PREGNANCY

&
TERMINOLOGY
Ms. Salma Parveen
Lecturer
Surgical Technology

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 LECTURE OBJECTIVES
By the end of lecture you would be able to:
• Explain phase of pregnancy and fetal development trimester
wise
• Describe common terminologies related pregnancy
• Explain Fertilization
• Describe common Types of tests to check for abnormalities of
the fetus
• Recognized types of Birth

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 What is Pregnancy?
• The period from conception to birth.
• After the egg is fertilize by a sperm and then
implanted in the lining of the uterus, it develops
into the placenta and embryo, and later into the
fetus.

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 Signs of Pregnancy
• Missed menstrual period
• Excessive tenderness in the breasts
• Fatigue
• Change in appetite
• Morning Sickness
• May have spotting or light, irregular menstrual flow

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 Conformation of Pregnancy?

• Urine Test: This is a quick simple test that test for the
hormone HCG within the females urine. HCG is
released by a women when the egg attaches to the
lining of the Uterus. HCG is only released when a
female is pregnant. (EPT = Early Pregnancy Test)

• Blood Test: This test also detects HCG blood test

measures the level of hCG hormone present in blood.
Most people get the blood test after they tested
positive for the urine test.

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MEDICAL SPECIALIST
• OBSTETRICIAN:
DOCTOR WHO
SPECIALIZES IN CARE
OF A PREGNANT
WOMEN AND THE
DEVELOPING FETUS
• GYNECOLOGIST:
DOCTOR WHO
SPECIALIZES IN CARE
OF THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
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 PREGNANCY TERM
• The average length of full term pregnancy in women is
counted as 40 weeks of development(280 days). But
the period anunborn baby spends in its mother’s womb
is 38 weeks.
• Pregnancy is based on 40 weeks. 10 months in total.
• 1st month we DO NOT count due to the fact of not
knowing
• Pregnancy or the gestation period in women is
divided into three trimesters:

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 Define Uterus

• Is a muscular organ that receives and

supports the fertilized ovum during
pregnancy and contracts during childbirth to
help with delivery.

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 FERTILIZATION
What is Fertilization?
• Is joining of an egg cell
and a sperm cell.
MTST-506 OR-PROCEDURES-II Pregnancy
Where does fertilization
occur?
• Fallopian tube
• The process begins when
an egg is released from
one of the woman’s
ovaries and enters the
fallopian tube. The egg
remains in the fallopian
tube for 12-24 hrs. in order
for fertilization to take
place.
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 Define Ovum
• Also know as the egg cell
• The egg cell; If fertilization occurs the egg
will become an embryo.

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 Define Zygote:
• The cell produced when a sperm fertilizes an
egg; contains genetic material that forms the
baby.

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Define Blastocyst:
A thin-walled hollow structure in early
embryonic development that contains a
cluster of cells called the inner cell mass
from which the embryo arises. The outer
layer of cells gives rise to the placenta and
other supporting tissues needed for fetal
development within the uterus while the
inner cell mass cells gives rise to the
tissues of the body.

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 Blastocyst

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 What is an embryo?

• Is a developing baby through the second

month of growth after conception
• The rapidly dividing mass of cells inside the
women’s uterus.

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 Fetus
• Is a developing baby from the ninth week after
conception until birth.
• It’s the name given to the embryo from the third
month on.

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 Placenta

• A temporary organ that joins the mother

and fetus, nourishing and maintaining
the fetus through the umbilical cord.
• Supplies fetus with oxygen
• Supplies fetus with nutrients
• Passes out wastes from the fetus

• The placenta is fully formed by 18 to

20 weeks but continues to grow
throughout pregnancy.
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 Umbilical Chord

Define Umbilical What 3 vessels are

Chord? contained in the
chord?
• A rope like structure
that connects the • 1 Large vein
embryo to the placenta. • 2 Arteries

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 What is the amniotic sac?
• The fluid-filled sac that contains and protects
a fetus in the womb.
What is the amniotic sac used for?
• Temperature Control
• Protection from shock
• Barrier to infection

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Why is prenatal care important
to the mother and the baby?
• If baby doesn’t receive proper nutrition it may cause
premature birth.
• A female should not drink alcohol when pregnant.
This can cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, which is the
presence of severe birth defects.
• Females should not smoke or inhale smoke. This
can cause smaller babies and unhealthy babies.

