A Project Phase-I Presentation on

ANALYSIS EFFECT OF MIX CONCRETE ON COLD

JOINT OF PRESTRESS GIRDER BRIDGE BY FEM

Presented by
Ms. Jesika S. Lalwani[10]

Under the guidance of

Prof.(Dr.) V.K.Patil

Department of Civil Engineering

K K Wagh Institute of Engineering Education And Research
(Autonomous) Nashik-422003
(2023-2024)
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List of content
1. Introduction
2. Cold joint formation
3. Literature survey
4. Research gap
5. Problem statement
6. Objectives
7. Proposed methodology
8. Reference

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Conventional concrete
Concrete is one of the most consumed material on earth after
water.
1. Conventional concrete is a heavy material that is the most
common type of concrete used in construction. It is made up of
cement, water, and aggregates like sand, gravel, or crushed
stone
2. It is made by mixing a paste of 10-15% Portland cement and
15-20% water with 65-75% aggregates. As the cement and
water mix, they harden and bind the aggregates into a rock-like
mass.
India is the 2nd largest producer of cement in the world.

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Environmental issues
Making cement also emits a lot of dangerous air pollution that's
linked to an array of health harms; the cement industry is the
third largest source of industrial air pollution such as sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide.

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Prestress Concrete at a glance
Prestressed concrete is a system devised to provide sufficient
precompression in the concrete beam by tensioned steel wires,
cables, or rods that under working conditions the concrete has no
tensile stresses or the tensile stresses are so low that no visible
cracking occurs.

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Feasibility over conventional design

1. Span length-Prestressed beams and girders have longer spans

than reinforced concrete. This increases untroubled floor
space and parking facilities, and results in fewer joints, which
requires less maintenance.
2. Crack resistance-Prestressed concrete minimizes the
occurrence and width of cracks, especially in areas with high
tensile stresses.
3. Tension cracks-Prestressed concrete eliminates tension
cracks, which reduces the risk of steel components corroding.

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Loading conditions on the bridge
Formation of cold joint
It is not possible to cast a whole bridge deck slab structure
monolithic-ally. In bridge construction it is impractical to place
concrete in a continuous operation. The amount of concrete that
can be placed at one time is governed by batching and mixing
capacity, crew size, and the amount of time available.
1. This untreated weak plane caused due to interruption in
casting process or due to improper casting and curing
sequence is called as cold joint.
2. Sometimes cold joints are formed due to poor consolidation,
typically revealed by “visible lines on the surfaces of the
concrete formed”. According to IRC cold joint start to form
after 20 minutes of placement of concrete.

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The reduction of the structures maximum resistance depends on factors such as
the inclination of cold joint, the cold joint formation time, and the relationship
between the inclination of the cold joint and the direction of the state of
stresses.

Cold joint significantly affect performance of deck slab as it reduces systems

stress strain characteristics. The loss of mechanical properties caused due to
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presence of cold joint can impair the structural integrity of deck slab.
Need of solution
As in regular practice slabs consist of concrete and steel due to
which in long term the steel gets corroded and then the strength
of the member is lost. Therefore, when the steel in the beams are
replaced with carbon fiber, the lifespan of the beam increases and
mainly the strength of the beam increases which could be a better
option for the structure.
1. Alternative to the conventional method
2. Exploring different ideas to avoid and overcome the
premature time of concrete.

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 Material components of PSC OVER Conventional RCC

CEMENT
Cement

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Conventional concrete

Fine aggregates CONCRETE, ADMIXTURES

Coarse Aggregates STEEL

Spalling R/f, equilibrium R/f, and
bursting R/f
Water

TENDONS
Admixtures
High strength tensile wires that
come in diameters ranging from
1.5 mm to 8 mm

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Literature Survey
Literature Resources Number

A) International journal papers 11

B) National journal papers
C) National / International conference papers 3
D) Books 2
E) Codes 3

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Literature Survey
Sr. Title of paper Name of journal, Outcomes of paper
No. and author Volume and date
1 Curved precast Ph.D. dissertation, • studied the new system for
prestressed Univ. of Nebraska, framing curved bridges using
concrete girder Lincoln, NE. precast Prestress concrete
bridges girders.
Alawneh, M. • The result is a better value of the
(2013). cost-effective precast concrete
stringer system

