SQC Module - C Sy2021

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
General Trias City, Cavite
MATS03G: Basic Calculus

Course Learning Kit
Subquarter C
April 12 to April 30, 2021

This set of modules was prepared by Ms. Josefina C. de Castro, Senior High School
faculty member of the LPU International School. The author of the modules may be
different from your actual subject teacher. Please refer to the Class Orientation Guide for
details and instructions from your subject teacher.
The use, disclosure, reproduction, modification and/or transfer of this document for any purpose, in any
form or by any means without approval from Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite is strictly
prohibited and may be subject to disciplinary and/or legal sanctions.
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LESSON 15: DERIVATIVE OF LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTION
This lesson is about the process of getting the derivative of logarithmic and exponential
functions.
This lesson is equivalent to one class meeting.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to
Evaluate the derivative of logarithmic and exponential functions.
KEY TERMS
Exponential Function Law of Radicals Natural Logarithms

Logarithmic Function Law of Logarithms Chain Rule
Law of Exponents Common Logarithms
CORE CONTENT
Preliminary
The function defined by the equation

𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙
where b > 0 and b ≠ 1 is called a logarithmic function. We recall that
𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑦
are equivalent equations since they define the same function. The graph of 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥,
for b > 1 is shown as
3
It shows that 𝑦 is undefined for all 𝑥 ≤ 0. It also shows that 𝑦 is increasing for all 𝑥 > 0.
If 𝑏 = 10, the equation 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥. logarithms to the base 10
are called common logarithms. If b = e, then 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 is written as 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 where the
symbol "𝑙𝑛"is customarily used in place of "𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ". Logarithms to the base e are called
natural logarithms. The y = ln x and x = ey are also equivalent equations.
The function defined by the equation

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥
where a > 0 a ≠ 1, is called exponential function. If a = e, then we have 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
The laws of exponents, radicals, and logarithms serve as useful aids in simplifying the
derivative of logarithmic and exponential functions.
Lesson Proper
Derivative of Logarithmic and Exponential Function
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑎, where a is a constant (𝑙𝑛 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
and a > 0
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 (log 𝑏 𝑥) = , where b > 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑏
Using the Chain Rule, we will obtain the following
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑎𝑢 ) = 𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 ∙ 𝑑𝑢 (𝑙𝑛 𝑢) = ∙ 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑒 𝑢 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑢 (log 𝑏 𝑢) = ∙ 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑙𝑛 𝑏
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Study the following examples
Evaluate the derivative of the following.

1. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Solution: Apply product rule for the given function.
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 → 𝒚′ = 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒚′ = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)
2. 𝑦 = 9𝑥 + log 5 𝑥
Solution: Apply sum rule
1
𝑦′ = 9𝑥 𝑙𝑛 9 + 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 5
3. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑒 𝑥
Solution: Apply the product rule
𝑦′ = (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝑦′ = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1)
4. 𝑦 = 43𝑥
Solution: Apply chain rule, let u = 3x then du = 3.
𝑦 = 43𝑥 → 𝑦′ = 43𝑥 (𝑙𝑛 4)(3) → 𝑦′ = 43𝑥 (3𝑙𝑛 4), for (3 ln 4) apply the
law of logarithms: m log n = log nm. So
𝑦′ = 43𝑥 (𝑙𝑛 64)

𝑦′ = 43𝑥 (3𝑙𝑛 4) → 𝑦′ = 43𝑥 (𝑙𝑛 43 ) →
5. 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙
Solution: let u = cos 3x then du = ─ 3 sin 3x
𝑦′ = 𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙 ∙ −𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 → 𝒚′ = −𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 (𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙 )
6. 𝑦 = log 3 (7 − 2𝑥 5 )
Solution: let u = 7 − 2𝑥 5 then du = - 10x4
𝟏 10𝑥 4
𝒚′ = ∙ −𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟒 → 𝑦′ = −
(𝟕 − 𝟐𝒙𝟓 )𝒍𝒏 𝟑 (𝟕 − 𝟐𝒙𝟓 )𝒍𝒏 𝟑
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7. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑
Solution: let 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 𝑥
1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦′ = ∙ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝑦′ = → apply the basic identities: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Therefore, 𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑒 𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 +1
8. 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 −1
𝑑
Solution: Apply quotient rule, 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 ± 1 = 2𝑒 2𝑥
4𝑒 2𝑥
(𝑒 2𝑥 −1)2𝑒 2𝑥 −(𝑒 2𝑥 +1)2𝑒 2𝑥 2𝑒 4𝑥 −2𝑒 2𝑥 −2𝑒 4𝑥 −2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦′ = −
𝑦′ = (𝑒 2𝑥 −1)2
= (𝑒 2𝑥 −1)2
→ (𝑒2𝑥 − 1)2
2𝑥+1 7
9. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 (3𝑥−4)
2𝑥+1 7 2𝑥+1 6 𝑑 2𝑥+1 2𝑥+1 6 −11
Solution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = (3𝑥−4) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 7 (3𝑥−4) ∙ ( ) → 𝑑𝑢 = 7 (3𝑥−4) ∙ (3𝑥−4)2
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥−4
𝟏 2𝑥+1 6 −11 −77 −77

𝒚′ = 2𝑥+1 7
∙ 7 (3𝑥−4) ∙ (3𝑥−4)2
→ 𝑦′ = 2𝑥+1 → 𝑦′ =
( ) ( )(3𝑥−4)2 (2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 4)
3𝑥−4 3𝑥−4
10. 𝑦 = log 7 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 4𝑥)

Solution: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 4𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥
𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 4𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 ∙ 4 8 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦′ =
1 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 𝑙𝑛 7
𝑦′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 4𝑥 (𝑙𝑛 7) ∙ 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 → 𝑦′ = →
𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 (𝑙𝑛 7)
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𝑦
11. 𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥
Solution: This problem can be solved by implicit differentiation. Differentiating

both side of the equation we have,
𝑥𝑦′−𝑦 𝑦′ 𝑦
𝑒 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦′𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = → 𝑒 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦′𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = − 𝑥2
𝑥2 𝑥
𝑦′ 𝑦
𝑦′𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − = −𝑒 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 → change to single fraction
𝑥
−𝑥2 𝑒𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥−𝑦

𝑥𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥−1 −𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥2 −𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥 1
𝑦′ ( )= → 𝑦′ = 𝑥𝑒𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥−1 → 𝑦′ = ( )( )
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥−1
𝑥
Therefore, −𝑥2 𝑒𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑦

𝑦′ = 𝑦
𝑥2 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥
12. Find the value of A so that y = Ae2t will satisfy the equation y’’ – 2y’ – 3y = e2t.
Solution: Find the first and second derivative and substitute to the given
equation to find the value of A.
𝒚 = 𝑨𝒆𝟐𝒕 → 𝒚′ = 𝟐𝑨𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚′′ = 𝟒𝑨𝒆𝟐𝒕

