in the school is followed by

the absence of dress wear as a consequence of excessive money
 CONGRUENT CODING VS METAPHORICAL CODING
1. the school management is so rusty,
2. which makes parents come to the principal
3. and suggest a parents’ school meeting
4. in order to find a solution for the better impacts on the kids’ brighter future.

a. the rusty school management

b. motivation/encouragement for principal’s appeal
c. suggestion for a parents school meeting
d. search for a solution for better impacts on the kids’ brighter future.

(1) Parents’ encouragement for their school meeting in search of a solution for better
impacts on the kids’ brighter future is caused by the rusty school management
(X is caused by Y)
(2) The rusty school management causes parents’ motivation and suggestion for their
meeting in search of solutions for the better impacts on the kids’ brighter future.
(Y causes X)
GI (Grammatical Intricacy)
LD (Lexical Density)
 CONGRUENT CODING VS METAPHORICAL CODING
1. the teacher usually asks questions in the classroom
2. in order to stimulate students
3. to think
4. and elaborate their ideas,
5. which makes them able to answer the questions correctly
6. and to actively participate in the classroom interaction.
 CONGRUENT CODING VS METAPHORICAL CODING
Dosen menyuruh mahasiswa untuk menuliskan contoh metafora
1. dua hari yang lalu Ali jatuh dari motor
2. ketika sedang menuju rumah neneknya
3. karena jalan licin
4. akibat hujan lebat
a. jatuhnya Ali dari motor dua hari lalu
b. ketika kepergiannya ke rumah neneknya
c. lincinya jalan
d. lebatnya hujan

jatuhnya Ali dari motor dua hari lalu saat kepergiannya ke rumah
neneknya dikarenakan licinya jalan akibat lebatnya hujan

A dikarenakan B
 CONGRUENT CODING VS METAPHORICAL CODING
1. Pamannya pergi ke klinik
2. untuk menjumpai dokter
3. dan memberi tahu kepala puskesmas
4. bahwa demam berdarah telah terjangkit di desa itu
5. Agar para penduduk waspada terhadap bahaya yang mengancam.

jatuhnya Ali dari motor dua hari lalu saat kepergiannya ke rumah
neneknya dikarenakan licinya jalan akibat lebatnya hujan

A dikarenakan B