Chapter (3) - Energy Conversion

Environmental Impacts of
Energy
Chapter (3)
ENERGY
CONVERSION
March 2, 2024 Dr.Munzer Ebaid 1
Classification of Energy

Energy Conversion and Energy Conservation
 Energy Conversion:
Converting energy from one form into another through a transducer.
 Energy Conservation law:

Energy cannot be destroyed-to or created from nothing, but it is
converting from one form to another.
 Energy Generation:
means converting energy from one form into
another.
March 2, 2024 3
Energy Transducers
Energy Transducers: The device used to convert energy
from one form to another is called transducer. There are
many different types of transducers such as:
 Electric generator (convert kinetic mechanical energy to electricity)
 Nuclear power plant (convert nuclear energy to heat, then to

electricity)
 Fossil fuel power plant (convert chemical to heat, then to electricity).
 Solar cells and solar thermal (convert sunlight to electricity and heat),
 Windmills (convert wind energy to electricity or mechanical energy).

Energy Transducers
 Hydroelectric dams (convert gravitational potential energy to
electricity).
 Fuel cells (convert chemical energy through reactions to

electricity).
 Wave power station (convert wave mechanical energy to

electricity).
 Geothermal power (convert internal Earth heat to electricity).
 Thermoelectric (convert temperature difference to electricity).
 Electric lamp (convert electricity to light).
 Microphone and Acoustoelectric (converts sound into an

electrical signal).
Energy Conversion and Energy Conservation
 Utilizing Energy:
Energy utilization focuses on technologies that can lead to new and
potentially more efficient ways of using electricity in residential,
commercial and industrial settings—as well as in the
transportation sector.
 What is an example of energy utilization

Heating and cooling our homes, lighting office buildings, driving cars
and moving freight, and manufacturing the products we rely on in
our daily lives are all functions that require energy
 Wh is energy utilization important

sing energy more efficiently is one of the fastest, most cost-effective
ways to save money, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, create
jobs, and meet growing energy demand.
March 2, 2024 6
Energy Loss, Energy Balance
Energy Loss.
In all the previous conversion process, we find that part of the energy is
lost. This does not mean energy is destroyed, but these losses occurring
as a small price for the conversion purposes and does a work. The
energy loss appears in the form of radiant heat in the surrounding
environment

Energy Loss, Energy Balance
Energy balance equation:
The basic equation of an energy balance can be written in different
forms as follows:
Energy input = Energy output + Energy losses.
Losses can classified to:

Technical losses are due to conversions and transport or transmission.
Administrative losses are due to non-registered consumptions

(Leakage).

Energy Balance
The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy

of the system during a process is equal to the difference
between the total energy entering and the total energy
leaving the system during that process.
9
ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES
Efficiency: is one of the most frequently used terms in
thermodynamics, and it indicates how well an energy conversion
or transfer process is accomplished.
The definition of performance is not

limited to thermodynamics only.
Examples of Efficiency
Efficiency of a water heater: The

ratio of the energy delivered to the
house by hot water to the energy
supplied to the water heater.
10


EFFICIENCY OF COMBUSTION
Heating value of the fuel: The amount of heat released when
a Unit amount of fuel at room temperature is completely burned
and the combustion products are cooled to the room temperature.
Lower heating value (LHV): When the water leaves

as a vapor.
Higher heating value (HHV): When the water in the

combustion gases is completely condensed (Liquid) and thus, the
heat of vaporization is also recovered.
13
Heating Value of Gasoline.
The efficiency of space heating systems of residential

and commercial buildings is usually expressed in terms
of the Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE), which
accounts for the combustion efficiency as well as other
losses such as heat losses to unheated areas and start-
up and cool down losses.
14
EFFICIENCIES OF VARIOUS DEVICES
• Generator: A device that converts mechanical energy to

electrical energy.
• Generator efficiency: The ratio of the electrical power
output to the mechanical power input.
Fuel
Engine Generator Electric Energy
In
Welect
 combustion
Q
 out  Generator 
HV W shaft , in
15
EFFICIENCIES OF VARIOUS DEVICES
Thermal efficiency of a power plant: The ratio of the net
electrical power output to the rate of fuel energy input.
Fuel
Engine Generator Electric Energy
In
Overall efficiency of a power plant
16
 When thermal energy is involved either as the input or as an
intermediate form, the efficiency is generally low.
 High efficiency can be obtained when the losses from one

converter are reutilized as input in another.