→ 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆,
𝒚′′ − 𝟐𝒚′ − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 → 𝟒𝑨𝒆𝟐𝒕 − 𝟐(𝟐𝑨𝒆𝟐𝒕 ) − 𝟑(A𝑒 2𝑡 ) = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 → 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒚

1
𝑒 2𝑡 1
𝟒A𝑒 2𝑡 − 4A𝑒 2𝑡 − 3A𝑒 2𝑡 = 𝑒 2𝑡 → −3A𝑒 2𝑡 = 𝑒 2𝑡 → 𝐴 = − 3𝑒 2𝑡 → 𝐴=−
3
1 2 4
To check: 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑦 = − 3 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦′ = − 3 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦′′ = − 3 𝑒 2𝑡
4 2 1
Substitute to 𝒚′′ − 𝟐𝒚′ − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 → − 3 𝑒 2𝑡 − 2 (− 3 𝑒 2𝑡 ) − 3 (− 3 𝑒 2𝑡 ) = 𝑒 2𝑡
4 4
And simplify − 3 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 = 𝑒 2𝑡 → 𝑒 2𝑡 = 𝑒 2𝑡
3
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IN-TEXT ACTIVITIES
Find y’ and simplify
1. 𝑦 = log 3 √2𝑥 + 5 5. 𝑦 = 52𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 2 + 3)7 6. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 𝑙𝑛 4𝑥
5𝑥−2
3. 𝑦 = log 7 (3𝑥+4) 7. 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 +ln (xy) = 3
4. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) 8. sin y = ln (x + y)
SUMMARY
• Derivative of Logarithmic and Exponential Function

𝑑
(𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑎, where a is a constant and a > 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
(𝑙𝑛 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑
(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
(log 𝑏 𝑥) = , where b > 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑏
• The Chain Rule

𝑑
(𝑎𝑢 ) = 𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 ∙ 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
(𝑙𝑛 𝑢) = ∙ 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑
(𝑒 𝑢 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
(log 𝑏 𝑢) = ∙ 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑙𝑛 𝑏
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SELF- ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
This activity will be recorded as seatwork #1 under the written works and to be submitted
on or before April 30, 2021.
Find y’ and simplify
2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +3
1. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 (4𝑥 2 −1) 5. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 −3
2. 𝑦 = log(𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥) 6. 𝑦 = √4𝑒 3𝑥 + 1
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
3. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 ( 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) 7. 𝑦 = 23𝑥 (𝑒 3𝑥 )
4. 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 = 1 8. 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6
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LESSON 16: APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVE
In this lesson we shall find that the derivative is a very useful aid in solving problems in
different fields like engineering, business and economics, medicine, and the like.
This lesson is equivalent to two class meetings.
• find the equation of the tangent line and the normal line.
• solve problems involving related rates.
KEY TERMS
Tangent line Negative reciprocal Pythagorean Theorem

Normal line Hypotenuse Volume of a cone
Slope of Perpendicular lines Related rate Volume of a cylinder
CORE CONTENT
Preliminary
People of different professions find derivative a useful too. Psychologists use it in

understanding certain behaviors and engineers use it in designing tools and equipment
that make life more comfortable. Scientists use the concept of differential calculus in
formulating theories about ocean currents, in describing the flow of air in the atmosphere.
In designing medical equipment, like the ultrasound and X-ray machines, and rockets and
other space vehicles used in space exploration.
In business the derivative is used to predict costs and to analyze whether a venture will
yield profits or not. The derivative is also used by chemists in measuring the rate of
chemical reactions and in describing diffusion. In physics the derivative is used to
describe motion as well as to predict the effects of forces on a body.
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Lesson Proper
Equations of Tangent Line and Normal Line
In the previous lessons, we have seen that the derivative of a function can be interpreted
as the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function. In figure below. The line T is
the tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at point M (x0, y0). The other line N perpendicular to
T at M is called the normal line to the curve.
Definition 1: The tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at M (x0, y0) is the line through M
with slope 𝑓 ′(𝑥0 ).
Definition 2: The normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at M (x0, y0) is the line through M
and perpendicular to the tangent at M.
The equation of the tangent is given by the point-slope form of the equation of a straight
line in analytic geometry, that is
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
where m = value of y’ at x = x0 or m = f ‘(x). since the normal is perpendicular to the

tangent, then its slope is the negative reciprocal of the slope of the tangent. Hence the
equation of the normal is
1
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = − 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
Where as defined above m = f ‘(x). if the m of TL is 2, then the m of the NL -1/2

11
𝑥3
1. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve 𝑦 2 = 4−𝑥 at the
point (2, 2). Sketch the graph.
Solution: Step 1. Determine the derivative of the given function.

The given function can be solved by implicit differentiation.
𝑥3 (4−𝑥)3𝑥 2 −𝑥 3 (−1) 12𝑥 2 −3𝑥 3 +𝑥 3 2𝑥 2 (6−𝑥)

𝑦 2 = 4−𝑥 → 2𝑦𝑦′ = (4−𝑥)2
→ 2𝑦𝑦′ = (4−𝑥)2
→ 2𝑦𝑦′ = (4−𝑥)2
2𝑥 2 (6−𝑥) 1 𝑥 2 (6−𝑥)
𝑦′ = ∙ 2𝑦 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑦′ =
(4−𝑥)2 𝑦(4−𝑥)2
Step 2. Find the slope using the point (2, 2).

