Substance &

energy exchange.
Substance & energy
exchange
Anabolism – biosynthesis of complex
substances of the cell
Catabolism - breakdown of complex
molecules to form simple substances
 metabolism
Amino acids, nucleotides,
hormones

Growth,
development,
Structure Food Anabolism
renewal
P. F. C. biosynthesis
work
catabolism
Cell membranes,
organels, proteins, Phosphoglycerate,
Nucleic acids piryvate.
 PROTEINS FATS CARBOHYDRATES

BIOLOGYCAL OXYDATION

Н2О+СО2+АТP + primary heat

Mechanical Chemical synthesis, Active transport of

work Structure renewal substances,Electrical work
Secondary heat

Active state BASAL METABOLISM

Sponsored
Medical Lecture Notes – All Subjects

USMLE Exam (America) – Practice

 Basal metabolism

Total intensity of exchange

processes measured at the state
of rest
 STANDARD CONDITIONS
TO MEASURE BASAL METABOLISM
1. IN THE MORNING (after waking up)
2. AFTER 12-16 hours FASTING
3. AT THE STATE OF PHYSICAL REST ( in
the lying posture)
4. AT THE STATE OF MENTAL &
EMOTIONAL REST
5. IN COMFORTABLE TEMPERATURE (18-
220С for dressed body. 25-260С for
naked)
 FACTORS INFLUENCING
BASAL METABOLISM
1. AGE
2. SEX
3. HEIGHT
4. WEIGHT
PROPER BASAL METABOLISM (TO BE
DEFINED BY THE TABLES)
WORK ALLOWANCE - energy spent
above basal metabolism to perform
work
Energy expenditure in different
occupations
group Peculiarities of Quotient Daily energy
occupation of expenditure
physical kcal
activity
I Mental work 1,4 2100-2450
II Light physical 1,6
work 2500-2800
III Partially 1,9 2950-3300
mechanized
physical work
IV Heavy physical 2,2
 Methods of
BIOCALORYMETRY
DIRECT BIOCALORYMETRY
INDIRECT BIOCALORYMETRY
1. GASEOUS EXCHANGE METHOD
2. DAILY DIET METHOD
Atwater-Benedict
BIOCALORIMETER
Respiratory apparatus
 INDIRECT IOCALORYMETRY
GASEOUS EXCHANGE
METHOD
RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT – RATIO
BETWEEN THE VOLUME OF СО2 RELEASED
& THE VOLUME OF О2 CONSUMED
С6Н12О6 + 6О2 = 6СО2 + 6Н2О
RQ= 6СО2/ 6О2 = 1
CALORIC VALUE OF OXYGEN – NUMBER
OF KCAL LIBERATED BY THE UTILIZATION
OF 1L OF О2
Duglas bag in
respiratory method
 HEAT OF COMBUSTION VALUE OF
A NUTRIENT
– THE QUANTITY OF HEAT
PRODUCED ON COMBUSTION OF 1g
of NUTRIENT
Determined by means of Berthelot
bomb calorimeter
 termometer

water

Bomb
calorimeter

nutrient
 burning

1 kJ heats 1
water Heated l of water
water
by 0,240С
 Energy value of food
substances
Substance RQ CV Heat of
Kcal combustion
value (kcal)
PROTEINS 0,6- 4,46 - 4,8 4,1
0,8
FATS 0,7 4,7 9,3

CARBOHYDRATES 1 5,05 4,1

MIXED FOOD 0,86 4,86

RECOMMENDED PROPORTIONS OF NUTRIENTS
Dynamics of metabolism at
work
vo2
О2 debt (formation)
Level of О2 demand

О2 demand
О2 debt (paying back)

1 2 3
time
THERMOREGULATION
Homoiothermia – consistency of body
temperature, regardless of external
environment temperature changes.
Homoiothermic – are warm-blooded
animals
Poikilothermia – body temperature
depends on the external environment
temperature
Poikilothermic – are cold-blooded animals
«shell» - skin, adipose tissue
poikilothermic
«nucleus» - internal organs,
skeletal muscles
homoiothermic
External environment
Тemperature, humidity, wind

