FORMATION OF HEAVIER

ELEMENTS DURING STAR

FORMATION AND EVOLUTION
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Module 1
 WHAT IS BIG
BANG THEORY?
THE BIG BANG THEORY
Simply states that the
universe and the matter in it
started from a single, tiny, hot
dense object that underwent
rapid expansion.
 Do you have any idea where
hydrogen, helium, lithium,
carbon and many others came
from and how they were
formed?
TIME LINE OF THE BIG BANG
Planck Epoch (or Planck Era),43
from zero to approximately 10-
seconds (1 Planck Time).
also known as singularity
epoch.
G
Grand
43
Unification Epoch,
36
from 10–
seconds to 10– seconds:
kThe force of gravity separates
from the other fundamental forces
the earliest elementary particles
(and antiparticles) begin to be
created.
 36
Inflationary Epoch, from 10– seconds to
12
10– seconds.
the universe undergoes an extremely
rapid exponential expansion, known as
cosmic inflation.
“quark soup” become distributed very
thinly across the universe.
Electroweak Epoch, from 10- 36

12
seconds to 10– seconds.
particle interactions create large
numbers of exotic particles
 Including W and Z bosons and
Higgs bosons
 12
Quark Epoch, from 10–
6
seconds to 10– seconds.
Quarks, electrons and neutrinos
form in large numbers
a process known as
baryogenesis
 6
Hadron Epoch, from 10– seconds to
1 second.
The temperature of the universe cools to about a
trillion degrees, cool enough to allow quarks to
combine to form hadrons (like protons and
neutrons).
Some neutrons and neutrinos re-
combine into new proton-electron pairs
• TIME LINE OF THE BIG BANG
 Lepton Epoch, from 1 second to
3 minutes.
electrons and positrons collide
colliding photons in turn create
more electron-positron pairs.
Nucleosynthesis, from 3 minutes to 20
minutes.
atomic nuclei can begin to form as protons
neutrons combine through nuclear fusion to
form the nuclei of the simple elements
of hydrogen, helium and lithium.
 Photon Epoch (or Radiation
Domination), from 3 minutes
to 240,000 years:
the energy of the universe is
dominated by photons
Recombination/Decoupling, from 240,000 to
300,000 years.
“recombination”
“decoupling”
cosmic background radiation
the universe consists of a fog of about 75%
hydrogen and 25% helium with just traces of
lithium.
Dark Age (or Dark Era), from
300,000 to 150 million years.
with no stars having formed to give
off light
the universe is dominated by
mysterious “dark matter”
Reionization, 150 million to 1
billion years.
The first quasars form
most of the universe goes
from being neutral back
Star and Galaxy Formation, 300 - 500 million
years onwards.
creating the very first stars
Population III (or “metal-free”)
Population II & I
Larger stars burn out quickly
Large volumes of matter collapse to form
galaxies
Solar System Formation, 8.5 - 9
billion years.
The expansion of the universe
and recycling of star materials
into new stars continues
WHAT IS BIG BANG
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS?
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS = refers
to the process of creating
new atomic nuclei from
pre-existing nucleus
primarily protons and
neutrons.
FORMATION OF THE
LIGHT ELEMENTS
H=1p
He=2p
Li=3p
Be=4p
 + +
+ + = + =
+
Deuteron
1 1 Triton
n H 2
H 1 2 3
0 1 1 0n 1
H
1
H
 The Nuclei of the Three ISOTOPES of
Protium/proton Hydrogen
Deuterium/ Tritium/triton
deuteron

+ +
+
1H 2 H 3H
1 1 1 proton 1 1 proton
1 proton 1 neutron 2 neutrons
 4
Deuteron + Deuteron = He 4
2 1 proton + 1 triton2 = He

+
+ + + = + + + + =
+
+

4 4
2-protons, 2 neutrons He He
2
2
2-protons 2-protons, 2 neutrons

2-
protons
 + +
++
= +
+ +

Helium Triton ?
2p, 2n 1p, 2n 3p, 4n
 + + +
+ +
+ + + = +

Helium Helium
?
2p, 2n 2p, 2n 4p, 4n
+
+ +
+
+
+ +

3p, 4n 4p, 4n
 H He

75% 25%
Hydrogen Helium
 LIGHT
ELEMENTS
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
 COMPLETE THE NUCLEOSYNTHESIS REACTIONS