Using x = 2 and y =2, find m.
22 (6−2) 4(4)
𝑚 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑦′ = 2(4−2)2 = → 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑚 𝑇𝐿 = 2
2(4)
Step 3. Determine the equation of the tangent line and the normal line.
Using the m= 2 and the point (2, 2) as x0 and y0.
TL: 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
Tangent line: 𝑦 − 2 = 2(𝑥 − 2) → 𝑦 − 2 = 2𝑥 − 4
𝑇𝐿: 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0
1
NL: 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = − 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
1
Normal line: 𝑦 − 2 = − 2 (𝑥 − 2) → 2𝑦 − 4 = −𝑥 + 2
𝑁𝐿: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 6 = 0
12
𝑥3 𝑥3
Graph: Given 𝑦 2 = 4−𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑦 = ±√4−𝑥
TL: 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0
(2, 2)
NL: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 6 = 0
V. A.: x =4
2. Find the equation of the tangent line and normal line to the curve y = x2 + 2x + 1.
Such that the tangent line is perpendicular to the line x + 4y = 0. Sketch the
graph.
Solution: Step 1. Identify the given
Curve: y = x2 +2x +1 with vertex: (-1, 0). This is a parabola that
opens upward.
1 1
Line, L: x + 4y =0→ 𝑦 = − 4 𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝐿 = − 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 0
Since the line (L) is perpendicular to the tangent line, therefore, mTL = 4.
Step 2. Find the derivative of the function and the point of tangency.
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 → 𝑦 ′ = 𝑚 𝑇𝐿 = 2𝑥 + 2
since 𝑚 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑚 𝑇𝐿 → 4 = 2𝑥 + 2, 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥: 2 = 2𝑥 → 𝑥 = 1
and if x = 1, y = x2 +2x +1→ y =12 + 2(1) + 1= 4
therefore, the point of tangency is (1, 4).
Step 3. Determine the equation of the tangent line and normal line.
Equation of the tangent line: using pt. (1, 4) and m TL= 4
𝑦 − 4 = 4(𝑥 − 1) → 𝑦 − 4 = 4𝑥 − 4 → 𝑇𝐿: 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
1
equation of the normal line: using pt. (1, 4) and 𝑚𝑁𝐿 = − 4
1
𝑦 − 4 = − 4 (𝑥 − 1) → 4𝑦 − 16 = −𝑥 + 1 →
𝑁𝐿: 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 17 = 0
13
Graph:
TL: 4x – y= 0
P(1,4)
L: x + 4y = 0 NL: x +4y – 17=0
V(-1, 0)
Problems involving Related Rates
The main objective in solving involving related rates is to find the rate at which
some quantity is changing (increase/decrease) with time and which are related by an
equation. Differentiating this equation with respect to time gives an equation of
relationship between the rates of change of the quantities involved. The implicit
differentiation technique is usually used.
To demonstrate, imagine a water droplet falling into a still pond, producing ripples
that spread away from the center. These ripples are concentric circles that increase
in radius (also in area) as time goes on. Thus, the radius and area of a single ripple are
changing at rates that are related to each other. This means that if we know how
fast the radius is changing, we should be able to determine how fast the area is changing
at any point of time, and vice versa.
In related rates problems remember that it concerns the relationship among the
rates of change of several variables with respect to time, given that that each variable is
also dependent on the others. If y is dependent on x, then the rate of change of y with
respect to t is dependent on the rate of change of x with respect to t, that is,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
14
Let x be a differentiable function which represents a quantity that changes with time t,
then
𝑑𝑥
• is the rate of change of x with respect t
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
• 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒; 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
• 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
The unit of measurement of 𝑖𝑠 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡
1. A water droplet falls onto a still pond and creates concentric circular ripples that
spread away from the center. Assuming that the area of a ripple is increasing at
the rate of 2𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠, find the rate at which the radius is increasing at the instant
when the radius is 10 cm.
Solution: Step 1. Illustrate, identify the given information and what is being asked.
Let r and A be the radius and area, respectively of a circular ripple

𝑑𝐴
at any time t. The given rate of change is = 2𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟
We are asked to find at the instant when r = 10 cm.
𝑑𝑡
Step 2. Give an equation that relates all variables involved in the problem.
Differentiate implicitly the equation with respect to time.
The relationship between A and r is given by the formula for the

area of a circle.
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
And differentiating implicitly the equation with respect to time t we
have,
15
𝑑 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
[𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ] → = 𝜋(2𝑟) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Step 3. Substitute known values in step 2.

Given that 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡
= 2𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 10 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 2𝜋𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠 𝒅𝒓 𝟏
2𝜋𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠 = 𝜋 ∙ 2(10 𝑐𝑚) → 2𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠 = 20𝜋 𝑐𝑚 → = → = 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 20𝜋 𝑐𝑚 𝒅𝒕 𝟏𝟎
Step 4. Draw your conclusion
1
The radius of a circular ripple is increasing at the rate of 10 𝑐𝑚/𝑠.
2. A ladder 10 meters long is leaning against a wall. If the bottom of the ladder is
being pushed horizontally towards the wall at 2 m/s, how fast is the top of the
ladder moving when the bottom is 6 meters from the wall?
y
10
0 push
Let x be the distance between the ladder and the wall and
y be the distance between the top of the ladder and the ground
𝑑𝑥
We are given that = −2 (observe that this rate is negative since
𝑑𝑡
the quantity x decreases with time).
𝑑𝑦
We want to find at the instant when x = 6.
𝑑𝑡
Observe that the wall, the ground, and the ladder determine a right
triangle, therefore, the relationship between x and y is given by the
Pythagorean Theorem.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 100
16
Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to time t we

have,
𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
[𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 100] → 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Before we substitute the given information notice that we do not

have y. To solve for y using 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 100 and x = 6
62 + 𝑦 2 = 100 → 𝑦 2 = 100 − 36 → 𝑦 2 = 64 → 𝒚 = 𝟖
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2(6𝑚)(−2𝑚/𝑠) + 2(8𝑚) = 0 → −24𝑚2 /𝑠 + 16 =0→
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 24 𝑚2 /𝑠 𝒅𝒚 𝟑
= → = 𝒎/𝒔
𝑑𝑡 16 𝑚 𝒅𝒕 𝟐

The distance between the top of the ladder and the ground is
increasing at the rate of 1.5 m/s. Equivalently, we can also say that
the top of the ladder is moving at the rate of 1.5 m/s.
3. Water is pouring into an inverted cone at the rate of 8 cubic meters per minute. If
the height of the cone is 12 meters and the radius of its base is 6 meters, how
fast is the water level rising when the water is 4 meters deep?
6
r
12
h
Let V be the volume of the water inside the cone at any time t.
Let h and r be the height and radius, respectively, of the cone
formed by the volume of the water at any time t.
17
𝑑𝑉
We are given = 8𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
We are asked to find when h= 4m.
𝑑𝑡
The relationship between the three defined variables is given by the

volume of the cone.
𝜋
𝑉= 𝑟 2ℎ
3
Since the rate of change of r is not given. We have to find a
relationship between r and h, using the proportionality relations in
similar triangle, we obtain
𝑟 6 ℎ
= 12 𝑜𝑟 𝑟 = and substitute this in the equation
ℎ 2
𝜋 𝜋 ℎ 2 𝜋 𝒉𝟐 𝝅
𝑉= 𝑟 2 ℎ → 𝑉 = 3 (2 ) ℎ → 𝑉 = 3 ( 𝟒 ) 𝒉 → 𝑽 = 𝒉𝟑
3 𝟏𝟐
And differentiating implicitly the equation with respect to time t we

have,
𝑑 𝝅 𝑑𝑉 𝜋 𝑑ℎ 𝒅𝑽 𝝅 𝒅𝒉
(𝑽 = 𝒉𝟑 ) → = 12 ∙ 3ℎ2 → = 𝟒 𝒉𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝑑𝑡 𝟏𝟐 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝒅𝒕

Given that 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡
= 8𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 4𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑉 𝜋 𝑑ℎ 𝜋 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 8𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝒅𝒉 𝟐
= ℎ2 → 8𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛. = (4 𝑚)2 → 8𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 4𝜋 𝑚2 → = → =
𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 4𝜋 𝑚2 𝒅𝒕 𝝅
m/min.

