Mechanical and chemical digestion

Digestion is defined as the process by

which food is broken down into simple
chemical substances with the help of
enzymes , that can be absorbed and used
as nutrients by the body.
Digestive process is accomplished by
mechanical and enzymatic break down of
food into simple chemical compounds.
CARBOHYDRATES:-
Human diet contains 3 types of
carbohydrates.
1. Polysaccharides: Glycogen, amylose
and amylopectin.
2. Disaccharides:Sucrose(Glu + Fructose)
Lactose(Glu + Galsctose)
3. Monosacharides: Glucose and Fructose.
Cellulose is plant origin.
Digestion of carbohydrate in Mouth:
Mechanical Digestion:Chewing and mastication.
Chemical Digestion: Most of the carbohydrates
are in polysaccharide form.
Starch ---------Maltose + Dextrin.
[ptyalin/ salivary amylase]
Digestion of carbohydrate in Stomach:
Mechanical Digestion: Peristalsis
{It is alternative contraction and relaxation of
circular and longitudinal muscle that produces
the wave of contraction due to which the food
passes along the lumen of alimentary canal }
Chemical Digestion: Food may remain in
the fundus without becoming mixed with gastric
juice. During This period digestion by salivary
amylase from the salivary gland may continue in
the stomach for as long as 1 hour.
(stomach has no direct involvement in digestion of carbohydrate)
In Small Intestine:
The activity of salivary amylase is destroyed
as it come in contact with Acidic PH of stomach.
Duodenum is the initial part of the small
intestine. It receives the secretion from pancreas
and liver.
Amylolytic enzymes in the small intestine are
derived from pancreatic juice and sucus entericus.
The pancreatic amylase act on glycogen and
starch [Maltase,Sucrase,Lactase,Dextrinase]
Starch & Glycogen + Amylase ----Maltose &
dextrin.
DIGESTION BY INTESTINAL JUICES;
The following changes occurs due to
the action of enzymes of intestinal juice
(sucus entericus)
Lactose—Lactase- Glucose+Galactose.
Sucrose---SucraseGlucose + Fructose
Maltose---MaltaseGlucose + Glucose
Dextrin----Dextrinase-Glucose.
DIGESTION OF PROTEIN.
Food stuffs containing protein are
Meat, Fish, Egg, and milk, Wheat, Soya
bean ,Oats and various types of pulses
Enzymes responsible for protein
digestion are called proteolytic enzymes.
No digestion of protein occurs in the
buccal cavity due to lack of proteolytic
enzymes in Saliva.
Digestion in Stomach;-
presence of food in stomach stimulates the
secretion of gastric juice by the cells of
mucosa layer. The cells like mucous
secreting neck cells , Oxyntic cells and
peptic cells/chief cells/parietal cells
secretes mucous, HCL and various
enzymes respectively. They act on various
kinds of protein.
Pepsinogen----HCL- Active pepsin.
Prorennin---HCL--Active Rennin
Protein—Pepsin-Proteoses+Peptones+A.A
Caseinogen(soluble milk protein)-----
Rennin & Ca--- Ca paracaseinate(Curd)
Pepsin is most effective in the acidic
environment of the stomach. Pepsin is
secreted in its inactive form called
pepsinogen.
DIGESTION IN SMALL INTESTINE;
Chyme entering the small intestine
contains partially digested carbohydrate,
protein, and lipids. The completion of the
digestion of carbohydrate, protein and lipid
is aided by pancreatic juice, bile juice and
intestinal juice in the small intestine.
Pancreatic juice contains two
nucleases like Ribonucleases, and
deoxyribonucleases.
Trypsinogen---Enterokinase- Active trypsin
Chymotrypsinogen---Trypsin- ActiveChymotrypsin
Peptone, Proteoses, peptones--- Trypsin,
chymotrypsin- Polypeptide + Aminoacids.
DIGESTION OF FAT;
Lipids are mostly consumed in the
form of neutral fats, which are also known
as triglycerides, each molecule is composed
of a glycerol nucleus and three fatty acids .
Dietary fats are classified into Saturated and
unsaturated fats.
 Mouth has no role in the digestion of
fat. In the stomach the enzyme lipase split
triglycerides.
Lipids----Gastric lipase- F.Acids + Glycerol
Chyme entering the small intestine
contains partially digested carbohydrate,
protein, fat .Digestion of all food stuffs
completed in the small intestine in the
presence of pancreatic juice , bile and
intestinal juice.
 The most important enzyme for
digestion of the triglyceride is pancreatic
lipase, present in the pancreatic secreted
by the pancreas in to the small intestine.
Triglycerides are broken down by
pancreatic lipase into fatty acids and
monoglycerides.