Shell temperature

Intensity of heat transport

from nucleus
Role of skin vessels in
termoregulation
artery
Warm blood

capillaries
Warm blood АVА

Cooled blood
Superficial vein
 370С 360С
Chemical Physical
termoregu Termoregu
lation
lation
Radiation
Cell Convection
metabolism Conduction
Vaporation

ISOTERMIA
 PHYSICAL
THERMOREGULATION
 WAYS OF HEAT LOSS
1) RADIATION – heat is given off by the
skin directly into the air or to the objects
immediately in contact with its surface
(66%)
2) CONVECTION – heat release in the
process of water or air
movement(15%)
 WAYS OF HEAT LOSS
3) CONDUCTION – heat is lost at
the contact of the body with some
substance (e.g.clothing)
4) EVAPORATION with the sweat
glands (19%)
 External environment
factors influencing heat loss
Air temperature

Humidity

Wind
 Regulation of heat loss
Sympathetic N.S.
(adrenergic fibers)
noradrenalin adrenoreceptors
Pre-capillary sphincters &
arterio-venous anastomoses
Changed blood flow in the skin

Changed temperature gradient

 Regulation of heat loss

Changed temperature gradient

with environment
Changes in

radiation
convection

Heat condactance
Regulation of heat loss
Sympathetic N.S.
(cholinergic fibers)

acetylcholine

Sweat glands

Changes in sweat production

Sweat evaporation
 Chemical
thermoregulation
 Heat production
Contractile thermogenesis
Skeletal muscles

Muscle tone
Shivering
Voluntarily
movements
 Heat production
Non-contractile thermogenesis
Fatty acids
oxidation
Glycogen
breakdown Glucone
ogenesis

Intensified
oxidation
 Fatty acids oxidation
in newborns
Sympathetic n.s.
Brown fat –
membrane enzyme thermogenin
Cytochromic enzymes
Quick fatty
acids oxidation No ATP synthesis &
heat hydrolysis
 Peculiarities of
thermoregulation in
newborns
Heat production per 1 kg of
body weight in newborns is 1,4
times higher than in adults;
Heat loss is 2 times more
intensive than in adults
 Peculiarities of
thermoregulation in
newborns
Greater body square surface in
comparison to body weight;
More intensive blood circulation in the
skin ;
Thin skin;
In sufficient sweat evaporation.
 Skin thermo-receptors
Cold receptors – Krause colbs -
free nerve endings in the basal layer
of epidermis.
Play important role in body
protection from overcooling.
 Skin thermo-receptors
Warmth receptors – Ryffini bodies–
free nerve endings in the papillar
layer of epidermis.
There are a lot more of cold
receptors than warmth receptors
Skin thermo-receptors
Cold receptors Warmth receptors
 Skin thermo-receptors

Cold receptors are active at –

20 tо 400С
Warmth receptors are active
at–25 tо 470С
 Peripheral
thermoregulation
Protects the body from cold
Excitation of cold receptors switches on
central mechanisms enabling :
Heat production increase
Heat loss decrease
THERMORECEPTORS OF
BODY«NUCLEUS»
central & intravascular)

Protect the body from OVERHEATING

Excitation of «nucleus» thermoreceptors
switches on central mechanisms enabling :
INCREASED HEAT LOSS
 HYPOTALAMUS
ANTERIOR HYPOTALAMUS –
AFFERENT SYNTHESIS OF TEMPERATURE
INFO
POSTERIOR HYPOTALAMUS–
FORMATION OF EFFERENT COMMAND
 CORTEX behaviour
shell temperature

Heat loss

blood
SKIN VESSE
EVAPORAT
Neurons Neurons
receptors effectors
Skin
termoreceptors
Skin temperature Sympathetic N.S.
SOMATIC N.S.
HYPOPHYSIS
CONTRACTILE NONCONTRACTILE
TERMOGENESIS TERMOGENESIS
HEAT PRODUCTION

Temperature of body
«nucleus »
(homeostatic parameter)

HEAT LOSS