INSECTICIDE

 Insecticide, any toxic substance that is used to kill insects.

 Such substances are used primarily to control pests that infest cultivated plants
or to eliminate disease-carrying insects in specific areas.

 Insecticides can be classified in any of several ways ;

Stomach Contact Botanical Systemic

Fumigation
poisons poisons insecticides pesticides
 STOMACH POISONS
 This pesticide enter the pest’s body through their mouth and digestive
system and causes death by poisoning.
 Stomach poisons are acquired during feeding of pests, when they ingest
the insecticide applied in the leaves and other parts of the plants.
Example:-
Malathion and compound containing
Arsenates and fluorides.

 Example ;
 arsenicals—e.g., Paris green (copper
acetoarsenite), lead arsenate, and calcium
arsenate; and the fluorine compounds,
among them sodium fluoride and cryolite. They
are applied as sprays or dusts onto the leaves
and stems of plants eaten by the target insects
 CONTACT POISONS
 Are those chemicals which injure the target organism by physical
contact or skin absorption.
 DDT is a contact poison. As it cause skin problems.
 The contact insecticides can be divided into two main groups:
Naturally occurring compounds and synthetic organic ones
 The naturally occurring contact insecticides include Nicotine,
developed from tobacco.
Examples:-
Nicotine
HCH(hexachlorocyclohexanes)
 SYSTEMIC PESTICIDES
 Systemic pesticides are water-soluble and are taken up by a plant and
transported throughout its body.
 The chemicals can thus be found in every part of the plant, including the
leaves, roots, stems, fruits, flowers, and even the pollen and nectar.
 They can kill insects directly on contact or through the ingestion of
treated plant tissue.
 Systemic protection is longer-lasting than contact sprays.
 They are commonly used to suppress herbivorous sucking or chewing
insects like Aphids, caterpillar, and root nematodes.

 Systemic insecticides include

Neonicotinoids, which have been widely
recognized for their risk, in part because
they are far more toxic to bees than most
other insecticides.
 FUMIGATION
Used for controlling pests, insects and other organisms.
By the usage of pesticidal toxic gas.
It is chemical which at required temperature and pressure and exist in
the gaseous state in sufficient concentration to be lethal to a given pest
organism. Examples:-
 Ethyl dichoride
Types:-  Hydrogen cyanide
 Sulphuryl fluoride
Bulk grain storage
fumigation

Grain silo

Stack fumigation

Space fumigation

Container fumigation
 BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES

Used to kill or repel insects.

Recorded use of plant extracts Dried

for insect control dates back

atleast 200 years.
Examples:-
Pyrethrum(Tanacetum cinerariifolium) Chemical Ground
Botanical
Neem (Azadirachta indica) isolated plant
insecticides
Tobacco( Nicotiana tabacum) from plant material

Crude plant
extracts
 SYNERGISTS AND THEIR MODE OF
ACTION
Natural or synthetic chemicals.
Increase lethality and effectiveness of insecticides
Example ;
Piperonyl butoxide
Flex 10 10 or pyrid acrosol
MGK-264 (N- Octyl bicycloheptene
dicarboximide)
Block the metabolic systems that breakdown
insecticide molecules

Interfere with the detoxification of

insecticides

Through action of polysubstrate

monooxygenases and other enzyme systems

Role of synergists in resistance management

is related directly to enzyme inhibiting
action.