Calculus 2 for Engineers

MAT 076

Prepared by EMT

MAT 076 1

COURSE OUTLINE:

MAT 076 2

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COURSE OUTLINE:

MAT 076 3

COURSE OUTLINE:

MAT 076 4

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COURSE OUTLINE:

MAT 076 5

1. Integration
Concepts/Formulas

MAT 076 6

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Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, students should be

able to:
A. Review the formulas of derivatives

B. Define the Antiderivative of a function 𝑓

C. Define the Indefinite Integral of a function 𝑓

D. Find the antiderivative of a function

E. Integrate elementary functions.

MAT 076 7

Formulas of DERIVATIVE:

 General Derivative Formulas:

1. 𝑐 = 0, where 𝑐 is any constant
2. Power Rule:
𝑢 = 𝑛𝑢
3. Derivative of a sum:
𝑢+𝑣 = +

MAT 076 8

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Formulas of DERIVATIVE:

 General Derivative Formulas:

4. Product Rule:
𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 +𝑣
5. Quotient Rule:

MAT 076 9

Formulas of DERIVATIVE:

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3 ln 𝑢𝑢=
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

4 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
l𝑜𝑔 𝑢𝑢= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑥

MAT 076 10

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Formulas of DERIVATIVE:

2 𝑑
𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
3

𝑑
4 𝑎 = 𝑎 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥

MAT 076 11

Formulas of DERIVATIVE:

1) 𝑑 5) 𝑑
sin 𝑢 = cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 s𝑒𝑐 𝑢 = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2) 𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 = −sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 6) cs𝑐 𝑢 = −csc 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
3) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 = sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
4) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 = −csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥

MAT 076 12

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Formulas of DERIVATIVE:

1) 𝑑
sinh 𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 5) 𝑑 s𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑢 = −sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢 = sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 6) cs𝑐ℎ 𝑢 = −csch 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
3) 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑢 = sech 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
4) 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑢 = −csch 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥

MAT 076 13

Formulas of DERIVATIVE:

1) 𝑑
sin 𝑢=
𝑑𝑢 5) 𝑑 s𝑒𝑐 𝑢=
𝑑𝑢
 
𝑑𝑥  
1−𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑢 −1
𝑑 −𝑑𝑢
2) 𝑑 cos 𝑢=
−𝑑𝑢
6) csc 𝑢=
   
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑢 −1
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
3) tan 𝑢=
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢
𝑑 −𝑑𝑢
4) cot 𝑢=
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢

MAT 076 14

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What are antiderivatives?

 Consider the relationship between these

functions;

𝐹 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 7 𝑓 𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 10𝑥

𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥), so 𝑓(𝑥) is the derivative of 𝐹(𝑥).

Equivalently, 𝐹(𝑥) is an antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥).

MAT 076 15

A given function has more than one

antiderivative
 For 𝑓 𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 10𝑥, some antiderivative
are …
𝐹 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 7
𝐹 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 3
𝐹 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5𝑥

Basically, 𝐹 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 𝑐 are all the

antiderivative of the function 𝑓.

MAT 076 16

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Theorem:

MAT 076 17

Notation

 The symbol ∫ denotes the operation of

antidifferentiation(antiderivative), and we
write
 
 
where 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 , and 𝑐 is an arbitrary
constant.
This is read “The indefinite integral of f(x)
with respect to x is F(x)+c".
MAT 076 18

9
  

  In this notation,
∫ is the integral sign;
𝑓 𝑥 is the integrand;
𝑑𝑥 is the differential of 𝑥 which
denotes the variable of integration
𝑐 is called the constant of integration
 If the antiderivative of the function on interval 𝐼
exists, we say that the function is integrable over
the interval 𝐼.
MAT 076 19

Indefinite Integral

 is a function that takes the antiderivative of

another function.
 also known as antidifferentiation.
 is the reversing of the process of
differentiation.