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 Why is diet and exercise important
to the mother and the baby?

• It increases the chances of a healthy baby.

• Increases the chances of having a proper birth
weight for the baby.
• Keeps the mother healthy during pregnancy. Also
helps the mother lose the weight faster after
pregnancy.
• Decrease chances of birth defects.

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 Types of tests to check for
abnormalities of the fetus
• Ultrasound:
• Test using sound waves to depict an image of the developing
fetus. Usually performed at 10 weeks and on.
• Harmony:
• The Harmony® prenatal test is a DNA-based blood
screening test for the most common chromosomal
abnormalities, including Down syndrome (trisomy 21).
Harmony is more accurate than traditional tests and can
be performed as early as 10 weeks into pregnancy with
just a simple blood test.
• Harmony is more accurate than traditional Down syndrome
this blood test doctor would recommend follow-up testing,
such as amniocentesis.
• In addition, with Harmony you have the option
to evaluate X and Y sex chromosomes.

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 Types of tests to check for
abnormalities of the fetus
• Amniocentesis test:
• Checks for chromosomal
abnormalities
• Spina bifida, down syndrome,
hemophilia, sickle cell anemia
• Chronic villus sampling test (CVS
test):
• Done during early pregnancy
• A biopsy is taken of the villi in
the placenta.
• Sickle cell anemia, hemophilia

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 Stages of pregnancy
• First trimester (Months 1-3) (Initial development and
rapid growth):
• At the end of the first month, the embryo has a
heartbeat, a two-lobed brain, and a spinal cord.
• By the end of the second month, the embryo is
recognizable as a human and is called a fetus. After
two months, the fetus has started to form arms and
legs as well as fingers, ears, and toes. The fetus
can be visibly identifies as a male or female. By the
end of the first trimester, the heart has four
chambers.

Doppler fetal Monitor

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 Stages of pregnancy
• Second trimester (Months 4-6) (Fetus Continues to
form):
• By the end of the fourth month, fingernails,
toenails, eyebrows, and eyelashes have
developed. Teeth begin to form, lips appear, and
head hair may begin to grow. Movement of the
fetus can be felt by the mother. The fetus can
bend its arms and make a fist. During the fifth
month, the heartbeat can be detected by a
stethoscope.
• By the end of the sixth month vernix (keeps body
from dehydrating and skin from getting wrinkled)
appear on baby.

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 Stages of pregnancy
• Third trimester (Months 7-9) (Growth):
• By the seventh month lanugo (fine hair grown to
insulate the fetus) appears on the baby.
• By the eighth months fetus growth slows down and
moves into a head-down position.
• By the ninth month the fetus is full term. Skin is
smooth and waxy looking. The eyes are usually
gray.

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 Signs of Labor:

• The Show
• The mucous plug in the cervix, which acts as a
seal during pregnancy, is passed as a blood
stained or brownish discharge.
• Contractions:
• Coordinated muscular contractions are generated
in the upper part of the uterus, the fundus. This
helps to gradually open, or dilate, the cervix.
• Water breaks:
• The amniotic sac (membrane) around the baby
ruptures, or breaks, allowing colorless amniotic
fluid to pass out through the birth canal.
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 Assignment:
Make a presentation on
• Explain and draw the chart of the following :
• Fetal position and presentation in
labor

• Cardianal movement of labor

• Describe in detail of
• Maturation and fertilization of the
ovum
• Hormones required for female
reproductive cycle
• Complication of normal labor
• PPH

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 Crowning:
• The appearance of the baby’s head during
delivery.

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 Multiple Births
Identical Twins
• Are twins that develop from
a single ovum fertilized by a
single sperm that divides
after fertilization to form two
zygotes
• Have same chromosomes
• Always will be the same sex
• They share the same
placenta but have separate
amniotic sacs and umbilical
cords
MTST-506 OR-PROCEDURES-II Pregnancy
Fraternal Twins
• Are twins that develop from
two separate ova that are
fertilized by two different
sperm.
• Have different chromosomes
• Can be same sex or opposite
sex
• They develop in separate
amniotic sacs and have
separate umbilical cords and
placentas
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Types of birth
• Natural birth:
• Delivery of a baby without using drugs or surgery during
birth.

• Induced labor:
• The stimulation of uterine contractions before they occur
spontaneously.

