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Definition
STEAM TURBINES:-

A prime mover which converts the thermal energy of steam directly into mechanical
energy of rotation.

Codes/Standards Used

NEMA SM23 - 1991 Ed

NEMA :- National Electrical Manufacturers Association

SM :- Steam turbines for Mechanical drive service
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INPUT DATA REQUIRED

1) Turbine nozzle displacement

- If fixed point given then we can model turbine
2) Distance from resolution point to current nozzle
3) Vendor drawing required for allowable loads
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1) Turbine nozzle displacement given by vendor

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2) Distance from resolution point to current nozzle

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3) Turbine Vendor drawing required for allowable loads

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Input for NEMA SM 23 Analysis

In
CAESAR – II.
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2) Distance from resolution point to current nozzle

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ALLOWABLE LOADS ON STEAM TURBINE

USING NEMA - SM23
According to NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) - SM23 code for Steam
Turbines for Mechanical Drive Service, the forces and moments acting on steam turbines due to
the stem inlet, extraction and exhaust connection should be limited by Limit - 1, Limit - 2, Limit
- 3.

 Limit – 1

The total resultant forces and total resultant moments imposed in individual case on turbine at
any connection should not exceed as per following:

3Fr + Mr ≤ 500 De
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Where,

Fr = Resultant force (N) at any connection.

Fr = sqrt (Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2)
Mr = Resultant moment (Nm) at the connection.
Mr = sqrt (Mx2 + My2 + Mz2)
De = Nominal pipe size of connection in mm up to
200 mm in diameter.

For sizes greater then these, use a value of,

De = (400 + Nominal Dia in mm) / 3.

COMPONENTS OF FORCES AND MOVEMENTS ON TURBINES CONSTRUCTION.

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 Limit - 2

The combined resultants of forces and moments of inlet, extraction and exhaust connections,
resolved at centerline of exhaust connection should not exceed the following:

2Fc + Mc ≤ 250 Dc

Where:

Fc = Combined resultant of inlet, extraction and exhaust forces in Newton.

Mc = Combined resultant of inlet, extraction and exhaust moments in Newton-meter.

Dc = Diameter of a circular opening equal to the total areas of the inlet, extraction and exhaust
opening up to a value of NB 250.For values beyond this use a value of Dc equal to.

Dc = (450 + Equivalent Dia in mm) / 3.

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 Limit - 3

The components of resultants in Limit - 2 should not exceed.

Fx = 50 Dc Mx = 250 Dc
Fy = 125 Dc My = 125 Dc
Fz = 100 Dc Mz = 125 Dc

The components are as follows:

Fx = Horizontal components of Fc parallel to the turbine shaft.
Fy = Vertical components of Fc.
Fz = Horizontal components of Fc right angle to the turbine shaft.
Mx = Components of Mc along the horizontal axis parallel to the turbine shaft.
My = Components of Mc along the vertical axis.
Mz = Components of Mc along the horizontal axis right angle to the turbine shaft.
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Example
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A steam turbine has a 4” side inlet and 8” side exhaust. Analysis of the steam piping system
proposed for turbine has determined that components of the force and movements imposed on
the inlet and exhaust flange will be listed below.

4” INLET FLANGE 8” EXHAUST FLANGE

FX = +40 lb FX = -110 lb
FY = -100 lb FY = -250 lb
FZ = -70 lb FZ = +180lb
MX = +200 lb-ft MX = +500 lb-ft
MY = +150 lb-ft MY = +300 lb-ft
MZ = -120 lb-ft MZ = +350 lb-ft
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Check RESULTANT forces and movements on individual flanges against limit 1, paragraph
8.4.6.1

INLET FLANGE
Fr = sqrt (Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2)
__________________
Fr = √(40)² + (-100)² + (-70)² = 128 lb
Mr = sqrt (Mx2 + My2 + Mz2)
___________________
Mr = √(200)² + (150)² +(-120)² = 277 lb-ft

3Fr + Mr ≤ 500 De (limit - 1)

3 * 128 + 277 ≤ 500 * 4

661 ≤ 2000 (pass)
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Check RESULTANT forces and movements on individual flanges against limit 1, paragraph
8.4.6.1

EXHAUST FLANGE
Fr = sqrt (Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2)
____________________
Fr = √(-110)² + (-250)² + (180)² = 327 lb
Mr = sqrt (Mx2 + My2 +Mz2)
__________________
Mr = √(500)² +(300)² +(350)² = 680 lb-ft

3Fr + Mr ≤ 500 De (limit - 1)

3 * 327 + 680 ≤ 500 * 8

1661 ≤ 4000 (pass)
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Check Combined RESULTANT forces and movement on the turbine against limit-2 ,
paragraph 8.4.6.2.a.

FX = 40 - 110 = -70 lb ___________________

FY = -100 – 250 = -350lb Fc = √(-70)² +(-350)² + (+110)² = 373 lb
FZ = -70 + 180 = +110lb

MX = 200 + 500 = +700 lb-ft ____________________

MY = 150 + 300 = +450 lb-ft Mc = √(+700)² +(+450)²+(+230)² = 128
lb-ft
MZ = -120 + 350 = +230 lb-ft
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Nominal inlet flange area

π /4 * (4 in.)² = 12.57 in²

Nominal exhaust flange area

π /4 *(8 in.)² = 50.27 in²

Total flange area

12.57 + 50.27 = 62.84 in²

Dc = sqrt (4/ π * 62.84) = 8.94 in

2Fc + Mc ≤ 250 Dc (Limit - 2)

2 * 373 + 863 ≤ 250 * 8.94

1609 ≤ 2235 (pass)
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Check the components of the combined forces and movements on the turbines against
values calculated per paragraph 8.4.6.2.b.

Allowable forces and movements

FX = 50Dc = 447 lb
FY = 125 Dc = 1118 lb
FZ = 100 Dc = 894 lb
MX = 250 Dc = 2236 lb-ft
MY = 125 Dc = 1118 lb-ft
MZ = 125 Dc = 1118 lb-ft

Results from parts 1,2 & 3 of this problem show that forces and movements imposed by the
piping system are within all NEMA guidelines.
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Inlet turbine routing In IOTL-Panipat project

R+LS (GAP=0)
Input Displacement
of Nozzles
From Vendor

R+LS (GAP=0) HANGER

Input Displacement
of Nozzles
R (u=0.1)
From Vendor

HANGER
R (u=0.1)
REST+GUIDE
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Outlet turbine routing in IOTL-Panipat project

R+LS (GAP=0) PSV
Input Displacement
of Nozzles
From Vendor

HANGER
HANGER
PSV
H+G (GAP=0)
R+LS (GAP=0)

H+G (GAP=0)
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Result from NEMA SM 23 analysis

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Result from NEMA SM 23 analysis

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Result from NEMA SM 23 analysis

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Points needs to be consider during analysis

 Turbine nozzle should be pass in Operating, Sustained (no
load) and Delocking Condition.
If vendor has provided displacement only in one condition then
consider it in operating condition and take confirmation.
 - Steam temperature will not go beyond saturation temp.
 Flange misalignment in cold condition should not be more then
3mm(It may vary depends on personal view) during delocking
condition.
 Spring should not compressed more then 2 to 3 mm in
sustained condition.
 Load variation of spring near to turbine should not be more then
10% (Prefer short range spring)
 Pls. confirm regarding stand by condition
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Thank you !!!