𝐹 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥

MAT 076 20

10
Basic Integration Rules

1. Constant Rule. If 𝑘 is any real number, then

the indefinite integral
  of 𝑘 with respect to 𝑥 is
𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐
 
 
a. ∫  4𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥 + 𝑐
 
b. ∫  −2 𝑑𝑧 = −2𝑧 + 𝑐

MAT 076 21

Basic Integration Rules

2. Power Rule. For any real number 𝑛, where

𝑛 ≠ −1, the indefinite
  integral 𝑥 of is,
𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛+1
 
  𝑥 𝑥 1
a. ∫  𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
4+
+𝑐 = +𝑐 = 𝑥 +𝑐
  1 5 5
  𝑥 / 𝑥 / 2
b. ∫    𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 / 𝑑𝑥 =
1/2 + 1
+𝑐 =
3/2
+𝑐 = 𝑥
3
/ +𝑐
 
 
  𝑥 𝑥 1
c. ∫  = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 = +𝑐 =− +𝑐
−6 + 1 −5 5𝑥
 

MAT 076 22

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Basic Integration Rules

3. Coefficient Rule. Given any real number

coefficient  𝑎 and integrable
  function 𝑓,
𝑎𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
     
  𝑥 𝑥
a. ∫  6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 6 2 + 1 + 𝑐 = 6 3 + 𝑐 = 2𝑥 + 𝑐
 
    𝑥 𝑥 5
b. ∫  5𝑥 𝑑𝑥= 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 −7 + 1 + 𝑐 = 5 −6 + 𝑐 = − 6𝑥 + 𝑐
 

MAT 076 23

Basic Integration Rules

4. Sum and Difference Rule. For integrable

functions
  𝑓 and 𝑔,    

𝑓 (𝑥) ± 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ± 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
     
       
a. ∫  (6𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫  2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫  4 𝑑𝑥
     
= 6 ∫  𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫  𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫  4 𝑑𝑥

=6 −2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑐
= 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝑐

MAT 076 24

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Examples:
x6
 x dx  C
5
6
1 1
1  

   x 2 dx  2 x 2  C  2 x  C
1
dx = 𝑥 /
𝑑𝑥
x  
8
3 8
x5
5
 x 3 dx   x   C  x5  C
5 5
8 8
5

MAT 076 25

Example:
 5 x  x 2  6 x  4 dx 
3

  5 x 3dx   x 2 dx   6 xdx   4dx

 5 x 3dx   x 2 dx  6  xdx   4dx

 x4   x3   x2 
 5  C     C   6  C   4 x  C
 4   3   2 
4 3
5x x
   3x 2  4 x  C C represents
4 3 any constant

MAT 076 26

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 Example:

MAT 076 27

Example

 
5𝑥 2
= + 𝑑𝑥
    𝑥 𝑥
= 5𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 

MAT 076 28

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 Example:
Expand the term.

 3  x  dx
2 2


  9  6 x 2  x 4 dx 
x5
 9x  2x   C 3

5
x5
  2x3  9x  C
5

MAT 076 29

Example:
  Binomial Theorem:
𝑥 +2 dx 𝑎+𝑏 = 𝐶 𝑎 𝑏 +𝐶 𝑎 𝑏+𝐶 𝑎 𝑏 +⋯+ 𝐶 𝑎 𝑏
  Pascal’s 1
𝑥 +2 Triangle 1 1 𝑛 =1
1 2 1 𝑛 =2
=1 𝑥 2 +3 𝑥 2 +3 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 𝑛 =3
1 3 3 1
= 1(𝑥 ) 1 + 6𝑥 + 3(𝑥 )(4) + 1 1 (8) 1 4 6 4 1 𝑛 =4
= 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 12𝑥 +8

𝑥 +2 = 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 12𝑥 +8
=
   

𝑥 +2 = 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 8 𝑑𝑥
       
   
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 12 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 8𝑑𝑥
𝑥  𝑥  
𝑥  
1  
6
= + 6 + 12 + 8𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 𝑐
7 5 3 7 5

MAT 076 30

15
 Integration Formulas for
Trigonometric Functions
   

sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝑐 csc 𝑢 𝑐𝑜t 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −cs𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑐

   
   
cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝑐 sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢 + 𝑐
       
sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝑐 csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln csc 𝑢 + cot 𝑢 + 𝑐
     
  = ln csc 𝑢 − cot 𝑢 + 𝑐
csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −cot 𝑢 + 𝑐
    tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln co𝑠 𝑢 + 𝑐
sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = s𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑐  
= ln sec 𝑢 + 𝑐
 
MAT 076 31

Integration Rules for Logarithmic

Functions
Let 𝑢 be differentiable function of 𝑥.
 