• Breech birth
• When baby delivered either foot first or buttocks first.

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 Types of Birth
• Inducing labor:
• Medication given or water sac broken by plastic hook
(amnio-hook)
• Cesarean Section (C-Section):
• A form of childbirth in which a surgical incision is made
through a mother's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or
more babies.
• Epidural:
• A shot administered in the woman’s lower back to aid in
pain relief.

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 Types of Birth Continued
• Episiotomy:
• An incision between the vagina and anus (perineum) help
with crowning of the baby, to prevent muscles from
tearing
• Vacuum extraction:
• assist mother if she becomes too tired, cup on
baby’s head with slight suction
• Forceps:
• guide baby’s head out of birth canal

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 Birthing Options
• Hospital
• Safest and quickest method of delivery to receive
immediate medical treatment
• Home Birth
• Comfort of delivery at own home, medical
assistance is still needed
• Water Birth
• Is for women with “low risk” pregnancies, drug free
births and minimal intervention

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 Birthing options
• Midwife
• Are certified house nurses

• The birth can take place at multiple different locations

including a hospital, home or center
• Birth Center
• Birth centers are for women who want a
certain comfort zone and few people around

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 Birthing Positions:

• Occiput Posterior: (Most common) Head down, chest

facing front of the mother.
• Occiput Anterior: Head down, baby’s back facing
front of mother.
• Left Occiput Transverse: Head down, baby’s facing
left hip.
• Right Occiput Transverse:
Head down, baby’s facing right hip.

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APGAR SCALE
• Its an assesment test on
a scale of 1-10
• Performed by a
pediatrician
• 7 or higher indicates
baby in good condition
• 4 to 6 baby may need
assistance
• Under a 4 baby may
need life saving
techniques.

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 Premature Birth
• Is a birth before the 36th week of gestation.
Causes of Premature Birth
• Premature birth can be caused by any number of
factors such as high blood pressure or poor nutrition.
• Abnormalities of uterus or cervix
• Heavy smoking
• Drug use
• Generally poor health

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 Miscarriage
• A miscarriage is the loss of a fetus before the
20th week of pregnancy. The medical term for a
miscarriage is spontaneous abortion, but the
condition is not an abortion in the common
definition of the term.
• 50% of pregnancy ends in miscarriage, but
usually before a women misses her menstrual
period.
• 15% of recognized pregnancies end in a
miscarriage.

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 What causes a Miscarriage?
• Causes are not well known
• 1st trimester causes are usually due to chromosomal
abnormalities in the baby, but have nothing to do with
mother of father.
• Infection, exposure to environmental hazards, hormonal
problems, uterine abnormalities, incompetent cervix,
lifestyle factors (smoking, drinking, drugs, Disorder of
the immune system (lupus), Severe kidney disease,
Diabetes, Congenital heart disease, thyroid disease,
Certain medications , Severe malnutrition.
• Age also: Women in 20’s is 12-15% chance: Women at
age 40 is 25%.

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 Stillbirth
• Stillbirth is the death of a baby during pregnancy
after 20 weeks of gestation but before delivery.
• Stillbirth occurs in 1 out of every 200 pregnancies
• A doctor will usually have to give a woman
medicine to start labor by giving her a C-section.
• Causes of Stillbirth
• High Blood pressure and Diabetes
• Blood-clotting problem and Infection of mother or fetus
• Placental abruption Umbilical cord twisting, which can cut off oxygen
to fetus
• Fetus may have a birth defect or slowed growth development

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 Types of disabilities continued
• Down Syndrome:
• Environment and genetics
• Extra 21st chromosome
• Cleft lip/palate:
• Environment and genetics
• Two sides of upper lip do not grow together properly.
• Club foot:
• Environment and genetics
• One or both feet twisted (present at birth)
• Cystic fibrosis:
• Genetics
• Thick mucus interferes with breathing, blocks lungs, and
causes coughing.
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 Types of disabilities continued
• Diabetes:
• Environment and genetics
• Extreme thirst and increased appetite.
• Caused by obesity and is predicted that every 1 out of 3
children will be born with type two diabetes
• Hemophilia:
• Usually genetic
• Blood does not clot properly
• Sickle cell Anemia:
• Genetics
• Red blood cells are sickle-shaped instead of round-
shaped. Severe Anemia

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