2 Fatigue strength PCI J., 36(1), 84–97. • studied the the development of
of joints in a (1991) high-strength precast Prestress
precast double-Tee girders for bridge
prestressed construction.
concrete double • design charts for different girder
tee bridge sizes were presented to
Arockiasamy, M., demonstrate the efficiency of
Badve, P., Rao, these girders for short- and
V., and Reddy, V. medium-span bridges

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Literature Survey
Sr. Title of paper and Name of journal, Outcomes of paper
No. author Volume and date
3 Welded-wire Ph.D. dissertation, • studied the Non-proprietary
reinforcement versus Univ. of Nebraska, UHPC mix was developed.
random steel fiber in PCI J., 56(2), 2011a The developed mix was
precast prestressed produced by a two-step
concrete bridge mixing procedure using a
girders. vertical shaft high-energy
Morcous, G., Maguire, paddle mixer.
M., and Tadros, M. K.
4 Parametric study of Volume 138, 2017, pp. • studied the the development
deteriorating precast 447-457 of high-strength precast
concrete double-tee Prestress double-Tee girders
girder bridges using for bridge construction.
computational models • design charts for different
Junwon Seo a, Brian girder sizes were presented to
Kidd b demonstrate the efficiency of
these girders for short- and
medium-span bridges

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Research gaps
An overview of the accessible literature on use remix concrete and
cold joint formation in deck slab reveals that the main interest of
the researchers was to find out the effect of remixing on the
strength of concrete.
Use of retarding agent in concrete to avoid cold joint is the most
common technique used in studies to avoid formation of cold joint.
• In this project, instead of using any retarding agents or
admixtures, we have used remix concrete to delay the formation
of cold joint and to minimize its adverse effect on girder.
Analysis of slab is done using finite element method in ANSYS
software to find out accurate values of stress, strain and
deflections.

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Problem statement
Considering the research gaps, the problem is formulated in
following statement
1. Performance evaluation and characterization of of cold joint
in precast concrete girder can occur due to various reasons,
such as delays between concrete pours, interruptions during
construction, or insufficient preparation of the existing
concrete surface

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Objectives
The design of cold joints in Prestress concrete girder bridges
involves several objectives to ensure the overall structural
integrity, durability, and performance of the bridge.
Here are some key objectives:
• Minimize the stress concentrations at the cold joint to prevent
premature failure.
• To find out strength of remix design concrete mixes (M40-
M50)
• To analyze the deck slab by using ANSYS software for
conventional concrete and combination of different grades of
concrete

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Proposed Methodology

Model Type

Select Element Type

Define Material
Properties

Model Geometry

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Contd.

Meshing of
Model

Apply various
load conditions

Results and
Discussion

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Tests to be carried out

1. Compressive strength of cubes

2. Deflection characteristic of beams
3. Cable Profile and Cable Layout

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References
1. AASHTO. (2014). AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications, 5th Ed., Washington, DC.
2. AASHTO. (2002). Standard specifications for highway bridges, 17th Ed.,Washington, DC
3. Alawneh, M. (2013). Curved precast prestressed concrete girder bridges. Ph.D. dissertation,
Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE.
4. Arockiasamy, M., Badve, P., Rao, V., and Reddy, V. (1991). “Fatigue strength of joints in a
precast prestressed concrete double tee bridge.” PCI J., 36(1), 84–97.
5. Arockiasamy, M., and Reddy, D. V. (1989–1992). “Static and fatigue behavior of longitudinal
joints in multi-box beam prestressed concrete bridges.” Final Rep., Florida Atlantic Univ.,
Boca Raton, Fla.
6. Abendroth, R. E., F. W. Klaiber, and M. W. Shafer. 1995. “Diaphragm effectiveness in
prestressed-concrete girder bridges.” J. Struct. Eng. 121 (9): 1362–1369.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1995)121:9(1362).
7. Bierwagen, D., and Abu-Hawash, A. (2005).“Ultra-high performanceconcrete highway
bridge.”Proc., 2005 Mid-Continent Transportation Research Symp., Iowa State Univ., Ames,
IA
8. Cook, R. A., Fagundo, F. E., Rozen, A. D., and Mayer, H. (1993). “Service, fatigue, and
ultimate load evaluation of a continuous prestressed flat-slab bridge system.”Transportation
Research Record. 1393, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D. C., 104–111.

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Time table frame
Sr. Activity Nov Dec January Feb March April 15 May
No. 2023 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024

1 Introduction

2 Literature
survey
4 Problem
formulation
5 Objective
formulation
7 Synopsis
preparation
8 PPT
preparation
9 Report
preparation
10 Final Project

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