We conclude that the water level inside the cone is rising at the rate
2
of 𝜋 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒.
18
IN-TEXT ACTIVITIES
Try this!
Solve. Show the step-by-step solution.
1. Find the equation of the tangent line and normal line to the curve y = x2 – 4x +3
at point (4, 3). Sketch the graph.
Ans. TL: 4x – y – 13 =0 and NL: x – 4y – 16 = 0
2. Water is flowing into a vertical cylindrical tank at the rate of 24 cubic ft. /min. if the
radius of the tank is 4 ft, how fast is the surface rising? (Hint: V = πr2h)
3
Ans. 𝑓𝑡./𝑚𝑖𝑛.
2𝜋
3. The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 6 cm3/min. How fast is the
surface area increasing when the length of an edge is 12 cm? (V= e3 and SA = 6e2)
Ans. 2 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑚𝑖𝑛.
SUMMARY
• The tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at point M (x0, y0) is the line through M
with slope 𝑓 ′(𝑥0 ). The equation of the tangent is the point-slope form of the
equation of a line
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
• The normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at M (x0, y0) is the line through M and
perpendicular to the tangent line at point M. The slope is the negative reciprocal
of the slope of the tangent line and its equation is denoted by
1
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = − (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
𝑚
• Related rates problems are the relationship among the rates of change of several
variables with respect to time, given that that each variable is also dependent on
the others. If y is dependent on x, then the rate of change of y with respect to t is
dependent on the rate of change of x with respect to t, that is,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
19
This activity will be recorded as assignment #1. You may use bond paper (with
your name and section). To be submitted on or before April 30, 2021.
Solve. Show the step-by-step solution.

1. Find the equation of the tangent line and normal line to the curve 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 3 and
whose normal line is parallel to the line 6x + 3y – 4 = 0. Sketch the graph.
2. Water is flowing into a conical reservoir 20 feet deep and 10 feet across the top,
at the rate of 15 cubic feet per minute. Find how fast the surface is rising when
the water is 8 feet deep?
3. One leg of a right triangle is always 6 feet long, and the other leg is increasing at
a rate of 2 feet per second. Find the rate of change of the hypotenuse when it is
10 feet long.
20
LESSON 17: THE INTEGRAL CONCEPT AND BASIC RULES OF

INTEGRATION
In this lesson, you will learn the integration of a function and relate the derivative of a
function to its integration. Included also in this lesson is how to integrate algebraic
functions using the rules of integration.
• Understand the concept of integration
• Apply rules on integration to determine an antiderivative of a function.
• Compute the general antiderivative of algebraic functions.
KEY TERMS
Integration of a function Antidifferentiation Integral calculus

Integration Integrand Definite integral
Differentiation Basic rules of integration Indefinite integral
CORE CONTENT
Preliminary
In the previous lessons, you have seen how derivative was able to describe rates of
change and you have learned how to differentiate functions using rules of differentiation
and learned some technique in solving the derivative of a function.
This lesson will introduces you to the 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔, a branch of calculus
concerned with theory and applications of integrals. While differential calculus focuses
on rate of change, slope of tangent lines and velocities, integral calculus deals with total
size or value, such as lengths, areas, and volumes.
21
Lesson Proper
We used the process of finding the derivatives which we called differentiation. Now, we
will learn another process, that of finding the function when its derivative is given. This
new process is called 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.
The table shows the relationship of the two processes. Observe that the processes are
inverses of each other.
Given Answer
Process
(Input) (Output)
Function Differentiation Derivative
Derivative Integration Function
The table shows that given a function we use differentiation to find the derivative. On
the other hand, given the derivative, we use integration to get the unknown function.
For example, if the given function is

y = 5x2 + 7
by process of differentiation, we will get the derivative
y ‘ = 10𝑥,
by doing the reverse if we are given the derivative
y ‘ = 10x
by integration, we can solve for the function
𝑦 = 5𝑥2 + 7
However, the constant 7 will be replaced by a constant 𝑪 to give a more general

solution or answer, since the derivative of y ‘= 10x is the derivative of a family or class
functions.
𝑦 = 5𝑥2 + 7
22
The derivative of all of these 𝑦 = 5𝑥2 − 3 is 𝑦′ = 10𝑥

𝑦 = 5𝑥2 + 99
𝑦 = 5𝑥2 – 205 . . .
Symbols and Notation for Integration:

For integration, the operator symbol will be ∫ 𝒅𝒙, read as “the integral of . . . with
respect to x” or simply “the integration of. . .dx.
So, for symbols and notations we have ∫ 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥2 + 𝐶.
ʃ - the integral sign
10x - the given derivative of the unknown function which is called
integrand
𝑑𝑥 - the differential of x, this tells the variable if integration is
5𝑥2 - the particular integral
𝐶 - the constant of integration
5𝑥2 + 𝐶 - the unknown function the indefinite integral
Types of Integral
1. Indefinite Integral – an integral without limit of integration.
Example: ∫ 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2. Definite Integral – integral with limit of integration and with a definite value as
answer.
2
Example: ∫ 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 |21
1
= 5(2)2 − 5(1)2
= 20 − 5
= 15
2
∫1 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 15
Note: in the given example, 1 and 2 are called the limits of integration. 1 is the lower limit
and 2 is the upper limit. The symbol |21 means we have to evaluate (or find the value of)
23
the expression before the symbol. To evaluate, the upper limit is substituted first to the
variable or variables in the expression minus the value obtained when the lower limit is
then substituted.
Basic Rules of Integration
1. ∫ 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶, where c is any constant
Examples: Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶, where c = 1 which is not written anymore
2. ∫ 7 𝑑𝑥 = 7𝑥 + 𝐶
3. ∫ −5 𝑑𝑦 = −5𝑦 + 𝐶
2 2
4. ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑥 + 𝐶
5. ∫ √3 𝑑𝑡 = √3 𝑡 + 𝐶
Note: The variable x may be replaced by other variables like y, t, z, etc. The
variable of integration must agree with the integrand.
𝑥 𝑛+1
2. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 , for n ≠ - 1 (Power Rule)
𝑛+1

𝑥 3+1 𝑥4 1
1. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 = + 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑥4 + 𝐶
3+1 4 4
𝑡 5+1 𝑡6 1
2. ∫ 𝑡 5 𝑑𝑡 = +𝐶 = + 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑡6 + 𝐶
5+1 6 6
𝑦 1+1 𝑦2 1
3. ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = +𝐶 = + 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑦2 + 𝐶
1+1 2 2
2 5
2 +1 5
𝑥3 𝑥3 3
4. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =3
2 +𝐶 = 5 +𝐶 = 𝑥3 + 𝐶
+1 5
3 3
24
𝑧 −4+1 𝑧 −3 1
5. ∫ 𝑧 −4 𝑑𝑧 = +𝐶 = +𝐶 =− 𝑥4 + 𝐶
−4+1 −3 3𝑧 3
1 2
1 − +1 2
− 𝑥 3 𝑥3 3
6. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 1 +𝐶 = 2 +𝐶 = 𝑥3 + 𝐶
− +1 2
3 3
𝑑 𝑥 𝑛−1
Observe that (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑛+1
3. ∫ 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∙ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, the integral of any constant c times an

expression in x given as f(x), is equal to c time the integral of f(x).