Lighting efficacy: The amount of light output in Lumens
per Watt (W) of electricity consumed.
Light
intensity
Increases
A 15-W compact fluorescent lamp

provides as much light as a 60-W
incandescent lamp. 18
EFFICIENCY OF COOKING APPLIANCES
The efficiency of a cooking appliance represents the

fraction of the energy supplied to the appliance that is
transferred to the food 19
20
ENERGY-EFFICIENT APPLIANCES
• Using energy-efficient appliances Conserve
Energy.
• It helps the Environment by reducing the amount
of pollutants emitted to the atmosphere during the
combustion of fuel.
Products of fuel combustion
• Carbon dioxide (CO2), causes global warming

• Nitrogen oxides (NO) and hydrocarbons,
cause Smog
• Carbon monoxide (CO), toxic
• Sulfur dioxide (SO2), causes acid rain. 21
Efficiencies of Mechanical Devices
Mechanical efficiency
The effectiveness of the conversion process

between the mechanical work supplied or
extracted and the mechanical energy of the
fluid is expressed by the Pump Efficiency
and Turbine Efficiency,
22
Efficiencies of Mechanical Devices
Compressor Or Pump Consume Work
Turbine Produce Work
23
The Mechanical Efficiency of a Fan is the ratio of the kinetic energy
of air at the fan exit to the mechanical power input
E mech, fluid

 mech, Fan 
W shaft ,in
24
Efficiencies of Electrical Devices
Motor efficiency
Generator efficiency
Pump- Motor Overall Efficiency
 Pump  Motor
Pump Motor
E 
Fluid Increase W elec ,in 25
Efficiency of Turbine – Generator Combination
Turbine-Generator Overall Efficiency
 Gen.  Turbine .
Generator. Turbine
W Shaft ,out E 

Fluid Decrease
Electric Power Out

26
Efficiency of Turbine – Generator Combination
The overall efficiency of a turbine–generator is the product of the

efficiency of the turbine and the efficiency of the generator, and
represents the Fraction of the mechanical energy of the fluid
27
converted to electric energy
Energy Terminology
March 2, 2024 28
Energy Terminology
March 2, 2024 29
Energy Transfer

Examples of Energy Transfer

Capacity Factor

Solved Examples
March 2, 2024 35
1. Rate of energy
consumption by the
burner = ?
2. Unit cost of
utilized energy = ?
$0.55 / therm
Gas
38%
73%
Electric (2kW)
$0.09 / kWh
March 2, 2024 40
0
 p1 V1
2
  p2 V2
2

 hP   z1   1    hT   z2   2   hLoss
 g 2g  g 2g 
  Mech. part   Mech. part
(a )  turbineGenerator  ?
(b)  mech Turbine  ?
c  W
turbine?
WTurbine  m g z 2  z1 
 g z 2  z1 
WTurbine  m
$0.08 / kWh
END OF
CHAPTER (3)

Chapter (3) - Energy Conversion

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Environmental Impacts of

March 2, 2024 Dr.Munzer Ebaid 2

 Energy Conservation law:

 Electric generator (convert kinetic mechanical energy to electricity)

 Nuclear power plant (convert nuclear energy to heat, then to

 Fossil fuel power plant (convert chemical to heat, then to electricity).

 Windmills (convert wind energy to electricity or mechanical energy).

 Fuel cells (convert chemical energy through reactions to

 Wave power station (convert wave mechanical energy to

 Geothermal power (convert internal Earth heat to electricity).

 Thermoelectric (convert temperature difference to electricity).

 Electric lamp (convert electricity to light).

 Microphone and Acoustoelectric (converts sound into an

 What is an example of energy utilization

 Wh is energy utilization important

March 2, 2024 Dr.Munzer Ebaid 7

Energy input = Energy output + Energy losses.

Losses can classified to:

Administrative losses are due to non-registered consumptions

March 2, 2024 Dr.Munzer Ebaid 8

The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy

The definition of performance is not

Efficiency of a water heater: The

March 2, 2024 Dr.Munzer Ebaid 11

March 2, 2024 Dr.Munzer Ebaid 12

Lower heating value (LHV): When the water leaves

Higher heating value (HHV): When the water in the

The efficiency of space heating systems of residential

• Generator: A device that converts mechanical energy to

Overall efficiency of a power plant

 High efficiency can be obtained when the losses from one

March 2, 2024 Dr.Munzer Ebaid 17

A 15-W compact fluorescent lamp

The efficiency of a cooking appliance represents the

Products of fuel combustion

• Carbon dioxide (CO2), causes global warming

The effectiveness of the conversion process

Compressor Or Pump Consume Work

Turbine Produce Work

E mech, fluid

Pump- Motor Overall Efficiency

W Shaft ,out E 

Electric Power Out

The overall efficiency of a turbine–generator is the product of the

March 2, 2024 Dr.Munzer Ebaid 30

March 2, 2024 Dr.Munzer Ebaid 31

March 2, 2024 Dr.Munzer Ebaid 34

March 2, 2024 Dr.Munzer Ebaid 46

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