 
,
 
 
,
 
 
,

MAT 076 32

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Integration Rules for Exponential
Functions
Let
  𝑢 be differentiable function of 𝑥.

𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 + 𝑐
   

𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑒 +𝑐
   
𝑎
𝑎 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐
ln 𝑎
 

MAT 076 33

Integration by
Chain Rule/Substitution

MAT 076 34

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Choosing u:

 A function whose derivative also appears in

the integrand
 A function that is the inner function of a
composition of functions
 A function that is raised to the highest power
 A function that appears in the denominator

MAT 076 A 35

Choosing u: A function whose derivative

also appears in the integrand
 
1. ∫  tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Substitute:
     
∫  tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  𝑢 𝑑𝑢 then use Power Formula: ∫  𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐
= +𝑐
= +𝑐 Back-substitute the value of 𝑢 = tan 𝑥
= +𝑐

MAT 076 36

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Choosing u: A function whose derivative
also appears in the integrand
 
2. ∫  𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 =
Substitute:
       
∫  𝑑𝑥 = ∫  ln 𝑥 = ∫  𝑢 𝑑𝑢 then use: ∫  𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐
= +𝑐
= +𝑐 Back-substitute the value of 𝑢 = ln 𝑥
= +𝑐 = ln 𝑥 +c

MAT 076 37

Choosing u: A function that is the inner

function of a composition of functions
inner function
 
1. ∫  4x cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥𝑑𝑥

Rearrange and Substitute:

   
∫  4x cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  cos 2𝑥 4𝑥𝑑𝑥
   
= ∫  cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 then use:∫  cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝑐
= sin 𝑢 + 𝑐 Back-substitute the value of 𝑢 = 2𝑥
= sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐

MAT 076 38

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Choosing u: A function that is the inner
function of a composition of functions
inner function
 
2. ∫  𝑥3 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 =𝑥 +1
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Rearrange and Substitute:

   
∫  𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 
= ∫  3 put constant outside the integral
   
= ∫  3 du then use: ∫  𝑎 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐
= +𝑐 Back-substitute the value of 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1

= +𝑐

MAT 076 39

Choosing u: A function that is the inner

function of a composition of functions
inner function
   
3. ∫  sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫  cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑢=
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
Substitute:
    Substitute:
∫  sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  sin 𝑢    
∫  cos 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  cos 𝑢 2𝑑𝑢
put constant outside the integral
  put constant outside the integral
= ∫  sin 𝑢 du  
 
= 2 ∫cos
 
𝑢 du
then use: ∫  sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −cos 𝑢 + 𝑐  
then use: ∫  cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝑐
= − cos 𝑢 + c = 2 sin 𝑢 + c
Back-substitute the value of 𝑢 = 2𝑥 Back-substitute the value of 𝑢 = 𝑥 /2
= − cos 2𝑥 + c = 2 sin + c

MAT 076 40

20
Choosing u: A function that is the inner
function of a composition of functions
inner function
 
5. ∫  4 sin 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢=𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
Substitute:
     
∫  4 sin 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫  sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − 3 ∫  cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
   
then use: ∫  sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −cos 𝑢 + 𝑐 and ∫  cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝑐
= −4 cos 𝑢 − 3 sin 𝑢 + 𝑐

Back-substitute the value of 𝑢 = 2𝑥

= −4 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 + c

MAT 076 41

Choosing u: A function that is the inner

function of a composition of functions
 
6. ∫  3 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − 7 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢=𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
Substitute:
     
∫  3 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − 7 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫  csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 7 ∫  sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
   
then use: ∫  csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −csc 𝑢 + 𝑐 and ∫  sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝑐
= −3 csc 𝑥 − 7 tan 𝑥 + 𝑐