𝑥 2+1 𝑥3
1. ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∙ (∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥) = 3 ( 2+1 + 𝐶) = 3 ( 3 + 𝐶) = 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
𝑥3 𝑥3
Remark: 3 ( 3 + 𝐶) = 𝑥 3 + 𝐶 that we only multiplied 3 to the integral . This is
3
because 3 times a constant is still a constant, so we can plainly use C instead

of 3C.
𝑥 11+1 2𝑥 12
2. ∫ −2𝑥11 𝑑𝑥 = −2 ∙ (∫ 𝑥11 𝑑𝑥) = −2 ( 11+1 + 𝐶) = − +𝐶
12
𝑥 12 1
= − + 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 − 𝑥 12 + 𝐶
6 6
𝑦 −7+1 4𝑦 −6
3. ∫ 4𝑦 −7 𝑑𝑦 = 4 ∙ (∫ 𝑦 −7 𝑑𝑦) = 4 ( −7+1 + 𝐶) = +𝐶
−6
2𝑦 −6 2
= − + 𝐶 = − 3𝑦 6 + 𝐶
3
3 7
3 3 +1
𝑥4 5𝑥 4
4. ∫ 5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∙ (∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) = 5 ( 3
4 + 𝐶) = 7 +𝐶
+1 4
4
7 7
4 20
= 5 ∙ 7 𝑥4 + 𝐶 = 𝑥4 + 𝐶
7
1 3
1 1 − +1
− − 𝑧 4 −3𝑧 4
5. ∫ −3𝑧 4 𝑑𝑧 = −3 ∙ (∫ 𝑧 4 𝑑𝑧) = −3 ( 1 + 𝐶) = 3 +𝐶
− +1
4 4
4 3 3
= −3 ∙ 3 𝑧 4 + 𝐶 = −4 𝑧 4 + 𝐶
25
Note since the power rule formula is not applicable when n = - 1, recall that
𝑑 1
(𝑙𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑥. Since many basic integration formulae can be obtained directly by
𝑑𝑥
using their corresponding differential formulas.

1
4. If n = - 1, then ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥| + 𝐶
Examples:
2 1
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∙ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑑𝑡 1
2. ∫ = ∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑡| + 𝐶
𝑡
1
3. ∫ −5𝑦 −1 𝑑𝑦 = −5 ∙ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −5 𝑙𝑛 |𝑦| + 𝐶
5. ∫[𝑓1 (𝑥) ± 𝑓2 (𝑥)±. . . . ±𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± . . . ∫ 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

The integral of the sum of n expressions, namely f1(x), f2(x) …. fn(x) is equal to
the sum of the integral of each of the n expressions. (Sum Rule).

1. ∫(2𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
= 2 ( 2 + 𝐶1 ) + 5𝑥 + 𝐶2
= 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )
Thus, ∫(2𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1
2. ∫ (5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 − 7) 𝑑𝑥 = 5(∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥) + 3 (∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥) − ∫ 7 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥5 𝑥2
= 5 ( 5 + 𝐶1 ) + 3 ( 3 + 𝐶2 ) − 7𝑥 + 𝐶3
2
3
2
= 𝑥5 + 3 ∙ 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 )
3
1 3
Thus, ∫ (5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 − 7) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑧5 𝑧4 𝑧3 𝑧2
3. ∫(𝑧 4 − 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 5) 𝑑𝑧 = − + − + 5𝑧 + 𝐶 or
5 4 3 2
26
1 5 1 1 1
= 𝑧 − 4 𝑧 4 + 3 𝑧 3 − 2 𝑧 2 + 5𝑧 + 𝐶
5
1 5 1 4 1 3 1 2
∫(𝑧 4 − 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 5) 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 5𝑧 + 𝐶
5 4 3 2
3 3 1
4. ∫ (7𝑦 − 4 + 6𝑦 − 4 − 3√𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 7(∫ 𝑦 −4 𝑑𝑦) + 6 (∫ 𝑦 − 4 𝑑𝑦) − ∫ 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
1 4
𝑦− 3 𝑦4 𝑦3
=7∙ +6∙ 1 − 4 +𝐶
−3
4 3
1 4
7 3
− 3𝑦 3 + 24𝑦 4 − 𝑦3 + C
4
3 1 4
− 7 3
∫ (7𝑦 − 4 + 6𝑦 4 − 3√𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = − 3𝑦 3 + 24𝑦 4 − 4
𝑦3 + C
𝑥 3 −4𝑥 2 +5𝑥+12
5. ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2
Simplify first by dividing each term in the numerator by 2x2 and integrate
each term.
𝑥 5 −2
1 𝑥2 𝑥 −1
(
∫ − 2 + + 6𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∙ + 5 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥| +6∙ +𝐶
2 𝑥 2 2 −1
1 2 6
𝑥 + 5 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − + 𝐶
4 𝑥
IN-TEXT ACTIVITIES
For Practice.
Evaluate the following integrals
1. ∫(𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 9) 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫(3𝑦 −4 + 4𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑦
1
3. ∫ (2𝑥 4 − 𝑥 − 3 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑥(√𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫(2𝑧 − 1)(3𝑧 + 4) 𝑑𝑧
27
3
6. ∫(4 √𝑥 − 2𝑥 √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4 −7𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 −𝑥+13
7. ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
3 1
8. ∫ ( √𝑥 − 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 √
SUMMARY
• Integration or Antidifferentiation is a process of finding the function when its
derivative is given.
• The operator symbol for integration is ∫ 𝒅𝒙, read as “the integral of . . . with
respect to x” or simply “the integration of. . .dx.
• Types of Integral
a. Indefinite Integral – an integral without limit of integration.
b. Definite Integral – integral with limit of integration and with a definite value as
answer.
• Basic Rules of Integration
∫ 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶, where c is any constant
𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+ 𝐶 , for n ≠ - 1
1 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥| + 𝐶
∫ 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∙ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, the integral of any constant c times an

expression in x given as f(x), is equal to c time the integral of f(x).
∫[𝑓1 (𝑥) ± 𝑓2 (𝑥)±. . . . ±𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± . . . ∫ 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
The integral of the sum of n expressions, namely f1(x), f2(x) …. fn(x)
is equal to the sum of the integral of each of the n expressions.
SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
This activity will be recorded Seatwork #2 under Written Work and to be

submitted on or before April 30, 2021.
Evaluate the following integrals
1. ∫(2𝑥 6 − 𝑥 5 + 7𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 11) 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫(4𝑧 − 3)(5𝑧 + 1) 𝑑𝑧

4
2. ∫(9𝑦 −2 + 6𝑦 −4 − 𝑦 −5 + 1) 𝑑𝑦 6. ∫(−3 √𝑥 − 6𝑥 √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
28
1 1 2
𝑡 3 −8
3. ∫ (12𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 4 + 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 7. ∫ ( 𝑡−2 ) 𝑑𝑡
9𝑥 4 −6𝑥 3 +7𝑥 2 −5𝑥+15
4. ∫ √𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 3
LESSON 18: INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION: ALGEBRAIC

FUNCTIONS
In this lesson, you will learn a simple technique in integrating a function using the basic
formula of integration.
This lesson is equivalent to two class meetings.
Evaluate the integration of algebraic functions using the u-substitution.

