MULTILINGUALISM

OUTLINE
 Introduction

 Bilingualism

 Types and ways

 Receptive bilingualism.

 Cognitive processing

 How to approach to multilingualism?

 Introduction

 Sequential bilingualism

 Simultaneous bilingualism

 Coordinated bilingualism

 Looking to the future.

 The spread of multilingualism and the spread of English

 Multilingualism in Europe and Linguistic diversity.

 Conclusion.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

 Multilingualism is a common and increasing

phenomenon in present day society which can
be studied from different perspectives.
 Based on the ideology based on the traditional
proposition that
 A race = a culture = a language
 Into the extended features are different
varieties of multilingualism on topic such as
bilingual and trilingual
BILINGUALISM AND
TRILINGUALISM
 Bilingualism and Trilingualism is the ability to
speak or write fluently two languages
(bilingualism) or three languages
(trilingualism).
 People may become bilingual or trilingual
either by acquiring two or three languages at
the same time in childhood or learning a
second language sometime after acquiring
their first language
 The inconveniences that may have to be
bilingual or trilingual the 'cost' of
bilingualism/trilingualism is that they may
have smaller vocabularies in each language.
 BILINGUALISM

 Types and ways.

 Receptive bilingualism.

 Cognitive processing.
BILINGUALISM. TYPES
AND WAYS OF
ACQUISITION.

 Types
 Additive bilingualism
 Substractive bilingualism

 Ways
 Simultaneous acquisition
 Sequential acquisition.
 SOCIAL
BILINGUALISM. KINDS
AND REASONS.
 Kinds
 Monolinguals groups of different languages.

 Practically all the people speak two languages.

 There are a monolingual groups and other one which is

bilingual.

 Reasons
 The expansion.

 The unification of a groups.

 Post colonialism.

 Immigration
RECEPTIVE
BILINGUALISM

 People who can understand a language but

they cannot speak it.

 It is not the same as mutual intelligibility.

 Ex. A spanish person who can understand
portuguese.
COGNITIVE
PROCESSING.
 Definition.
It is a collection of elements which
made possible the fact of
memorization, thinking,
remembering or learning.

 Influence in learning.
 HOW TO APPROACH TO
MULTILINGUALISM?

 Introduction

 Sequential bilingualism

 Simultaneous bilingualism

 Coordinate bilingualism
 HOW TO APPROACH TO
MULTILINGUALISM?

 We will devote this part to an emphasis on the

models that learners can follow in order to
reach bilingualism. These models are
differenciated in terms on how, when and
where to learn a foreign language. We will
explain the three following models:
 Sequential bilingualism
 Simultaneous bilingualism
 Coordinated bilingualism
HOW TO APPROACH TO
MULTILINGUALISM?
 Sequential bilingualism:
 In this model, learners receive literacy
instruction in their native language until they
acquire a certain literacy proficiency.
Bilingualism is carried out after this.
 Causes: migration, L2 school, etc.
 To summarize, the children would learn the
native language (L1) at first, and later the
second language (L2), hence the name of
sequential bilingualism.
HOW TO APPROACH TO
MULTILINGUALISM?
 Simultaneous bilingualism:
 Simultaneous bilingualism refers to the action of
receiving language input from two different
languages at the same time since a very early
age or even since birth.

 SIMULTANEOUS VS SEQUENTIAL
 Simultaneous  Two languages in the same
environments (two expressions for the same
notion)

 Sequential two language in different contexts

(an expression or word in separated and
independent systems)
HOW TO APPROACH TO
MULTILINGUALISM?
 Coordinated bilingualism:
 The aim is to spend equal time in separate
instruction of the native language and of
the community language.
 L1  Basic literacy
 L2 Specific skills
 I.e. People who are able to perform a
language orally but cannot create a written
composition, or the other way round:
people who can write in one language but
cannot speak it, at least, fluently.
 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE

 The spread of multilingualism

and the spread of English.

 Multilingualism in Europe and

Linguistic diversity.
THE SPREAD OF
MULTILINGUALISM AND THE
SPREAD OF ENGLISH

 Factors that occur in

multilingualism.
 Historical, political,
economical…

 The spread of English.

 Causes: British colonial power
and US leadership.
THE SPREAD OF
MULTILINGUALISM AND THE
SPREAD OF ENGLISH.
 Braj Kachru’s theory of the three
circles:
MULTILINGUALISM IN
EUROPE AND LINGUISTIC
DIVERSITY.
 48 states with 38 official languages.
 240 languages in total counting the indigenous
languages.
 The five languages more spoken in Europe:
 Russian

 German
 English
 French
 Italian
MULTILINGUALISM IN
EUROPE AND LINGUISTIC
DIVERSITY.
MULTILINGUALISM IN
EUROPE AND LINGUISTIC
DIVERSITY.
 3.5% of the world’s languages are indigenous
to Europe.

 Multilingualism usually involves English as one

of the languages.

 KRAUS:
 In the next 100 years: 50% of the languages
could die.
 In a long term: 90% of the world languages
could die.
CONCLUSION