MAT 076 42

21
Choosing u: A function that is the inner
function of a composition of functions
inner function
 
  8. ∫  6𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥
7. ∫  𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = −𝑥
𝑢 = 5𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑑𝑥
− = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
Rearrange
  and Substitute:
 
Substitute: 6𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 6 𝑒 𝑥𝑑𝑥
   
∫  𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  𝑒    
       
= ∫  𝑒 du = 6 ∫  𝑒 − = − ∫  𝑒 du = −3 ∫  𝑒 du
 
then use: ∫  𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 + 𝑐  
then use: ∫  𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 + 𝑐
= 𝑒 +c
= −3𝑒 +c
Back-substitute: 𝑢 = 5𝑥 − 1
= 𝑒 +c

MAT 076 43

Choosing u: A function that is the inner

function of a composition of functions
inner function
 
  / 10. ∫  cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
9. ∫  𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = sin 𝑥
𝑢= =𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 dx
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −
Rearrange
 
and Substitute:
 
−𝑑𝑢 =
cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Rearrange
 
and  Substitute : 
   
𝑒 / 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  𝑒 du
 
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 / = 𝑒 −𝑑𝑢
𝑥 𝑥
       
 
= − ∫  𝑒 du then use: ∫  𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 + 𝑐
 
then use: ∫  𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 + 𝑐 =𝑒 +c
= −𝑒 / + c

MAT 076 44

22
 Choosing u: A function that is the inner
function of a composition of functions
     
11. ∫  = ∫  3 𝑑𝑥 12. ∫  2 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = −2𝑥 𝑢 = 4𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑢 = −2dx − = dx 𝑑𝑢 = 4dx = dx

Rearrange and Rearrange and  Substitute:

    Substitute:      
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢 1
3 𝑑𝑥 = 3 − =− 3 du 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 = 2 du
2 2 4 4
           
 
then use: ∫  𝑎 𝑑𝑢 =
 
+𝑐 then use: ∫  𝑎 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐

=− +c=− +c = +c= +c

MAT 076 45

Choosing u: A function that is raised to the

highest power
    /
1. ∫  𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  𝑥+5 dx
𝑢 = 𝑥+5
𝑑𝑢 = dx 4𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

Rearrange and Substitute:

  /  
𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  𝑢 / 4𝑑𝑢
∫ 
  /  
= 4 ∫  𝑢 𝑑𝑢 then use Power Formula: ∫  𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐

=4 +𝑐 = 4 +c reciprocate the denominator

= 4⋅ 𝑢 +𝑐 Back-substitute the value of 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 5

/
/
= +𝑐 = 𝑥+5 +𝑐

MAT 076 46

23
Choosing u: A function that is raised to the
highest power
 
2. ∫  2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 + 5𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 5 dx

Rearrange and Substitute:

   
∫  2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  𝑥 + 5𝑥 2𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥
   
= ∫  𝑢 𝑑𝑢 then use Power Formula: ∫  𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐
= +𝑐
= +𝑐 Back-substitute the value of 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 5𝑥

= +𝑐

MAT 076 47

Choosing u: A function that is raised to the

highest power
   
3. ∫  36𝑥 6𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫  36𝑥 6𝑥 + 5 / 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 6𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑢 = 18𝑥 dx
= 𝑥 dx
Rearrange and Substitute:
       
∫  36𝑥 6𝑥 + 5 / 𝑑𝑥 = 36 ∫  6𝑥 + 5 / 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 36 ∫  𝑢 / = ∫  𝑢 / du
  /  
= 2 ∫  𝑢 𝑑𝑢 then use Power Formula: ∫  𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐

=2 +𝑐 = 2 +c reciprocate the denominator

= 2⋅ 𝑢 +𝑐 Back-substitute the value of 𝑢 = 6𝑥 + 5

/
= +𝑐 = 6𝑥 + 5 / +c

MAT 076 48

24
Choosing u: A function that appears in the
denominator
   
1. ∫  𝑑𝑥 2. ∫  𝑑𝑥
𝑢=𝑥 𝑢 = 4𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑢 = dx 𝑑𝑢 = 4dx
= dx
Substitute:
   
∫  𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫  Substitute:
       