Evaluate the integration of rational function.
KEY TERMS
Chain Rule of Integration Algebraic Function Division of Rational Function

u-Substitution of Integration Rational Function
CORE CONTENT
Preliminary
Let us have a review of the previous lesson. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. The integral of any constant function c is
a. 1 b. zero c. cx + C d. none
2. What is ∫(4𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥?
a. 4x2 – 3 b. 2x2 – 3x c. 2x2 – 3 d. 4x2 – 3x
3. Which of the following expressions is not an antiderivative of f(x)= 3x2 + 4?
a. x3 + 2x2 – 8 b. x3 + 2x2 – x+1 c. x3 + 2x2 +1 d. x3 + 2x2
1
4. What is ∫ (− 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥?
29
2 1 1
a. x3+C b. − 𝑥 3 + 𝐶 c. 𝑥 + 𝐶 d. − 𝑥 + 𝐶
5. The derivative of a function F(x) is f(x)= 4x3. If F(2) = 10, the constant of
integration of F(x) is
a. 6 b. – 6 c. 10 d. – 10
Answer: 1) c 2) b 3) b 4) c 5) b
Lesson Proper
Some integrals can not be evaluated readily by direct application of the basic integration
formulas. The technique for evaluating such integrals rests significantly on what is known
as the 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝒖 − 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏. This technique simplifies and
makes the solution to problems using the basic formulas and properties easier.
𝑢𝑛+1
∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛+1
+ 𝐶 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
Study the following examples.
Evaluate the following indefinite integrals
1. ∫(3𝑥 − 4)5 𝑑𝑥
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 → 𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 3 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 3 → = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
3 3 3
then the given integral becomes in terms of 𝑢,
1 1
∫ 𝑢5 ∙ 3
𝑑𝑢 = 3
∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢 integrating we have,
1 𝑢6 𝑢6
= ∙ +𝐶 = +𝐶
3 6 18
Since u = 3x – 4
(3𝑥 − 4)6 1
+ 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 (3𝑥 − 4)6 + 𝐶
18 18 Is the answer.
2. ∫(7 − 5𝑦)12 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢 −5𝑑𝑦
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 7 − 5𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = −5 𝑑𝑦(𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 − 5) −5
= −5
30
1
→ − 5 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦, substitute to the given integral
1 1
∫ 𝑢12 ∙ − 𝑑𝑢 → − ∫ 𝑢12 𝑑𝑢 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒
5 5
1 12
1 𝑢 13 1 13 𝑢13
− ∫𝑢 = − ∙ + 𝐶 → − 𝑢 + 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 − +𝐶
5 5 13 65 65
Since 𝑢 = 7 − 5𝑦 , Therefore, the answer is
1 (7−5𝑦)13
− (7 − 5𝑦)13 + 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 − + 𝐶
65 65
3. ∫ 𝑥 (3𝑥 2 + 1)7 𝑑𝑥
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 → 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥, solve for 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
divide both side by 6 → = → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 substitute in terms of 𝑢 , we
6 6 6
have
1 1
∫ 𝑢7 ∙ 6
𝑑𝑢 → 6 ∫ 𝑢7 𝑑𝑢 and evaluate
1 1 𝑢8
6
∫ 𝑢7 = 6
∙ 8
+ 𝐶 → 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 + 1 , the answer is
1 (3𝑥 2 + 1)8
(3𝑥 2 + 1)8 + 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 +𝐶
48 48
1
4. ∫ 𝑧 2 (5 − 𝑧 3 )11 𝑑𝑧 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 − 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
3
1
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 5 − 𝑧 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = −3𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 , − 3 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
1 1 1 𝑢12
Change to u terms → ∫ 𝑢11 ∙ − 3 𝑑𝑢 → − 3 ∫ 𝑢11 𝑑𝑢 = − 3 ∙ +𝐶
12
Simplify and change to x terms
31
1
− 36 (5 − 𝑧 3 )12 + 𝐶 is the answer.
𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
5. ∫ (𝑡 4 +3)5
1
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑡 4 + 3 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑡 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
4
1
𝑑𝑢 1
Change to u terms → ∫ 4
𝑢5
𝑜𝑟 4
∫ 𝑢−5 𝑑𝑢 and integrate
1 𝑢−4 1
→ ∙ + 𝐶 →− + 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑡 4 + 3, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠
4 −4 16𝑢4
1
− + 𝐶
16(𝑡 4 + 3)4
1
3
6. ∫ √2𝑥 − 7 𝑑𝑥 𝑟𝑒𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 → ∫(2𝑥 − 7)3 𝑑𝑥
1
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
4
1
1 1 𝑢3
Substitute to u terms → ∫ 𝑢 3 ∙ 𝑑𝑢 , 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 → ∙ 4 + 𝐶 and simplify
2 2
3
into
4 4
1 3 3
∙ 𝑢3 + 𝐶 → 𝑢3 + 𝐶 and since 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 7, the answer is
2 4 8
3 4 33 3 3
(2𝑥 − 7)3 + 𝐶 → √(2𝑥 − 7)4 + 𝐶 → (2𝑥 − 7)√2𝑥 − 7 + 𝐶
8 8 8
𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ 7𝑥+3
1
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 7𝑥 + 3 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 7 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
7
32
1
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢
7
Change to u terms → ∫ 𝑜𝑟 7 ∫ and integrate
𝑢 𝑢
1
= 𝑙𝑛 |𝑢| + 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢 = 7𝑥 + 3, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠
7
1
𝑙𝑛 |7𝑥 + 3| + 𝐶
7
(𝑥 2 +2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
8. ∫ 𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 +1
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑑𝑢 = (3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑢 = 3(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
Therefore, 3 𝑑𝑢 = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢 1
Change to u-terms we have, ∫ 3 𝑢 𝑜𝑟 ∫ = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑢| + 𝐶
3 𝑢 3
And since 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 1 therefore the answer is
1
𝑙𝑛 |𝑥3 + 3𝑥2 + 1| + 𝐶
3
A Special Technique of Integration

