6/5/2014

Chapter seven + nine

Shear + stress transformation

Laith Batarseh
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Shear
7.1. shear formula

Transverse shear stress always has its associated longitudinal shear

stress acting along longitudinal planes of the beam.

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Shear
7.1. shear formula

Effects of Shear Stresses:

Warping of cross section

Shear
7.1. shear formula

SHEAR FORMULA

VQ

It
where Q   ydA  y ' A'
A'

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Stress transformation
GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION

The state of plane stress at a point is uniquely represented by three

components acting on an element that has a specific orientation at the
point.
Sign Convention:
Positive normal stress acts outward
from all faces
Positive shear stress acts upwards
on the right-hand face of the element

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS

TRANSFORMATION (cont)
• Sign convention (continued)

• Both the x-y and x’-y’ system follow the right-hand rule

• The orientation of an inclined plane (on which the normal and shear
stress components are to be determined) will be defined using the angle
θ. The angle θ is measured from the positive x to the positive x’-axis. It is
positive if it follows the curl of the right-hand fingers.

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS

TRANSFORMATION (cont)
• Normal and shear stress components:
– Consider the free-body diagram of the segment

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GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS

TRANSFORMATION (cont)

+ΣFx’ = 0; σx’ ∆A – (τxy ∆A sin θ) cos θ – (σy ∆A sin θ) sin θ

– ( τxy ∆A cos θ) sin θ – (σx ∆A cos θ) cos θ = 0
σx’ = σx cos2 θ + σy sin2 θ + τxy (2 sin θ cos θ)

+ΣFy’ = 0; τx’y’ ∆A + (τxy ∆A sin θ) sin θ – (σy ∆A sin θ) cos θ

– ( τxy ∆A cos θ) cos θ + (σx ∆A cos θ) sin θ = 0
τx’y’ = (σy – σx) sin θ cos θ + τxy (cos2 θ – sin2 θ)

σx + σy σx – σy
σx’ = + cos 2θ + τxy sin 2 θ
2 2

σx + σy
τx’y’ = – sin 2θ + τxy cos 2 θ
2

σx + σy σx – σy
σy’ = – cos 2θ – τxy sin 2 θ
2 2

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IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS

• The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum
normal stress at the point.
• When the state of stress is represented by the principal
stresses, no shear stress will act on the element.

d x '  x  y
 2 sin 2   2 xy cos 2
d 2

Solving this equation leads to θ = θp

 xy
tan 2 p 
 x   y / 2
2
 x  y   x  y 
 1, 2       xy2
2  2 

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IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS (cont)

d x '  x  y
 2 sin 2   2 xy cos 2
d 2

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IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS (cont)

 xy
Solving this equation leads to θ = θp; i.e tan 2 p 
 x   y / 2

2
 x  y   x  y 
 1, 2       xy2
2  2 
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MAXIMUM IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS

• The state of stress can also be represented in terms of the
maximum in-plane shear stress. In this case, an average
stress will also act on the element.
d x ' y '  x  y
 2 cos   xy 2 sin 2   0
d 2

tan 2 s 
 x   y / 2
• Solving this equation leads to θ = θs; i.e
 xy
2
  x  y 
 max in-plane      xy2
 2 
• And there is a normal stress on the
plane of maximum in-plane shear stress
  y
 avg  x
2
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MOHR’S CIRCLE OF PLANE STRESS

• A geometrical representation of equations 9.1 and 9.2; i.e.

   y    x  y 
 x '   x     cos 2   xy sin 2
 2   2 
   y 
 x ' y '   x  sin 2   xy sin 2
 2 
• Sign Convention:
σ is positive to the right, and τ is positive downward.

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