LESSON 10:

Application of Derivatives:
Analysis of Functions
(Extrema and Concavity)
MATH146-0
ENGR. REGINALD VERDIDA
Objectives:
● To define increasing and decreasing functions

● To define the concavity of a function

● To define maximum, minimum, inflection and critical

points, relative maximum and relative minimum.

● To analyze a function using first and second derivative

test.
Increasing and decreasing functions
The term increasing, decreasing and constant are used to describe the
behavior of a function as we travel from left to right along its graph.

An example of this is shown below:

Increasing and decreasing functions
Increasing and decreasing functions
Concavity
Although the sign of tells us directly whether the function is increasing or
decreasing, it does not reveal the direction of the curvature.

● is concave up on an open interval if its tangent lines have increasing slopes

on that interval and is concave down if they have decreasing slopes.

● is concave up on an open interval if its graph lies above its tangent line and
concave down if it lies below its tangent lines.
Concavity
Concavity
Concavity
Inflection points:
The points where the curve changes concavity (concave up to concave down
or vice versa) are called points of inflection.
Relative Extremum
Relative Extremum
Relative Extremum
First derivative test
Theorem 4.2.2 asserts that the relative extrema must occur at critical points,
but it does not say that a relative extremum occurs at every critical point.
First derivative test

This theorem simply says that for a continuous function, relative maxima occur
at critical points where changes from (+) to (-) and relative minima occur where
changes from (-) to (+).
Second derivative test
There is another test for relative extrema that is based on the following
geometric observation:

● A function has a relative maximum at the stationary point if the graph of is

concave down on an open interval containing that point.

● A function has a relative minimum at the stationary point if the graph of is

concave up on an open interval containing that point.
Second derivative test
Sample problem
The figure shows the graph of the function Find the 1 st and 2nd derivatives of to
determine the intervals of which is increasing, decreasing, concave up and
concave down. Locate all inflection points and confirm that your conclusions are
consistent with the graph.
Sample problem
2. Analyze and trace the curve of using first and second derivative test.
Sample problem
3. Analyze and trace the curve of using first and second derivative test.
Exercise:
Analyze and trace the following curves:
END OF LESSON
Application of derivatives: Analysis of functions