𝑁(𝑥)
When the integrand is a fraction of the 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑁(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷(𝑥) 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝐷(𝑥)
and the degree of 𝑁(𝑥) ≥ 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷(𝑥). To evaluate this, we must first carry out the
indicated division until the remainder is of lower degree than the denominator. That is,
𝑁(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
= 𝑄(𝑥) + 𝐷(𝑥)
𝐷(𝑥)
Where 𝑄(𝑥) is the quotient and 𝑅(𝑥) is the remainder of lower degree than 𝐷(𝑥).
Therefore we have
𝑁(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)

∫ 𝐷(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [𝑄(𝑥) + 𝐷(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝐷(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.
2𝑥+1
1. ∫ ( 𝑥−4 ) 𝑑𝑥
33
Solution: Step 1. Perform the division

2 →Q(x)
2𝑥
x – 4 2x + 1 , = 2 then multiply 2(x – 4)=2x – 8
𝑥
-(2x – 8)
9→ R(x) and D(x)= x – 4
Step 2. Rewrite the given integral and apply the integration procedure.
2𝑥+1 9 9 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ ( 𝑥−4 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2 + 𝑥−4) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥−4 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 9 ∫ 𝑥−4
𝑑𝑥
For 9 ∫ 𝑥−4 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥.
Evaluate the integration we have

𝑑𝑢 2𝑥 + 9 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 − 4| + 𝐶
2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 9 ∫ = 2𝑥 + 9 𝑙𝑛 |𝑢| + 𝐶 →
𝑢
2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+4
2. ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−3

2x →Q(x)
2𝑥 2
x – 3 2x2 – 6x + 4 , = 2𝑥 then multiply 2x(x – 3)=2x2 – 6x
𝑥
-(2x2 – 6x)
4 → R(x) and D(x)= x – 3
2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+4 4 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫( 𝑥−3
) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2𝑥 + 𝑥−3) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥−3 = 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥
For 4 ∫ 𝑥−3 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥.
Evaluate the integration we have

𝑑𝑢 𝑥2
2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑢
= 2∙ 2
+ 4 𝑙𝑛 |𝑢| + 𝐶 → 𝑥 2 + 4 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 − 3| + 𝐶
𝑥 3 +4𝑥
3. ∫ ( 𝑥 2 −1 ) 𝑑𝑥
34

x →Q(x)
𝑥3
x2 – 1 x3 + 4x , 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 then multiply x(x2 – 1)=x3 – x
-( x3 – x)
5x → R(x) and D(x)= x2 – 1
𝑥3 +4𝑥 5𝑥 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ ( 𝑥2 −1 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥2 −1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥2 −1 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 𝑥2 −1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
For 5 ∫ 𝑥 2−1 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
and 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Evaluate the integration we have
1
𝑑𝑢 𝑥2 1 1 2 5
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 2
= + 5 ∙ 2 𝑙𝑛 |𝑢| + 𝐶 → 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥2 − 1| + 𝐶
𝑢 2 2 2
IN-TEXT ACTIVITIES
Try this!
1. ∫(7𝑥 − 2)8 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑥 (5𝑥 2 + 2)13 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ √4𝑦 − 1 𝑑𝑦
4. ∫ 𝑥 3 (11 − 𝑥 4 )7 𝑑𝑥
4
5. ∫ 𝑧 2 √𝑧 3 − 1 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6. ∫ (4𝑥 2+1)9
𝑑𝑡
7. ∫ 3 −5𝑡
35
𝑧 2 −2𝑧+1
8. ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑧
𝑧+2
SUMMARY
• Integration by substitution is a technique that simplifies and make solution to

problems using the basic formula and properties easier.
• Suggested steps for u-substitution
Step 1. Let u be equal to the function given in the integrand and
differentiate both side of the equation.
Step 2. Change the given integral using the u terms and evaluate.
Step 3. Simplify and change to given variable.
• When the integrand is a fraction of the
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑁(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷(𝑥) 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 and the degree of 𝑁(𝑥) ≥
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷(𝑥). To evaluate this, we must first carry out the indicated division
until the remainder is of lower degree than the denominator. That is,
𝑁(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
= 𝑄(𝑥) + 𝐷(𝑥)
𝐷(𝑥)
Where 𝑄(𝑥) is the quotient and 𝑅(𝑥) is the remainder of lower degree than 𝐷(𝑥).
The integration of
𝑁(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
∫ 𝐷(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [𝑄(𝑥) + 𝐷(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝐷(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
36
This activity will be recorded as Assignment #2. You may use bond paper (with
your name and section). To be submitted on or before April 30, 2021.
1. ∫(5𝑥 + 4)11 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2)17 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑥 2 (9 − 𝑥 3 )5 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ √4𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
3
5. ∫ 𝑡 2 √1 − 𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
(2𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥
6. ∫ (𝑥 2+3𝑥−6)9
8𝑦+3
7. ∫ (2𝑦+1) 𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 2 +14𝑥+13
8. ∫ ( 𝑥+4
) 𝑑𝑥
37
LESSON 19: INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
This lesson is about the integration of trigonometric functions.

At the end of this lesson, you will be able

• Evaluate the integration of trigonometric functions.
KEY TERMS
Trigonometric Function
CORE CONTENT
Preliminary
Let us have a review of the previous lesson. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
Evaluate the following indefinite function.

1. ∫(5𝑥 + 1)3 𝑑𝑥
5 1 1
a. (5𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶 b. 5 (5𝑥 + 1)3 + 𝐶 c. 20 (5𝑥 + 1)4 + 𝐶
3
2. ∫ √6𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1 1 2
a. (6𝑥 + 1)√6𝑥 + 1 b. 3 √6𝑥 + 1 c. 3 (6𝑥 + 1)
9
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ (𝑥 3+2)4
1 3𝑥 1
a. − 3𝑥(𝑥 3+2)3 + 𝐶 b. − (𝑥 3+2)4 + 𝐶 c. − 9(𝑥 3+2)3 + 𝐶
38
5
4. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
a. +𝐶 b. 5 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥| + 𝐶 c. − 𝑙𝑛 |5𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥2
7𝑥−5
5. ∫ ( 𝑥+1 ) 𝑑𝑥
a. 7𝑥 − 12 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶 b. 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + 1| + C c. 7𝑥 − 12 𝑙𝑛 |7𝑥 − 5|+C
Answer:1) c 2) a 3) c 4) b 5) a
Lesson Proper
The standard formulas for the integrals of the six trigonometric function:
∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶
∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑙𝑛|cos 𝑢| + 𝐶
∫ cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sin 𝑢| + 𝐶
∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢| + 𝐶
∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|csc 𝑢 + cot 𝑢| + 𝐶
The following formulas are also consequences of their corresponding differentiation

formulas.
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝐶
∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶
∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝐶
Evaluate the following
39
1
1. ∫ sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , → 4
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
1
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 4𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
4
And this will take the form ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 and apply
1 1 1 1
∫ sin 𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 → 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 → ∙ − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶 = − cos 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4 4 4 4
1
2. ∫ cos 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 1 1
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 → 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦
2 2 2
using the form ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶

