Steady State Theory and Oscillating

Universe Theory
The Steady State Theory

• The steady state theory is

another view that proposes
that the universe has
always been expanding.
The Steady State Theory
• As the universe expands, new
stars and galaxies are formed
at the same rate that old ones
become unobservable due to
distance and recession
velocity.
• Despite the continuous expansion, the
average density of the universe remains
the same; hence, the name steady.
state.

In the steady state theory, matter is constantly created

as the universe expands.
The universe according to the Steady State Theory

• Has no beginning and has no end.

• Has always been here and will always
be present.
• Always looks the same in any time
and space.
• Creates new matter as it continuously
expands.
Proponents of the Steady State Theory
• Hermann
Bondi,
Thomas Gold,
and Fred
Hoyle
proposed the
steady state
Hermann Thomas Fred
theory in
Bondi Gold Hoyle
1948.
DRAWBACKS OF THE STEADY STATE THEORY

•It is not parallel with

the law of
conservation of
energy and mass.
DRAWBACKS OF THE STEADY STATE THEORY

• Recent findings rejects the

idea that cosmic radiation
was a result of a
supernova.
DRAWBACKS OF THE STEADY STATE THEORY

• The discovery of cosmic microwave

background (CMB) radiation significantly
supported the explanations given by the
big bang theory and led many scientists
to reject the steady state theory in 1965.
DRAWBACKS OF THE STEADY STATE THEORY

• It has been proven that

radiation is equal in ay
direction of the universe
and could not have
resulted from supernovae.
OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY

• Oscillating Universe theory, also known as

pulsating theory, proposes that the
universe is expanding and will contract once
all the energy after the big bang has been
used up.
• Then, it will expand again once it
approaches the point of singularity.
THE BIG CRUNCH
• The oscillating universe is a combination
of big crunch and big bang.
• Big crunch occurs when the universe
expands and eventually reverses, then
collapses causing the formation of a
singularity.
• Singularity result to a big bang and the
birth of a new universe.
THE BIG CRUNCH
Once the
universe
reverses and
attains the
point of
singularity,
another
universe will
be born.
PROPONENT OF OSCILLATING
UNIVERSE THEORY
• Richard Tolman, a
Caltech professor,
proposed it and calledit
the birth of another
universe as the big
bounce.
Richard Tolman
DRAWBACKS OF THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE
THEORY
• The suggestion that the universe
would collapse on its own after it
reached its full expansion violates
some current laws of physics,
such as the postulated existence
of dark energy.
DRAWBACKS OF THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE
THEORY

• The currently postulated

end of the universe is by
big freeze or heat death.
 Both the steady state
theory and big bang
1
theory suggest that the
universe is expanding.
 Steady state theory
proposes that as the
2 universe continuously
expand, its average
density remains
constant.
 It was proposed by
Hermann Bondi,
3
Thomas Gold, and Fred
Hoyle in 1948.
 Steady state
4 theory violates the
law of conservation
of mass and energy.
 The oscillating universe theory
discusses that the universe is
expanding and will contract once
5 all the energy after the big bang
has been used up, only to
expand again once it approaches
the point of singularity.
 Richard Tolman is the
proponent of
6 oscillating universe
theory.
 Oscillating universe
7 theory violates current
laws of physics laws such
as the postulated
existence of dark matter.
WRITE S IF THE STATEMENT DESCRIBES THE STEADY STATE
THEORY OR O IF IT DESCRIBES OSCILLATING UNIVERSE
THEORY.
1. Other astronomers did not favor this theory since it did not
follow the law of conservation of energy and mass.
2. During expansion, the density of the universe remains
constant.
3. The universe is governed by cycles of big crunch and big
bang.
4. As the universe expands, new matter is formed.
5. Has no beginning and has no end.