Industrial Minerals -

Informational Meeting

Ramada Inn - Somerset Pa.

An Introduction to Roof Bolting

Bill Bookshar
Bureau of Deep Mine Safety
Roof Bolting
Various Roof Bolt Components

Roof Bolt
Accessories

Roof Bolting
Systems
Various
Applications
Bolt Components
 Bolt
 Anchor
 Roof Bolt Plate
 Washer
 ASTM F432-95
Types of Roof Bolts
 Each type- of
Friction Split
boltSets
is best suited to specific
 applications.
Conventional
 Point Anchor Bolts

 Which type of bolt would do best for your
Fully Grouted
 particular
Combinationroof conditions?
 Cable
Friction Bolts or Split Sets
 Rule of
Thumb is 1000
lbs. Per foot of
anchorage
Conventional Bolts

 Basic steel
rod with a
mechanical
friction
anchor
Fully Grouted Roof Bolts

 Resin Grout fills

entire annulus
Combination Bolts

 Top half is Fully

Grouted
 Bottom half is a
tensioned system
Cable Bolts
Specialty Roof Bolts
 Tension Rebar
Anchors
 Friction

 Mechanical Expansion

 Resin
 Point Anchor
 Fully Grouted
Drill Holes
 1” Systems
 1 3/8” Systems
 1 1/2” Systems
 1 3/4” Systems
 Finishing Bit
 .030 Maximum
oversize
Roof Bolt Plates
 4” X 4”
 5” X 5”
 6” X 6”
 Others

 Donut
Embossed
 Domed Plate
System Design and
Applications
 Yield Load, Diameter, and Grade of Bolts


Load Versus Carrying Ability
System Design and Applications
 Bolt Diameter - Bolt Pattern - Grade of Steel
All determine system capabilities


Basic Applications
 Create a Beam

 Hang from Overlying Strata

 Spot Bolt
 Creating a Beam
 Strata is Bound
Together
System Design
Many Variables to consider

 Example - 2 x 4’s

 Strength of the rock

strata helps make the
beam
Suspension
 Strong Layer of
Strata

 Intermediate
Layer may be
weak

 Immediate Roof
Rock is competent
Spot Bolt
 Small area that may
be questionable or
poor quality

 May require
additional bearing
area such as wood or
steel mats
System Design
 Many variables to consider
 Immediate roof strata
 Secondary roof strata
 # of joints in the rock
 Joint spacing
 Geology
 Regional Stresses
• Residual Stress
• Mining induced stress
System Design
 Other Issues to consider
 Type of equipment available
 Ease of installation
 Training of employees
 Vendor support
 Costs
Resources Available
 Roof Bolt Manufacturers
 Bureau of Deep Mine Safety Engineering
Staff
 NIOSH
 Academic Groups
 Consultants