1. p+ + n0 2D +y 5. 2D +___ 3 He +y
1 1 2

2. 3 He + 2 D 4 He + p + 6. 3 T + 4He ___ + y
2 1 2 1 2

3.7 Li + p+ 2 4 He 7. ___ + n0 7 Li + p+
3 2
3
4. 2
D + 2
D 3He + n 0
1 1 2
 NUCLEAR SYMBOL
Number of
protons and Name of
neutrons (MASS
4 element
NUMBER)
He
2
Symbol of
element
Number of protons
(ATOMIC NUMBER)
 FORMATION OF HEAVIER
ELEMENTS DURING STAR
FORMATION & EVOLUTION
(STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS)
STELLAR
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS=
process by which elements
are formed within the stars
as a result of nuclear
fusion.
NUCLEAR FUSION= the process by
which 2 or more nuclei joined
together to form a single heavier
nucleus.
NUCLEAR FISSION= splitting of an
atom into 2 or more smaller ones
PROTON-PROTON CHAIN
Deuterium/ Protium/
Deuteron Proton Helium – 3 Gamma ray

+ + +
+
+ = + ყ
2 1 3
H H He
1 1 2
Helium – 3 Helium – 3 Helium – 4 2 protons

+ +
+ + +
+ = + 2 +
+

3 He 3He 4 He 1
2 H
2 2 2 1
1. TRIPLE ALPHA PROCESS
Helium - 4 Helium - 4 Beryllium - 8
+
+ +
+ = + + +
+ +
4 He 4 8
He Be
2 2 4
Beryllium - 8 Helium - 4 Carbon - 12
+ +
+ + + + +
+ +
+ + +
= +
8Be 4 12
He C
4 2 6
2. CARBON FUSION CYCLE OR CNO CYCLE= process where
C – 12 is used as a catalyst that facilitate the production of He – 4.
 NUCLEAR SYMBOL
Number of
protons and Name of
neutrons (MASS
4 element
NUMBER)
He
2
Symbol of
element
Number of protons
(ATOMIC NUMBER)
 ALPHA LADDER
12 4 16
C + He = O
6 2 8

16 4 20
O + He = Ne
8 2 10
20 4
Ne + He ____________
10 2

24 28
12
Mg + _________ Si
14

4
+ He
2
SUPERNOVA= releases tremendous
amount of energy enough to
synthesis elements heavier than
IRON.
=Elements heavier than iron are
formed during SUPERNOVA
EXPLOSION.
R – process or rapid capture of neutrons
= also known as the r-process, is a set of nuclear
reactions that is responsible for the creation of
approximately half of the atomic nuclei heavier than
iron.
Slow neutron-capture process, or s-process
= is a series of reactions in nuclear astrophysics that
occur in stars.
Red giant star = is a dying star in the last stages of
stellar evolution.
THANK
YOU!!!
NAME: ___________________ GARDE & SEC:_____________DATE: _______ACTIVITY NO: 1
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS REACTIONS
INTRODUCTION:
Nucleosynthesis refers to the process of creating new atomic nuclei from
pre-existing nucleus primarily protons and neutrons.

OBJECTIVE:
 Compute the following nucleosynthesis reactions.

MATERIALS:
 Periodic table of elements
 Calculator
 Long size coupon bond
 Pencil
PROCEDURES:
1. You are going to use you periodic table of elements and your calculator to compute
the following nucleosynthesis reactions.
2. Answer the guide questions.

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. What is big bang theory? Explain based on your own understanding.
2. What can you notice on the number of the atomic number patterns of
the elements in alpha ladder. Discuss your findings.
3. Give at least 4 examples of light and heavy elements.

CONCLUSION:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
____________.
 4 He 4
1. _____ + p+ + He
2 2

3 2 4
2. T + D He + ______
1 1 2

3. 3He + _____ 3T + p+
2 1

3 4
4. He + He _______ + y
2 2

4
5. 7 Li + p+ He + ______
3 2
 32 4
6. S + He ______
16 2

7. _____ + 4 He 40Ca
2 20

40 44
8. Ca + _____ Ti
20 22

48
9. _____ + 4He Cr
2 24

10. ______ + 4 He ______

2