1
∫ cos 𝑢 ∙ 2 𝑑𝑢 = 2 ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 → 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 → 2 ∙ sin 𝑢 + 𝐶 = 2 sin 𝑦 + 𝐶
2
3. ∫(1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
Solution: By expanding the integrand we have
∫(1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 + 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) dx and integrate each term
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 + 2 𝑙𝑛 |𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥| + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶
4. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 3𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Apply the substitution method in this problem.
1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 3
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑢6 1
Change to u terms: ∫ 𝑢5 ∙ 𝑑𝑢 = ∙ +𝐶 = 𝑢6 + 𝐶 and since 𝑢 =
3 3 6 18
𝑡𝑎𝑛 3𝑥
Therefore 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛6 3𝑥 + 𝐶
18
5. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (5𝑥 2 + 7) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 5𝑥 2 + 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 10
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and use the form
40
1 1 1
∫ csc 𝑢 ∙ 10 𝑑𝑢 = 10
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 10 𝑙𝑛 |𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢| + 𝐶 . Since 𝑢 = 5𝑥 2 + 7
Therefore
1
− 𝑙𝑛 |𝑐𝑠𝑐 (5𝑥 2 + 7) + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (5𝑥 2 + 7)| + 𝐶
10
𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥
6. ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Change first the integrand using the fundamental identities
𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 → ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥 → ∫ (
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 2𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥
Use substitution method: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 − 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 . 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑢 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 𝑑𝑢 1 1 𝑢−1
∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠2 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 → ∫ 2
→ − 2 ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 − ∙ +𝐶
𝑢2 2 −1
1 1
Since 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥. Therefore + 𝐶 and simplify further = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥
The answer is 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
IN-TEXT ACTIVITIES
This activity will be recorded as seatwork #3. You may use bond paper (with your
name and section) and to be submitted on or before April 30, 2021.
Evaluate the following. Show the step-by-step solution.

1. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 6𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 6𝑥 √𝑠𝑒𝑐 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
41
3. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
4. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (3 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥
5. ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (√𝑥 +1)

6. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
SUMMARY
The integration of the six trigonometric function:
∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶
∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑙𝑛|cos 𝑢| + 𝐶
∫ cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sin 𝑢| + 𝐶
∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢| + 𝐶
∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|csc 𝑢 + cot 𝑢| + 𝐶
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝐶
∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶
∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝐶
SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
This activity will be recorded as Performance Task #1. (with your name and
section) and to be submitted on or before April 30, 2021.
42
Make a collage on the application of integration in real-life situation. The collage must
contain at least 10 to 7 pictures done in Microsoft word (letter in landscape). Explain
each application in 10 to 15 words which is also include in the collage.
Note: Some of the discussion in the lesson proper was taken from the book: Basic
Calculus for Senior High School. Pagala, Renante C. and Valderama, Marcon S.
Mindshapers Co., Inc. Manila.2018.
REFERENCES
Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Basic Calculus. Balmaceda, Jose Maria P. et
al. Published by Commission on Higher Education. Quezon City. 2016
Basic Calculus. Mc Graw Hill Education: CreateTM. Mc Graw Hill Publishing. 2016
Basic Calculus for Senior High School. Pagala, Renante C. and Valderama, Marcon S.
Mindshapers Co., Inc. Manila.2018.
43

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1

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE

MATS03G: Basic Calculus

April 12 to April 30, 2021

LESSON 15: DERIVATIVE OF LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL

This lesson is equivalent to one class meeting.

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to

Evaluate the derivative of logarithmic and exponential functions.

Exponential Function Law of Radicals Natural Logarithms

The function defined by the equation

The function defined by the equation

where a > 0 a ≠ 1, is called exponential function. If a = e, then we have 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 .

Derivative of Logarithmic and Exponential Function

Using the Chain Rule, we will obtain the following

Study the following examples

Evaluate the derivative of the following.

𝑦′ = 43𝑥 (𝑙𝑛 64)

𝑦′ = 𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙 ∙ −𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 → 𝒚′ = −𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 (𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙 )

𝟏 2𝑥+1 6 −11 −77 −77

10. 𝑦 = log 7 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 4𝑥)

Solution: This problem can be solved by implicit differentiation. Differentiating

−𝑥2 𝑒𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥−𝑦

Therefore, −𝑥2 𝑒𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑦

𝒚 = 𝑨𝒆𝟐𝒕 → 𝒚′ = 𝟐𝑨𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚′′ = 𝟒𝑨𝒆𝟐𝒕

𝒚′′ − 𝟐𝒚′ − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 → 𝟒𝑨𝒆𝟐𝒕 − 𝟐(𝟐𝑨𝒆𝟐𝒕 ) − 𝟑(A𝑒 2𝑡 ) = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 → 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒚

Find y’ and simplify

1. 𝑦 = log 3 √2𝑥 + 5 5. 𝑦 = 52𝑥

4. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) 8. sin y = ln (x + y)

• Derivative of Logarithmic and Exponential Function

• The Chain Rule

SELF- ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

2. 𝑦 = log(𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥) 6. 𝑦 = √4𝑒 3𝑥 + 1

LESSON 16: APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVE

This lesson is equivalent to two class meetings.

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to

Tangent line Negative reciprocal Pythagorean Theorem

People of different professions find derivative a useful too. Psychologists use it in

Equations of Tangent Line and Normal Line

where m = value of y’ at x = x0 or m = f ‘(x). since the normal is perpendicular to the

Where as defined above m = f ‘(x). if the m of TL is 2, then the m of the NL -1/2

Study the following examples

Solution: Step 1. Determine the derivative of the given function.

𝑥3 (4−𝑥)3𝑥 2 −𝑥 3 (−1) 12𝑥 2 −3𝑥 3 +𝑥 3 2𝑥 2 (6−𝑥)

Step 2. Find the slope using the point (2, 2).

Tangent line: 𝑦 − 2 = 2(𝑥 − 2) → 𝑦 − 2 = 2𝑥 − 4

Problems involving Related Rates

Study the following examples

Let r and A be the radius and area, respectively of a circular ripple

The relationship between A and r is given by the formula for the

Step 3. Substitute known values in step 2.

Step 4. Draw your conclusion

Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to time t we

Before we substitute the given information notice that we do not

Step 4. Draw your conclusion

The relationship between the three defined variables is given by the

And differentiating implicitly the equation with respect to time t we

Step 3. Substitute known values in step 2.

Step 4. Draw your conclusion

Solve. Show the step-by-step solution.

SELF- ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

Solve. Show the step-by-step solution.

LESSON 17: THE INTEGRAL CONCEPT AND BASIC RULES OF