Drugs & Medicines

‫كلية الصيدلة الجميل‬

‫مادة الصيدالنيات‬
Prepared By:
• Takwa Morad Shlaki
 Drugs
• Drug is any chemical substance that affects the functioning of living
organisms.
• This includes not only humans but also bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
• Drugs can be natural (derived from plants or other biological sources)
or synthetic (created in laboratories)
 Medicine
• Medicine ( pharmaceutical drug) is a chemical substance typically of
known structure, used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to
promote well-being.

• Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal

plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis.
• Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular
basis for chronic disorders.
Difference Between a Drug and a Medicine
• the purpose of a medicine is benign; it’s a product produced and
regulated to impart a positive medical effect on a patient.

• A medicine also tends to have many different components. In addition

to the active ingredient, medicines also contain other substances,
called excipients, that assist in the formulation and efficacy of that
medicine for the patient.
• A drug, in contrast to a medicine, can have a positive or negative effect
on a patient.

• For example, heroin is a drug, in that it’s a substance that causes a

specific biological effect. Heroin is not, though, categorized as a
substance that “prevents, alleviates or cures a symptom, ailment or
disease state”. In that sense, heroin is a not a medicine.
• Both drugs and medicines can be poisons, though. This depends on
the dose of the drug and/or medicine. “All things are poisons and
nothing is without poison, only the dosage makes a thing not
poison”.
All Medicines are Drugs,
whereas not all Drugs are
Medicines.
Nomenclature of Drugs
● Drug have three different names :

 Chemical name : Based on the chemical composition and structure.

 Non proprietary(Generic) name : This is usually the abbreviated form of the
chemical name ,This name is used and chosen by official bodies.
 Proprietary (Brand, Company) name : the name given by the company which
markets the drug .
Sources of Drugs
1. Natural Source :
 Animal sources.
 Plants Sources.
 Mineral/ Earth sources.
 Microbiological sources.
2. Semi synthetic sources.
3. Synthetic sources.
4. Bio-Synthetic sources.
 Classification of Drugs
● Drugs are classified based on :
1. Chemical Nature
2. Sources
3. Target Organ/Site of Action
4. Mode of Action
5. Therapeutic Uses
6. Physiological System
7. Physical Effect
Dosage Forms
● Definition : Dosage Forms are means by which drug molecules are delivered to
sites of action within the body .
● Drug (Active pharmaceutical ingredients, API):chemical compound intended for
used in diagnosis , treatment or prevention of diseases.
● Excipients : inactive pharmaceutical ingredients used to technological ,
biopharmaceutical and stability reasons.

Dosage form = drug(API) + Excipients

Classification of Dosage form
● Basically, there are 4 types of
dosage forms :

 Solid Dosage Form

 Semi-solid Dosage Form
 Liquid Dosage Form
 Gaseous Dosage Form
 Solid Dosage Form
● Solid dosage forms are one type of dosage form, It's solid in nature and contains
one or more drugs for therapeutic effects and excipients like binding agents,
sweetening agents, coloring agents, etc.

Example of solid dosage form:

Tablets, capsules, granules, sachets, powders, powder for inhalation, etc
 Semi-solid Dosage Form:
● Semisolid dosage forms are that types of dosage forms that contain both
solid and liquid. It is used for therapeutic, protective, or cosmetic functions.
It may be applied to the skin, nasal, vaginal, or rectal cavity. Normally used
for topical or external application.
●
Examples of semi-solid dosage forms:
Ointments, pastes, cream, plasters, gels, and rigid foams.
 Liquid Dosage Form:
● The liquid form of a drug dose for administration or consumption. The route
of administration may be oral, intravenous, intramuscular, cutaneous,
subcutaneous, etc.

Examples of semi-solid dosage forms: Syrup, mixture, linctuses, elixirs,

parenteral preparations, etc.
 Gaseous Dosage Form:
● Gaseous dosage forms are gas in nature. In the form of gas, therapeutically
active medicaments are present in it. It may be applied for internal as well as
external purposes like skin, nose, mouth, etc.

Examples of semi-solid dosage forms: Sprays, vaporizers, Aerosols,

nebulizers, Inhalers, etc.
Classification Dosage form
● According to the route of
administration, there are :
 Oral Dosage Form
 Topical Dosage Form
 Rectal Dosage Form
 Parenteral Dosage Form
 Vaginal Dosage Form
 Inhaled Dosage Form
 Ophthalmic Dosage Form
 Otic Dosage Form
 Nasal Dosage Form
Pharmacology
• Pharmacology is the scientific study of how a drug affects a
biological system and how the body response to the drug
encompasses various aspects, such as:
Pharmacology
 Mechanism of action: How drugs work at the molecular
level.
 Physical and chemical properties: Understanding drug
characteristics.
 Metabolism: How the body processes and breaks down
drugs.
 Therapeutics: Clinical applications of drugs.
 Toxicity: Potential harm caused by drugs
Thank you !