∫  𝑑𝑥 = ∫  𝑑𝑥 = ∫  = ∫ 
 
then use ∫  = ln 𝑢 + 𝑐
= 2ln 𝑥 + c  
then use ∫  = ln 𝑢 + 𝑐
= ln 𝑥 + c
= ln 𝑢 + c

Back-substitute: 𝑢 = 4𝑥 − 1
= ln 4𝑥 − 1 + c

MAT 076 49

Choosing u: A function that appears in the

denominator
   
3. ∫  𝑑𝑥 4. ∫  𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 5 𝑢 =𝑥 +𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥dx 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 1 dx

Substitute: Substitute:
           
∫  𝑑𝑥 = ∫  = ∫  ∫  𝑑𝑥 = ∫  = ∫ 
 
then use ∫  = ln 𝑢 + 𝑐 then use ∫ 
 
= ln 𝑢 + 𝑐
= ln 𝑢 + c = ln 𝑢 + c

Back-substitute: 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 5 Back-substitute: 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑥
= ln 3𝑥 + 5 + c = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 + c

MAT 076 50

25
Choosing u: A function that appears in the
denominator  
6. ∫  𝑑𝑥
 
5. ∫  𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥
𝑢 = tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 2 dx
𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 dx 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑥 + 1 dx
= 𝑥 + 1 dx
Substitute:
   
∫  𝑑𝑥 = ∫  Substitute:
         
  ∫  𝑑𝑥 = ∫  ∫  = ∫  = ∫ 
then use ∫  = ln 𝑢 + 𝑐
= ln 𝑢 + c  
then use ∫  = ln 𝑢 + 𝑐
Back-substitute: 𝑢 = tan 𝑥 = ln 𝑢 + c
= ln tan 𝑥 + c
Back-substitute: 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥
= ln 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + c

MAT 076 51

More Examples
 
cos 5𝑥
1. 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = sin 5𝑥
𝑒
  𝑑𝑢 = 5 cos 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cos 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥

     
∫  𝑑𝑥 = ∫  = ∫ 
   
= ∫  = ∫  𝑒 𝑑𝑢

 
Use ∫  𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑒 +𝑐
=− 𝑒 +𝑐
=− 𝑒 +c
=− +c

MAT 076 52

26
More Examples
 
2. ∫  𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −du = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
     
∫  𝑑𝑥 = ∫  = ∫ 
   
= − ∫  = − ∫  𝑢 𝑑𝑢
 
Use∫  𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐
=− +𝑐 =− +𝑐 =𝑢 +𝑐 = +𝑐

= +c = sec x
= sec 𝑥 + c

MAT 076 53

Example:
Since the 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 ≥
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟, then
use LONG DIVISION.

MAT 076 54

27
Example:

MAT 076 55

MAT 076 56

28
Example:

MAT 076 57

Example:

MAT 076 58

29
General Power Formula:

General Power Formula. For any real number

𝑛, where 𝑛 ≠ −1, the indefinite integral 𝑢 of is,

59

Finding u:

 A term with power

 Find the term that will give a derivative
exactly the same with the remaining terms.
 If rational, mostly your u is the denominator.
 If rational function has a numerator of degree
greater than or equal to that of the
denominator, then use long division.

60

30
Example:

Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 /
= +𝑐
4
3

61

Example:

Let 𝑢 = sin 4𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 =  

   
sin 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 4 𝑑𝑥
  = sin 4𝑥  
1 − 16𝑥 4 1 − 16𝑥
     
1
= 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4
 
1𝑢
= +c
4 2
1
= sin 4𝑥 +c
8

62

31
Example:

Let 𝑢 = 3 + ln 2𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 =

   
3 + ln 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 3 + ln 2𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
     
= 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
 
𝑢
=+c
4
3 + ln 2𝑥
= +c
4

63

Example:
 
/
= 2 1−𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
Let
  𝑢 = 1−𝑒 . Then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
   

2 1−𝑒 / 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 2 1−𝑒 / 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
 
    /
=2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
 
𝑢 /
=2 +c
3
2
2 /
=2 1−𝑒 +c
3
4 /
= 1−𝑒 +c
3

64

32